Important concepts

• Genetic genealogy
  Genetic genealogy
  Genetic genealogy is the application of genetics to traditional genealogy. Genetic genealogy involves the use of genealogical DNA testing to determine the level of genetic relationship between individuals.-History:...
  
  
• Genealogical DNA test
  Genealogical DNA test
  A genealogical DNA test examines the nucleotides at specific locations on a person's DNA for genetic genealogy purposes. The test results are not meant to have any informative medical value and do not determine specific genetic diseases or disorders ; they are intended only to give genealogical...
  
  
• Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups
  Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups
  In human genetics, a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by differences in human mitochondrial DNA. Haplogroups are used to represent the major branch points on the mitochondrial phylogenetic tree...
  
  
• Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups
  Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups
  In human genetics, a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by differences in the non-recombining portions of DNA from the Y chromosome ....
  
  
• Allele
  Allele
  An allele is one of two or more forms of a gene or a genetic locus . "Allel" is an abbreviation of allelomorph. Sometimes, different alleles can result in different observable phenotypic traits, such as different pigmentation...
  
  
• Allele frequency
  Allele frequency
  Allele frequency or Gene frequency is the proportion of all copies of a gene that is made up of a particular gene variant . In other words, it is the number of copies of a particular allele divided by the number of copies of all alleles at the genetic place in a population. It can be expressed for...
  
  
• Electropherogram
  Electropherogram
  An electropherogram is a plot of results from an analysis done by electrophoresis automatic sequencing.Electropherograms may be used for deriving results from:*genealogical DNA testing*paternity testing*DNA sequencing*Genetic fingerprinting...
  
  
• Genetic recombination
  Genetic recombination
  Genetic recombination is a process by which a molecule of nucleic acid is broken and then joined to a different one. Recombination can occur between similar molecules of DNA, as in homologous recombination, or dissimilar molecules, as in non-homologous end joining. Recombination is a common method...
  
  
• Haplogroup
  Haplogroup
  In the study of molecular evolution, a haplogroup is a group of similar haplotypes that share a common ancestor having the same single nucleotide polymorphism mutation in both haplotypes. Because a haplogroup consists of similar haplotypes, this is what makes it possible to predict a haplogroup...
  
  
• Haplotype
  Haplotype
  A haplotype in genetics is a combination of alleles at adjacent locations on the chromosome that are transmitted together...
  
  
• * (haplogroup)
  * (haplogroup)
  Paragroup is a term used in population genetics to describe lineages within a haplogroup that are not defined by any additional unique markers. In human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups, paragroups are typically represented by an asterisk placed after the main haplogroup...
  
  
• Most recent common ancestor
  Most recent common ancestor
  In genetics, the most recent common ancestor of any set of organisms is the most recent individual from which all organisms in the group are directly descended...
  
  
• Short tandem repeat
  Short tandem repeat
  A short tandem repeat in DNA occurs when a pattern of two or more nucleotides are repeated and the repeated sequences are directly adjacent to each other. The pattern can range in length from 2 to 5 base pairs and is typically in the non-coding intron region...
  
   (STR)
• Single nucleotide polymorphism
  Single nucleotide polymorphism
  A single-nucleotide polymorphism is a DNA sequence variation occurring when a single nucleotide — A, T, C or G — in the genome differs between members of a biological species or paired chromosomes in an individual...
  
   (SNP)
• Y-STR
  Y-STR
  A Y-STR is a short tandem repeat on the Y-chromosome. Y-STRs are often used in forensics, paternity, and genealogical DNA testing.-Nomenclature:Y-STRs are assigned names by the HUGO gene nomenclature committee....
  
   (Y-chromosome short tandem repeat)

Related fields

• Archaeogenetics
  Archaeogenetics
  Archaeogenetics, a term coined by Colin Renfrew, refers to the application of the techniques of molecular population genetics to the study of the human past. This can involve:*the analysis of DNA recovered from archaeological remains, i.e...
  
  
• Genealogy
  Genealogy
  Genealogy is the study of families and the tracing of their lineages and history. Genealogists use oral traditions, historical records, genetic analysis, and other records to obtain information about a family and to demonstrate kinship and pedigrees of its members...
  
  
• Genetics
  Genetics
  Genetics , a discipline of biology, is the science of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms....
  
  
  • Genetic fingerprinting
    Genetic fingerprinting
    DNA profiling is a technique employed by forensic scientists to assist in the identification of individuals by their respective DNA profiles. DNA profiles are encrypted sets of numbers that reflect a person's DNA makeup, which can also be used as the person's identifier...
    
    
  • DNA sequencing
    DNA sequencing
    DNA sequencing includes several methods and technologies that are used for determining the order of the nucleotide bases—adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine—in a molecule of DNA....
    
    
  • Population genetics
    Population genetics
    Population genetics is the study of allele frequency distribution and change under the influence of the four main evolutionary processes: natural selection, genetic drift, mutation and gene flow. It also takes into account the factors of recombination, population subdivision and population...
    
    
  • Molecular genetics
    Molecular genetics
    Molecular genetics is the field of biology and genetics that studies the structure and function of genes at a molecular level. The field studies how the genes are transferred from generation to generation. Molecular genetics employs the methods of genetics and molecular biology...
    
    

Patrilineal relationships

• Patrilineality
  Patrilineality
  Patrilineality is a system in which one belongs to one's father's lineage. It generally involves the inheritance of property, names or titles through the male line as well....
  
  
• XY sex-determination system
  XY sex-determination system
  The XY sex-determination system is the sex-determination system found in humans, most other mammals, some insects and some plants . In this system, females have two of the same kind of sex chromosome , and are called the homogametic sex. Males have two distinct sex chromosomes , and are called...
  
  
• Y-chromosomal Adam
  Y-chromosomal Adam
  In human genetics, Y-chromosomal Adam is the theoretical most recent common ancestor from whom all living people are descended patrilineally . Many studies report that Y-chromosomal Adam lived as early as around 142,000 years ago and possibly as recently as 60,000 years ago...
  
  
• Y-chromosomal Aaron
  Y-chromosomal Aaron
  Y-chromosomal Aaron is the name given to the hypothesised most recent common ancestor of many of the patrilineal Jewish priestly caste known as Kohanim . In the Torah, this ancestor is identified as Aaron, the brother of Moses...
  
  
• Adam's Curse
  Adam's Curse
  Adam's Curse: A Future Without Men is a 2003 book by Oxford University human genetics professor Bryan Sykes expounding his hypothesis that with the declining sperm count in men and the continual atrophy of the Y chromosome, within 5,000 generations the male of the...
  
  
• Paternal mtDNA transmission
  Paternal mtDNA transmission
  In genetics, paternal mtDNA transmission and paternal mtDNA inheritance refer to the incidence of mitochondrial DNA being passed from a father to his offspring. Paternal mtDNA inheritance is observed in a small proportion of species; in general, mtDNA is passed unchanged from a mother to her...
  
  
• RecLOH
  RecLOH
  RecLOH is a term in genetics that is an abbreviation for "Recombinational Loss of Heterozygosity".This is a type of mutation which occurs with DNA by recombination. From a pair of equivalent , but slightly different genes, a pair of identical genes results...
  
  

Matrilineal relationships

• Matrilineality
  Matrilineality
  Matrilineality is a system in which descent is traced through the mother and maternal ancestors. Matrilineality is also a societal system in which one belongs to one's matriline or mother's lineage, which can involve the inheritance of property and/or titles.A matriline is a line of descent from a...
  
  
• Mitochondrion
  Mitochondrion
  In cell biology, a mitochondrion is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. These organelles range from 0.5 to 1.0 micrometers in diameter...
  
  
• Mitochondrial DNA
  Mitochondrial DNA
  Mitochondrial DNA is the DNA located in organelles called mitochondria, structures within eukaryotic cells that convert the chemical energy from food into a form that cells can use, adenosine triphosphate...
  
  
• Human mitochondrial genetics
  Human mitochondrial genetics
  Human mitochondrial genetics is the study of the genetics of the DNA contained in human mitochondria. Mitochondria are small structures in cells that generate energy for the cell to use, and are hence referred to as the "powerhouses" of the cell....
  
  
• Mitochondrial Eve
  Mitochondrial Eve
  In the field of human genetics, Mitochondrial Eve refers to the matrilineal "MRCA" . In other words, she was the woman from whom all living humans today descend, on their mother's side, and through the mothers of those mothers and so on, back until all lines converge on one person...
  
  
• X chromosome
  X chromosome
  The X chromosome is one of the two sex-determining chromosomes in many animal species, including mammals and is common in both males and females. It is a part of the XY sex-determination system and X0 sex-determination system...
  
  

Biogeography, ethnicity and migration

• Human migration
  Human migration
  Human migration is physical movement by humans from one area to another, sometimes over long distances or in large groups. Historically this movement was nomadic, often causing significant conflict with the indigenous population and their displacement or cultural assimilation. Only a few nomadic...
  
  
• Population genetics
  Population genetics
  Population genetics is the study of allele frequency distribution and change under the influence of the four main evolutionary processes: natural selection, genetic drift, mutation and gene flow. It also takes into account the factors of recombination, population subdivision and population...
  
  
• Multiregional hypothesis
• Single-origin hypothesis

Projects

• Human Genome Project
  Human Genome Project
  The Human Genome Project is an international scientific research project with a primary goal of determining the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up DNA, and of identifying and mapping the approximately 20,000–25,000 genes of the human genome from both a physical and functional...
  
  
• International HapMap Project
  International HapMap Project
  The International HapMap Project is an organization that aims to develop a haplotype map of the human genome, which will describe the common patterns of human genetic variation. HapMap is a key resource for researchers to find genetic variants affecting health, disease and responses to drugs and...
  
  
• Molecular Genealogy Research Project
• Surname DNA project
• The Genographic Project
  The Genographic Project
  The Genographic Project, launched on April 13, 2005 by the National Geographic Society and IBM, is a multi-year genetic anthropology study that aims to map historical human migration patterns by collecting and analyzing DNA samples from hundreds of thousands of people from around the...
  
  

Lists

• List of Y-chromosome databases
• List of DNA tested mummies
• List of DNA tested historical figures
• List of genetic results derived from historical figures
• Y-chromosome haplogroups by populations
  Y-chromosome haplogroups by populations
  The following articles are lists of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups found in populations and various ethnic groups by regions or continents around the world based on relevant studies, and the samples have been taken from individuals identified by linguistic designation.General*Y-DNA haplogroups...