List of state leaders in 710s BC
Encyclopedia
720s BC state leaders - Events of 710s BC
710s BC
-Events and trends:*Judah, Tyre and Sidon revolt against Assyria.*719 BC — Zhou Huan Wang of the Zhou Dynasty becomes ruler of China.*718 BC — Gyges becomes the ruler of Lydia.*717 BC — Assyrian king Sargon conquers the Hittites stronghold of Carchemish....

 - 700s BC state leaders - State leaders by year

Africa

  • Egypt
    Egypt
    Egypt , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: , is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world...

  • (Twenty-second Dynasty
    Twenty-second dynasty of Egypt
    The Twenty-First, Twenty-Second, Twenty-Third, Twenty-Fourth and Twenty-Fifth Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title, Third Intermediate Period.-Rulers:...

    )
    • Osorkon IV
      Osorkon IV
      Osorkon IV was a ruler of Lower Egypt who, while not always listed as a member of the Twenty-second dynasty of Egypt, he is attested as the ruler of Tanis--and thereby one of Shoshenq V's successors. Therefore he is sometimes listed as part of the dynasty, whether for convenience or in fact.His...

      , Pharaoh of Egypt (732 BC
      730s BC
      -Events and trends:* 739 BC—Hiram II becomes king of Tyre.* 738 BC—King Tiglath-Pileser III of Assyria invades Israel, forcing it to pay tribute.* 738 BC—The Biskupin settlement northeast of Poznan is built....

       - 716 BC
      710s BC
      -Events and trends:*Judah, Tyre and Sidon revolt against Assyria.*719 BC — Zhou Huan Wang of the Zhou Dynasty becomes ruler of China.*718 BC — Gyges becomes the ruler of Lydia.*717 BC — Assyrian king Sargon conquers the Hittites stronghold of Carchemish....

      )
  • (Twenty-fourth Dynasty
    Twenty-fourth dynasty of Egypt
    The Twenty-First, Twenty-Second, Twenty-Third, Twenty-Fourth and Twenty-Fifth Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title, Third Intermediate Period.-Rulers:...

    )
    • Bakenranef
      Bakenranef
      Bakenranef, known by the ancient Greeks as Bocchoris, was briefly a king of the Twenty-fourth dynasty of Egypt. Based at Sais in the western Delta, he ruled Lower Egypt from c. 725 to 720 BC. Though the Ptolemaic period Egyptian historian Manetho considers him the sole member of the Twenty-fourth...

      , Pharaoh of Egypt (725 BC
      720s BC
      -Events and trends:*728 BC—Piye invades Egypt, conquering Memphis, and receives the submission of the rulers of the Nile Delta. He founds the Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt.*727 BC—Babylonia makes itself independent of Assyria, upon the death of Tiglath-Pileser III....

       - 720 BC
      710s BC
      -Events and trends:*Judah, Tyre and Sidon revolt against Assyria.*719 BC — Zhou Huan Wang of the Zhou Dynasty becomes ruler of China.*718 BC — Gyges becomes the ruler of Lydia.*717 BC — Assyrian king Sargon conquers the Hittites stronghold of Carchemish....

      )
  • (Twenty-fifth Dynasty
    Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt
    The twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt, known as the Nubian Dynasty or the Kushite Empire, was the last dynasty of the Third Intermediate Period of Ancient Egypt....

     in Kush
    Kingdom of Kush
    The native name of the Kingdom was likely kaš, recorded in Egyptian as .The name Kash is probably connected to Cush in the Hebrew Bible , son of Ham ....

    )
    • Shabaka
      Shabaka
      Shabaka or Shabaka Neferkare, 'Beautiful is the Soul of Re', was a Kushite pharaoh of the Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt, between according to Peter Clayton .-Family:...

      , King of Nubia (721 BC
      720s BC
      -Events and trends:*728 BC—Piye invades Egypt, conquering Memphis, and receives the submission of the rulers of the Nile Delta. He founds the Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt.*727 BC—Babylonia makes itself independent of Assyria, upon the death of Tiglath-Pileser III....

       - 707 BC
      700s BC
      -Events and trends:* 706 BC—Spartan immigrants found Taras colony in southern Italy.* 706 BC—Sargon II dies.* 705 BC—Sennacherib succeeds his father Sargon II as king of Assyria....

      )

Asia

  • China (Zhou Dynasty
    Zhou Dynasty
    The Zhou Dynasty was a Chinese dynasty that followed the Shang Dynasty and preceded the Qin Dynasty. Although the Zhou Dynasty lasted longer than any other dynasty in Chinese history, the actual political and military control of China by the Ji family lasted only until 771 BC, a period known as...

    )
    • Ping
      King Ping of Zhou
      King Ping of Zhou , also referred to as Crown Prince Yijiu or King P'ing of Chou was the thirteenth sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and the first of Eastern Zhou Dynasty...

      , King of China (772 BC
      770s BC
      -Events and trends:*778 BC—Agamestor, King of Athens, dies after a reign of 17 years and is succeeded by his son Aeschylus.*776 BC–394 AD—Era of the ancient Greek Olympic Games.*776 BC—First Olympic Games, according to Diodorus Siculus ....

       - 720 BC
      710s BC
      -Events and trends:*Judah, Tyre and Sidon revolt against Assyria.*719 BC — Zhou Huan Wang of the Zhou Dynasty becomes ruler of China.*718 BC — Gyges becomes the ruler of Lydia.*717 BC — Assyrian king Sargon conquers the Hittites stronghold of Carchemish....

      )
    • Huan of Zhou
      King Huan of Zhou
      King Huan of Zhou was the fourteenth sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and the second of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.-Personal information: Family name Jī Given name Lín Era name none Grandfather...

      , King of China (719 BC
      710s BC
      -Events and trends:*Judah, Tyre and Sidon revolt against Assyria.*719 BC — Zhou Huan Wang of the Zhou Dynasty becomes ruler of China.*718 BC — Gyges becomes the ruler of Lydia.*717 BC — Assyrian king Sargon conquers the Hittites stronghold of Carchemish....

       - 697 BC
      690s BC
      -Events and trends:* 699 BC—Khallushu succeeds Shuttir-Nakhkhunte as king of the Elamite Empire.* 697 BC—Birth of Duke Wen of Jin in China.* 697 BC—Death of Zhou huan wang, the Emperor of the Zhou Dynasty of China....

      )
  • Gojoseon
    Gojoseon
    Gojoseon was an ancient Korean kingdom. Go , meaning "ancient," distinguishes it from the later Joseon Dynasty; Joseon, as it is called in contemporaneous writings, is also romanized as Chosŏn....

     (Korea
    Korea
    Korea ) is an East Asian geographic region that is currently divided into two separate sovereign states — North Korea and South Korea. Located on the Korean Peninsula, Korea is bordered by the People's Republic of China to the northwest, Russia to the northeast, and is separated from Japan to the...

    ) (legendary)
    • Jeonggyeong, King of Gojoseon (722 BC
      720s BC
      -Events and trends:*728 BC—Piye invades Egypt, conquering Memphis, and receives the submission of the rulers of the Nile Delta. He founds the Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt.*727 BC—Babylonia makes itself independent of Assyria, upon the death of Tiglath-Pileser III....

       - 703 BC
      700s BC
      -Events and trends:* 706 BC—Spartan immigrants found Taras colony in southern Italy.* 706 BC—Sargon II dies.* 705 BC—Sennacherib succeeds his father Sargon II as king of Assyria....

      )
  • India (legendary)
    • Visakhayupa, King of Magadha
      Legendary Kings of Magadha
      The Magadha empire was established very likely by semi-mythical king Jarasandha who was, as it stated in the Puranas, a son of Brihadratha, one of the descendants of eponymical Puru. Jarasandha appears in the Mahabharatha as the "Magadhan Emperor who rules all India" and meets with an unceremonious...

       (752 BC
      750s BC
      -Events and trends:* 756 BC—Founding of Cyzicus.* 754 BC—Latins move into Italy* 755 BC—Ashur-nirari V succeeds Ashur-Dan III as king of Assyria* 755 BC—Aeschylus, King of Athens, dies after a reign of 23 years and is succeeded by Alcmaeon....

       - 702 BC
      700s BC
      -Events and trends:* 706 BC—Spartan immigrants found Taras colony in southern Italy.* 706 BC—Sargon II dies.* 705 BC—Sennacherib succeeds his father Sargon II as king of Assyria....

      )
  • Lydia
    Lydia
    Lydia was an Iron Age kingdom of western Asia Minor located generally east of ancient Ionia in the modern Turkish provinces of Manisa and inland İzmir. Its population spoke an Anatolian language known as Lydian....

    • Candaules
      Candaules
      Candaules , also known as Myrsilos was a king of the ancient Kingdom of Lydia from 735 BC to 718 BC. He succeeded Meles and was followed by Gyges...

      , King of Lydia (733 BC
      730s BC
      -Events and trends:* 739 BC—Hiram II becomes king of Tyre.* 738 BC—King Tiglath-Pileser III of Assyria invades Israel, forcing it to pay tribute.* 738 BC—The Biskupin settlement northeast of Poznan is built....

       - 716 BC)
    • Gyges
      Gyges of Lydia
      Gyges was the founder of the third or Mermnad dynasty of Lydian kings and reigned from 716 BC to 678 BC . He was succeeded by his son Ardys II.-Allegorical accounts of Gyges' rise to power:...

      , King of Lydia (716 BC - 678 BC
      670s BC
      -Events and trends:* 677 BC—Esarhaddon leads the Assyrian army against rebellious Arab tribes, advances as far as the Brook of Egypt.* 676 BC—Zhou Hui Wang becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty of China.* 675 BC—Esarhaddon begins the rebuilding of Babylon...

      )

Europe

  • Athens
    Athens
    Athens , is the capital and largest city of Greece. Athens dominates the Attica region and is one of the world's oldest cities, as its recorded history spans around 3,400 years. Classical Athens was a powerful city-state...

    • Hippomenes
      Hippomenes
      In Greek mythology, Hippomenes , also known as Melanion, was the husband of Atalanta.- Overview :When men who were struck by Atalanta's beauty watched her run through the forest, she became angry and told them "I will race anyone who wants to marry me! Whoever is so swift that he can outrun me will...

      , Archon of Athens
      Archon of Athens
      This is a list of the eponymous archons of Athens.-Background:The archon was the chief magistrate in many Greek cities, but in Athens there was a council of archons which comprised a form of executive government...

       (723 BC
      720s BC
      -Events and trends:*728 BC—Piye invades Egypt, conquering Memphis, and receives the submission of the rulers of the Nile Delta. He founds the Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt.*727 BC—Babylonia makes itself independent of Assyria, upon the death of Tiglath-Pileser III....

       - 713 BC
      710s BC
      -Events and trends:*Judah, Tyre and Sidon revolt against Assyria.*719 BC — Zhou Huan Wang of the Zhou Dynasty becomes ruler of China.*718 BC — Gyges becomes the ruler of Lydia.*717 BC — Assyrian king Sargon conquers the Hittites stronghold of Carchemish....

      )
    • Leocrates, Archon of Athens (713 BC - 703 BC)
  • Ireland (legendary)
    • Áed Rúad
      Áed Ruad
      Áed Rúad, son of Badarn, Díthorba, son of Deman, and Cimbáeth, son of Fintan, three grandsons of Airgetmar, were, according to medieval Irish legend and historical tradition, High Kings of Ireland who ruled in rotation, seven years at a time. They each ruled for three seven-year stints...

      , High King of Ireland (731 BC
      730s BC
      -Events and trends:* 739 BC—Hiram II becomes king of Tyre.* 738 BC—King Tiglath-Pileser III of Assyria invades Israel, forcing it to pay tribute.* 738 BC—The Biskupin settlement northeast of Poznan is built....

       - 661 BC
      660s BC
      -Events and trends:* 669 BC: Ashurbanipal succeeds his father Esarhaddon as king of Assyria.* 668 BC: Ashurbanipal starts to rule.* 668 BC: Shamash-shum-ukin, son of Esarhaddon, becomes King of Babylon.* 668 BC: Egypt revolts against Assyria....

      )
  • Macedonia
    • Tyrimmas
      Tyrimmas of Macedon
      Tyrimmas was an Argead King of Macedon from about 750 BC to 700 BC.In the "History of The World", Sir Walter Raleigh states that Caranus, leading a colony into Macedon, observed a herd of goats fleeing a storm and followed them to the Gates of Edessa. Being dark, he entered the city un-noticed and...

      , King of Macedonia (750 BC
      740s BC
      -Events and trends:* 747 BC—February 26 – Nabonassar becomes king of Babylonia.* 747 BC—Meles becomes king of Lydia.* c. 747 BC—Third Intermediate Period of Egypt ends. Late Period of ancient Egypt starts. Nubian period starts in Ancient Egypt.* c...

       – 700 BC
      690s BC
      -Events and trends:* 699 BC—Khallushu succeeds Shuttir-Nakhkhunte as king of the Elamite Empire.* 697 BC—Birth of Duke Wen of Jin in China.* 697 BC—Death of Zhou huan wang, the Emperor of the Zhou Dynasty of China....

      )
  • Rome
    Ancient Rome
    Ancient Rome was a thriving civilization that grew on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 8th century BC. Located along the Mediterranean Sea and centered on the city of Rome, it expanded to one of the largest empires in the ancient world....

    • Romulus
      Romulus and Remus
      Romulus and Remus are Rome's twin founders in its traditional foundation myth, although the former is sometimes said to be the sole founder...

      , King of Rome (753 BC
      750s BC
      -Events and trends:* 756 BC—Founding of Cyzicus.* 754 BC—Latins move into Italy* 755 BC—Ashur-nirari V succeeds Ashur-Dan III as king of Assyria* 755 BC—Aeschylus, King of Athens, dies after a reign of 23 years and is succeeded by Alcmaeon....

       – 716 BC)
    • Numa Pompilius
      Numa Pompilius
      Numa Pompilius was the legendary second king of Rome, succeeding Romulus. What tales are descended to us about him come from Valerius Antias, an author from the early part of the 1st century BC known through limited mentions of later authors , Dionysius of Halicarnassus circa 60BC-...

      , King of Rome (715 BC
      710s BC
      -Events and trends:*Judah, Tyre and Sidon revolt against Assyria.*719 BC — Zhou Huan Wang of the Zhou Dynasty becomes ruler of China.*718 BC — Gyges becomes the ruler of Lydia.*717 BC — Assyrian king Sargon conquers the Hittites stronghold of Carchemish....

       – 674 BC
      670s BC
      -Events and trends:* 677 BC—Esarhaddon leads the Assyrian army against rebellious Arab tribes, advances as far as the Brook of Egypt.* 676 BC—Zhou Hui Wang becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty of China.* 675 BC—Esarhaddon begins the rebuilding of Babylon...

      )
  • Sparta
    Sparta
    Sparta or Lacedaemon, was a prominent city-state in ancient Greece, situated on the banks of the River Eurotas in Laconia, in south-eastern Peloponnese. It emerged as a political entity around the 10th century BC, when the invading Dorians subjugated the local, non-Dorian population. From c...

     (Agiad Dyanasty)
    • Alcmenes
      Alcmenes
      Alcmenes or Alcamenes, Alkamenos, was the king of Sparta, of the Agiad dynasty, from c. 740 to c. 700 BC. According to Pausanias, he was a commander in the night-expedition against Ampheia, which began the First Messenian War, but died before its 4th year...

      , King of Sparta
      Kings of Sparta
      Sparta was an important Greek city-state in the Peloponnesus. It was unusual among Greek city-states in that it maintained its kingship past the Archaic age. It was even more unusual in that it had two kings simultaneously, coming from two separate lines...

       (c. 740 BC
      730s BC
      -Events and trends:* 739 BC—Hiram II becomes king of Tyre.* 738 BC—King Tiglath-Pileser III of Assyria invades Israel, forcing it to pay tribute.* 738 BC—The Biskupin settlement northeast of Poznan is built....

       - c. 700 BC)
  • Alba Longa
    Alba Longa
    Alba Longa – in Italian sources occasionally written Albalonga – was an ancient city of Latium in central Italy southeast of Rome in the Alban Hills. Founder and head of the Latin League, it was destroyed by Rome around the middle of the 7th century BC. In legend, Romulus and Remus, founders of...

    • Numitor
      Numitor
      In Roman mythology, King Numitor of Alba Longa, son of Procas, descendant of Aeneas the Trojan, was the father of Rhea Silvia. He was overthrown by his brother, Amulius, and thrown out of his kingdom where he had ruled. Amulius also murdered his sons, in an effort to remove power from his brother...

      , King of Alba Longa
      Latin kings of Alba Longa
      The Latin kings of Alba Longa, also referred to as the Latin kings of Rome or Alban kings of Rome, are a series of legendary kings of Latium ruling mainly from Alba Longa. In the mythic tradition of the founding of Rome, they fill the 400-year gap between the settlement of Aeneas in Italy and the...

       (754 BC
      750s BC
      -Events and trends:* 756 BC—Founding of Cyzicus.* 754 BC—Latins move into Italy* 755 BC—Ashur-nirari V succeeds Ashur-Dan III as king of Assyria* 755 BC—Aeschylus, King of Athens, dies after a reign of 23 years and is succeeded by Alcmaeon....

       - 717 BC
      710s BC
      -Events and trends:*Judah, Tyre and Sidon revolt against Assyria.*719 BC — Zhou Huan Wang of the Zhou Dynasty becomes ruler of China.*718 BC — Gyges becomes the ruler of Lydia.*717 BC — Assyrian king Sargon conquers the Hittites stronghold of Carchemish....

      ?)
    • Gaius Cluilius
      Gaius Cluilius
      Gaius Cluilius was the king of Alba Longa during the reign of the Roman king Tullus Hostilius in the middle of the seventh century B.C. Alba Longa was an ancient city of Latium in central Italy southeast of Rome....

      , King of Alba Longa
      Latin kings of Alba Longa
      The Latin kings of Alba Longa, also referred to as the Latin kings of Rome or Alban kings of Rome, are a series of legendary kings of Latium ruling mainly from Alba Longa. In the mythic tradition of the founding of Rome, they fill the 400-year gap between the settlement of Aeneas in Italy and the...

       (717 BC
      710s BC
      -Events and trends:*Judah, Tyre and Sidon revolt against Assyria.*719 BC — Zhou Huan Wang of the Zhou Dynasty becomes ruler of China.*718 BC — Gyges becomes the ruler of Lydia.*717 BC — Assyrian king Sargon conquers the Hittites stronghold of Carchemish....

      ? - ca. 660 BC
      660s BC
      -Events and trends:* 669 BC: Ashurbanipal succeeds his father Esarhaddon as king of Assyria.* 668 BC: Ashurbanipal starts to rule.* 668 BC: Shamash-shum-ukin, son of Esarhaddon, becomes King of Babylon.* 668 BC: Egypt revolts against Assyria....

      )

Middle East

  • Assyria
    Assyria
    Assyria was a Semitic Akkadian kingdom, extant as a nation state from the mid–23rd century BC to 608 BC centred on the Upper Tigris river, in northern Mesopotamia , that came to rule regional empires a number of times through history. It was named for its original capital, the ancient city of Assur...

    • Sargon II
      Sargon II
      Sargon II was an Assyrian king. Sargon II became co-regent with Shalmaneser V in 722 BC, and became the sole ruler of the kingdom of Assyria in 722 BC after the death of Shalmaneser V. It is not clear whether he was the son of Tiglath-Pileser III or a usurper unrelated to the royal family...

      , King of Assyria
      Kings of Assyria
      The list of Assyrian kings is compiled from the Assyrian King List, an ancient kingdom in northern Mesopotamia with information added from recent archaeological findings. The Assyrian King List includes regnal lengths that appear to have been based on now lost limmu lists...

       (722 BC – 705 BC
      700s BC
      -Events and trends:* 706 BC—Spartan immigrants found Taras colony in southern Italy.* 706 BC—Sargon II dies.* 705 BC—Sennacherib succeeds his father Sargon II as king of Assyria....

      )
  • Babylon
    Babylon
    Babylon was an Akkadian city-state of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which are found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq, about 85 kilometers south of Baghdad...

     (Tenth Dynasty)
    • Marduk-apla-iddina II, King of Babylon (722 – 710 BC
      700s BC
      -Events and trends:* 706 BC—Spartan immigrants found Taras colony in southern Italy.* 706 BC—Sargon II dies.* 705 BC—Sennacherib succeeds his father Sargon II as king of Assyria....

      )
  • Kingdom of Judah
    Kingdom of Judah
    The Kingdom of Judah was a Jewish state established in the Southern Levant during the Iron Age. It is often referred to as the "Southern Kingdom" to distinguish it from the northern Kingdom of Israel....

    • Ahaz
      Ahaz
      Ahaz was king of Judah, and the son and successor of Jotham. He is one of the kings mentioned in the genealogy of Jesus in the Gospel of Matthew....

      , King of Judah (735 BC
      730s BC
      -Events and trends:* 739 BC—Hiram II becomes king of Tyre.* 738 BC—King Tiglath-Pileser III of Assyria invades Israel, forcing it to pay tribute.* 738 BC—The Biskupin settlement northeast of Poznan is built....

       - 715 BC)
    • Hezekiah
      Hezekiah
      Hezekiah was the son of Ahaz and the 14th king of Judah. Edwin Thiele has concluded that his reign was between c. 715 and 686 BC. He is also one of the most prominent kings of Judah mentioned in the Hebrew Bible....

      , King of Judah (715 – 687 BC
      680s BC
      -Events and trends:* 689 BC—King Sennacherib of Assyria sacks Babylon.* 687 BC—Gyges becomes king of Lydia.* 687 BC—Hezekiah succeeded by Manasseh as king of Judah.* 685 BC- Chalcedon became a Greek colony....

      )
  • Persia
    • Humban-Nikash I, King of Persia (742 – 717 BC
      710s BC
      -Events and trends:*Judah, Tyre and Sidon revolt against Assyria.*719 BC — Zhou Huan Wang of the Zhou Dynasty becomes ruler of China.*718 BC — Gyges becomes the ruler of Lydia.*717 BC — Assyrian king Sargon conquers the Hittites stronghold of Carchemish....

      )
    • Shutur-Nahhunte I, King of Persia (717–699)
  • Tyre, Phoenecia
    • Elulaios, King of Tyre (729 BC
      720s BC
      -Events and trends:*728 BC—Piye invades Egypt, conquering Memphis, and receives the submission of the rulers of the Nile Delta. He founds the Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt.*727 BC—Babylonia makes itself independent of Assyria, upon the death of Tiglath-Pileser III....

       - 694 BC
      690s BC
      -Events and trends:* 699 BC—Khallushu succeeds Shuttir-Nakhkhunte as king of the Elamite Empire.* 697 BC—Birth of Duke Wen of Jin in China.* 697 BC—Death of Zhou huan wang, the Emperor of the Zhou Dynasty of China....

      )
  • Urartu
    Urartu
    Urartu , corresponding to Ararat or Kingdom of Van was an Iron Age kingdom centered around Lake Van in the Armenian Highland....

    • Rusa I
      Rusas I of Urartu
      Rusa I was an Armenian King of Ararat . He succeeded his father, king Sarduri II.Before Rusa's reign had begun, his father, King Sarduri II, had already expanded the kingdom as far south as Nineveh and had annexed various Assyrian and Anatolian territories...

      , King of Urartu (735 BC - 713 BC)
    • Argishtis II, King of Urartu (714 BC
      710s BC
      -Events and trends:*Judah, Tyre and Sidon revolt against Assyria.*719 BC — Zhou Huan Wang of the Zhou Dynasty becomes ruler of China.*718 BC — Gyges becomes the ruler of Lydia.*717 BC — Assyrian king Sargon conquers the Hittites stronghold of Carchemish....

       - 680 BC
      670s BC
      -Events and trends:* 677 BC—Esarhaddon leads the Assyrian army against rebellious Arab tribes, advances as far as the Brook of Egypt.* 676 BC—Zhou Hui Wang becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty of China.* 675 BC—Esarhaddon begins the rebuilding of Babylon...

      )
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