1. They are active movements with living, active members.
2. They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).

• De facto state: for regions with de facto
  De facto
  De facto is a Latin expression that means "concerning fact." In law, it often means "in practice but not necessarily ordained by law" or "in practice or actuality, but not officially established." It is commonly used in contrast to de jure when referring to matters of law, governance, or...
  
  autonomy from the government
• Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state
  Sovereign state
  A sovereign state, or simply, state, is a state with a defined territory on which it exercises internal and external sovereignty, a permanent population, a government, and the capacity to enter into relations with other sovereign states. It is also normally understood to be a state which is neither...
  
  
• Proposed autonomous area: for movements toward greater autonomy for an area
  Autonomous area
  An autonomous area or autonomous entity is an area of a country that has a degree of autonomy, or freedom from an external authority. Typically it is either geographically distinct from the rest of the country or populated by a national minority. Countries that include autonomous areas are often...
  
   but not outright secession
  • De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region
  • Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question
    Government in exile
    A government in exile is a political group that claims to be a country's legitimate government, but for various reasons is unable to exercise its legal power, and instead resides in a foreign country. Governments in exile usually operate under the assumption that they will one day return to their...
    
    , with or without control
  • Political party (or parties): for political parties
    Political party
    A political party is a political organization that typically seeks to influence government policy, usually by nominating their own candidates and trying to seat them in political office. Parties participate in electoral campaigns, educational outreach or protest actions...
    
     involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession
  • Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations (sometimes called terrorist organisations
    Terrorism
    Terrorism is the systematic use of terror, especially as a means of coercion. In the international community, however, terrorism has no universally agreed, legally binding, criminal law definition...
    
    )
  • Advocacy group(s): for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory entities
    Advocacy group
    Advocacy groups use various forms of advocacy to influence public opinion and/or policy; they have played and continue to play an important part in the development of political and social systems...
    
    

  Argentina

Argentina

Argentina , officially the Argentine Republic , is the second largest country in South America by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires...

• 
  Mapuche
  Mapuche
  The Mapuche are a group of indigenous inhabitants of south-central Chile and southwestern Argentina. They constitute a wide-ranging ethnicity composed of various groups who shared a common social, religious and economic structure, as well as a common linguistic heritage. Their influence extended...
  
   (politically divided between Argentina and Chile; see respective entries) (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
  Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
  The Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization , formed in 11 February 1991, in The Hague, is an international organization of political organisations and governments representing self-proclaimed "indigenous peoples, minorities, and unrecognised or occupied territories". The organization...
  
  )
  • Pressure group: The All Lands Conseil (Consejo de Todas las Tierras)
  • Proposed state: Mapuche Nation

  Bolivia

Bolivia

Bolivia officially known as Plurinational State of Bolivia , is a landlocked country in central South America. It is the poorest country in South America...

• 
  Santa Cruz
  • Pressure group: Camba Nation Liberation Movement (Movimiento Nación Camba de Liberación), Pro Santa Cruz Committee (Comité Pro Santa Cruz), Santa Cruz Youth Union
    Santa Cruz Youth Union
    The Santa Cruz Youth Union is a militant neo-fascist based in Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Founded in 1957 as an arm of the Pro Santa Cruz Committee , the UJC has recently become the subject of controversy and accusation concerning its activities in support of the Santa Cruz autonomy movement in...
    
     (Unión Juvenil Cruceñista)
  • Proposed state: Republic of Santa Cruz, Camba Nation

  Brazil

Brazil

Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...

 

• Proposed state:
  
  República Riograndense
  • Pressure Group: Movimento Pampa Livre
  • Proposition: To separate the state of Rio Grande do Sul
    Rio Grande do Sul
    Rio Grande do Sul is the southernmost state in Brazil, and the state with the fifth highest Human Development Index in the country. In this state is located the southernmost city in the country, Chuí, on the border with Uruguay. In the region of Bento Gonçalves and Caxias do Sul, the largest wine...
    
     from Brazil.
• Proposed state:
  
  Sul
  Southern Region, Brazil
  The South Region of Brazil is one of the five regions of Brazil. It includes the states of Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul and covers 576,409.6 km ², being the smallest portion of the country...
  
  
  • Pressure Group: Movimento O Sul é Meu País
  • Proposition: To separate the states of the southern region, Paraná
    Paraná (state)
    Paraná is one of the states of Brazil, located in the South of the country, bordered on the north by São Paulo state, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by Santa Catarina state and the Misiones Province of Argentina, and on the west by Mato Grosso do Sul and the republic of Paraguay,...
    
    , Santa Catarina
    Santa Catarina
    Santa Catarina is the name of several places :-Places:Brazil*Santa Catarina , one of that country's federal states...
    
     and Rio Grande do Sul
    Rio Grande do Sul
    Rio Grande do Sul is the southernmost state in Brazil, and the state with the fifth highest Human Development Index in the country. In this state is located the southernmost city in the country, Chuí, on the border with Uruguay. In the region of Bento Gonçalves and Caxias do Sul, the largest wine...
    
     creating a federation between them.
• 
  São Paulo
  • Pressure Group: Movimento República de São Paulo.
  • Proposition: To separate the State of São Paulo
    São Paulo
    São Paulo is the largest city in Brazil, the largest city in the southern hemisphere and South America, and the world's seventh largest city by population. The metropolis is anchor to the São Paulo metropolitan area, ranked as the second-most populous metropolitan area in the Americas and among...
    
     from Brazil, creating The Republic of São Paulo. To organize and promote free debate and studies on the degree of autonomy of the State of São Paulo in the Brazilian federation and the current model of federalism in Brazil, as well as on the implementation of a new model of the Confederate States, and discuss foster actions aimed at bringing the public discussion of the federation, to foster growth stock elements of the typical culture São Paulo, organize debates and events on the political representation of the State of São Paulo in the current model of federation, among other actions.

  Chile

Chile

Chile ,officially the Republic of Chile , is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow coastal strip between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far...

• 
  Mapuche
  Mapuche
  The Mapuche are a group of indigenous inhabitants of south-central Chile and southwestern Argentina. They constitute a wide-ranging ethnicity composed of various groups who shared a common social, religious and economic structure, as well as a common linguistic heritage. Their influence extended...
  
   (politically divided between Argentina and Chile; see respective entries) (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
  Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
  The Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization , formed in 11 February 1991, in The Hague, is an international organization of political organisations and governments representing self-proclaimed "indigenous peoples, minorities, and unrecognised or occupied territories". The organization...
  
  )
  • Pressure group: The All Lands Conseil (Consejo de Todas las Tierras)

  Colombia

Colombia

Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia , is a unitary constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments. The country is located in northwestern South America, bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the...

• 
  Raizal
  Raizal
  The Raizals are a Protestant Afro-Caribbean ethnic group, speaking the San Andrés-Providencia Creole, an English Creole, living in the Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina, presently the Colombian San Andrés y Providencia Department, off the Nicaraguan Miskito Coast...
  
  s of Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina
  • Structuring territorial or proposed: Self-State Associate
  • Pressure group: Amen-SD (Archipelago Movement for Ethnic Native Self-Determination for San Andrés, Providence and Kethlena)
  • Important figure: Raymond Howard

  France

France

The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...

 

• 
  French Guiana
  French Guiana
  French Guiana is an overseas region of France, consisting of a single overseas department located on the northern Atlantic coast of South America. It has borders with two nations, Brazil to the east and south, and Suriname to the west...
  
  
  • Pressure groups: Decolonization and Social Emancipation Movement
    Decolonization and Social Emancipation Movement
    The Decolonization and Social Emancipation Movement is a political party for independence in French Guiana. It is generally a party of the far left.-Platform:...
    
    

  Peru

Peru

Peru , officially the Republic of Peru , is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean....

• Arequipa
  Arequipa
  Arequipa is the capital city of the Arequipa Region in southern Peru. With a population of 836,859 it is the second most populous city of the country...
  
   (City in the Arequipa Region
  Arequipa Region
  Arequipa is a region in southwestern Peru. It is bordered by the Ica, Ayacucho, Apurímac and Cusco regions on the north; the Puno Region on the east; the Moquegua Region on the south; and the Pacific Ocean on the west...
  
  )
  • Proposed state: Republic of Arequipa

  Venezuela

Venezuela

Venezuela , officially called the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela , is a tropical country on the northern coast of South America. It borders Colombia to the west, Guyana to the east, and Brazil to the south...

• 
  Zulia State
  • Proposed state: Free State of Zulia and Maracaibo
    Maracaibo
    Maracaibo is a city and municipality located in northwestern Venezuela off the western coast of the Lake Maracaibo. It is the second-largest city in the country after the national capital Caracas and the capital of Zulia state...
    
    .