Legislative Council of Nova Scotia
Encyclopedia
The Legislative Council of Nova Scotia was the upper house
of the government
of the Canadian province of Nova Scotia
. It existed from 1838 to May 31, 1928. From the establishment of responsible government
in 1848, members were appointed by the Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia
on the advice of the Premier
.
, they were in practice made by the Board of Trade
, though the Governor usually provided a list of potential nominees. Nominations were at pleasure, but were in practice treated as during good behaviour.
Following a series of conflicts with the Assembly
and rising demands for responsible government
in the province, the Board of Trade ordered in 1838 that the Council be split into separate Executive
and Legislative Councils.
, which limited the veto of the House of Lords
. The bill would have changed the Council's absolute veto to a suspensory veto; if the Assembly passed a bill in three successive legislative sessions over two years, the bill would go into effect notwithstanding the lack of the Council's consent. This bill, which was presented to the Council in the last days of the 1916 session at the height of the first World War
, was received badly by the Council, which refused to pass it. A similar bill was considered by the Assembly the following year, but was dropped after the Council threatened not to pass any other bills sent to it by the Assembly.
The subject of abolition was revived in 1922, when the Assembly passed a resolution calling for the Legislative Council's resolution. Instead of sending an abolition bill to the Council, however, the Assembly formed a delegation to meet with members of the Legislative Council to consider methods of abolition. When the two delegations met together, the Assembly members were surprised that while the Councillors were unwilling to accept abolition, they were quite interested in potential reforms designed to make the Legislature work more effectively, including the possibility of electing the Council. As it was once again late in the legislative session, there was not sufficient time to negotiate a specific proposal, however. As such, the delegations requested permission from the Assembly and Council to continue working on the matter until the 1923 session. When the Legislature met again in 1923, the joint committee met again, but discussions once more led nowhere, as each group expected the other to offer a specific proposal.
During the 1924 session, the Assembly once more considered an abolition bill proposed by Howard William Corning
, House Leader of the Conservative Party. After vehement debate, in which Liberal MHAs defended the Legislative Council as a bulwark against radicalism, the bill was defeated in the Assembly.
The following year, Premier Armstrong
introduced a bill to reform the Legislative Council in three respects: first, it implemented the Parliament Act, 1911, in Nova Scotia; second, it limited the tenure of office of new appointees to the Council to ten years, although Councillors would be eligible for reappointment; and third, it imposed an age limit of seventy for new members and seventy-five for existing members. After criticism from the Halifax Morning Chronicle
, the bill was amended to drop the eligibility for reappointment. The amended bill passed the Assembly on a party line vote, and was sent to the Council, which further amended it to remove the age limit for sitting Councillors, increase the age limit for new appointees to seventy-five, and prohibit use of the new procedure to abolish the Council without its consent.
As the reform bill was passed barely a month before an election
in which the Liberals were expected to do poorly, it was immediately criticized by Conservatives as a ploy to extend Liberal rule beyond the grave. When the Conservatives won a resounding victory, they almost immediately reopened plans to abolish the Legislative Council.
in 1926 called for the abolition of the Council; a few weeks later, Rhodes introduced an abolition bill in the Assembly. Meanwhile, Rhodes worked behind the scenes to try to negotiate for the Council to agree to abolish itself. In February, Rhodes offered the pre-reform Councillors pensions of $1000 per annum for ten years, and the post-reform Councillors $500 per annum for ten years; this proposal was rejected almost unanimously by the Council as a "bribe", and inspired the Council to pass a resolution affirming its important constitutional role.
With the Council seemingly unwilling to abolish itself, Rhodes considered alternative means of achieving abolition. In early March, he settled on a scheme to appoint twenty Councillors in addition to the eighteen already sitting in the Council. As the Council was presumed to be limited to twenty-one, this would have resulted in seventeen Councillors over and above the presumed constitutional limit. Wary of the constitutionality of the appointments, Lieutenant-Governor James Cranswick Tory
wrote of the plan to Secretary of State in Ottawa, stating that he planned to make the appointments on March 15, 1926, unless instructed otherwise by the Governor General. After receiving an opinion from the Law Officers expressing the belief that the appointments in excess of twenty-one would be unconstitutional, the Governor General instructed Lieutenant-Governor Tory not to make the appointments for the time being, and suggested that the matter should be judicially considered.
Rebuffed by Ottawa, the Rhodes government then filed a reference for an advisory opinion with the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia. The reference presented four questions:
In October 1926, the Nova Scotia Supreme Court issued a divided opinion in which two judges ruled that the Lieutenant-Governor could appoint more than twenty-one Councillors, and two ruled that he could not. While three of the four judges ruled that the Councillor's tenure of office was at pleasure, only two ruled that it was at the pleasure of the Lieutenant-Governor; the third judge ruled that they served at the pleasure of His Majesty the King. (The fourth judge ruled that Councillors served for life.) With the court effectively evenly divided on all issues, there was no majority decision, and so Rhodes would have to wait for an appellate verdict before he could abolish the Legislative Council.
In November 1927, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
would finally rule that the Lieutenant-Governor could appoint so many Councillors as he desired and that Councillors served at his pleasure. After fifty years, abolition would finally be possible.
In the weeks before the 1928 legislative session, Rhodes dismissed all but one of the Liberal Councillors appointed before 1925 and appointed enough new Conservative members to reach the symbolic number of twenty-two (to emphasize the Lieutenant-Governor's constitutional right to increase the size of the Council). On February 24, 1928, the now Conservative-dominated Council passed an abolition bill sent to it days before by the Assembly. Under the terms of the bill, the Council would be abolished as of May 31, 1928, so as to avoid any constitutional problems with legislation passed during the 1928 session.
Upper house
An upper house, often called a senate, is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature, the other chamber being the lower house; a legislature composed of only one house is described as unicameral.- Possible specific characteristics :...
of the government
Government
Government refers to the legislators, administrators, and arbitrators in the administrative bureaucracy who control a state at a given time, and to the system of government by which they are organized...
of the Canadian province of Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and is the most populous province in Atlantic Canada. The name of the province is Latin for "New Scotland," but "Nova Scotia" is the recognized, English-language name of the province. The provincial capital is Halifax. Nova Scotia is the...
. It existed from 1838 to May 31, 1928. From the establishment of responsible government
Responsible government
Responsible government is a conception of a system of government that embodies the principle of parliamentary accountability which is the foundation of the Westminster system of parliamentary democracy...
in 1848, members were appointed by the Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia
Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia
The Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia is the viceregal representative in Nova Scotia of the Canadian monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, who operates distinctly within the province but is also shared equally with the ten other jurisdictions of Canada and resides predominantly in her oldest realm, the...
on the advice of the Premier
Premier of Nova Scotia
The Premier of Nova Scotia is the first minister for the Canadian province of Nova Scotia who presides over the Executive Council of Nova Scotia. Following the Westminster system, the premier is normally the leader of the political party which has the most seats in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly...
.
Origins
The Legislative Council had its origins in the older unified Council, created in 1719, which exercised a combination of executive, legislative, and judicial functions. The Council acted as the Governor's cabinet, as the upper house of the provincial legislature, and as the province's General Court until the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia was established in 1754. The Council generally consisted of twelve members, five of whom constituted a quorum. While appointments were technically made by the SovereignMonarchy of the United Kingdom
The monarchy of the United Kingdom is the constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom and its overseas territories. The present monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, has reigned since 6 February 1952. She and her immediate family undertake various official, ceremonial and representational duties...
, they were in practice made by the Board of Trade
Board of Trade
The Board of Trade is a committee of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom, originating as a committee of inquiry in the 17th century and evolving gradually into a government department with a diverse range of functions...
, though the Governor usually provided a list of potential nominees. Nominations were at pleasure, but were in practice treated as during good behaviour.
Following a series of conflicts with the Assembly
Nova Scotia House of Assembly
The Nova Scotia Legislature, consisting of Her Majesty The Queen represented by the Lieutenant Governor and the House of Assembly, is the legislative branch of the provincial government of Nova Scotia, Canada...
and rising demands for responsible government
Responsible government
Responsible government is a conception of a system of government that embodies the principle of parliamentary accountability which is the foundation of the Westminster system of parliamentary democracy...
in the province, the Board of Trade ordered in 1838 that the Council be split into separate Executive
Executive Council of Nova Scotia
The Executive Council of Nova Scotia is the cabinet of that Canadian province....
and Legislative Councils.
1925 reform
With the Assembly seemingly unable to abolish the Legislative Council without its permission, it eventually came to consider reforming the Council as a next-best alternative. The first serious reform proposal was considered in 1916, when the Assembly passed a reform bill based on the imperial Parliament Act, 1911Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949
The Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 are two Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which form part of the constitution of the United Kingdom. Section 2 of the Parliament Act 1949 provides that that Act and the Parliament Act 1911 are to be construed as one.The Parliament Act 1911 The...
, which limited the veto of the House of Lords
House of Lords
The House of Lords is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Like the House of Commons, it meets in the Palace of Westminster....
. The bill would have changed the Council's absolute veto to a suspensory veto; if the Assembly passed a bill in three successive legislative sessions over two years, the bill would go into effect notwithstanding the lack of the Council's consent. This bill, which was presented to the Council in the last days of the 1916 session at the height of the first World War
World War I
World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...
, was received badly by the Council, which refused to pass it. A similar bill was considered by the Assembly the following year, but was dropped after the Council threatened not to pass any other bills sent to it by the Assembly.
The subject of abolition was revived in 1922, when the Assembly passed a resolution calling for the Legislative Council's resolution. Instead of sending an abolition bill to the Council, however, the Assembly formed a delegation to meet with members of the Legislative Council to consider methods of abolition. When the two delegations met together, the Assembly members were surprised that while the Councillors were unwilling to accept abolition, they were quite interested in potential reforms designed to make the Legislature work more effectively, including the possibility of electing the Council. As it was once again late in the legislative session, there was not sufficient time to negotiate a specific proposal, however. As such, the delegations requested permission from the Assembly and Council to continue working on the matter until the 1923 session. When the Legislature met again in 1923, the joint committee met again, but discussions once more led nowhere, as each group expected the other to offer a specific proposal.
During the 1924 session, the Assembly once more considered an abolition bill proposed by Howard William Corning
Howard Corning
Howard William Corning was a cattle farmer and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada. He represented Yarmouth County in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1911 to 1916 and from 1920 to 1924 as a Liberal-Conservative member...
, House Leader of the Conservative Party. After vehement debate, in which Liberal MHAs defended the Legislative Council as a bulwark against radicalism, the bill was defeated in the Assembly.
The following year, Premier Armstrong
Ernest Howard Armstrong
Ernest Howard Armstrong was a Canadian politician and journalist who served as the ninth Premier of Nova Scotia from 1923 to 1925....
introduced a bill to reform the Legislative Council in three respects: first, it implemented the Parliament Act, 1911, in Nova Scotia; second, it limited the tenure of office of new appointees to the Council to ten years, although Councillors would be eligible for reappointment; and third, it imposed an age limit of seventy for new members and seventy-five for existing members. After criticism from the Halifax Morning Chronicle
Halifax Chronicle-Herald
The Chronicle Herald is a broadsheet published in Halifax, Nova Scotia. The largest newspaper company in Nova Scotia, The Chronicle Herald is also the highest circulation newspaper in the Atlantic provinces and is currently the largest independently owned newspaper company in Canada...
, the bill was amended to drop the eligibility for reappointment. The amended bill passed the Assembly on a party line vote, and was sent to the Council, which further amended it to remove the age limit for sitting Councillors, increase the age limit for new appointees to seventy-five, and prohibit use of the new procedure to abolish the Council without its consent.
As the reform bill was passed barely a month before an election
Nova Scotia general election, 1925
The 15th Nova Scotia general election was held on 25 June 1925 to elect members of the 38th House of Assembly of the Province of Nova Scotia, Canada. It was won by the Conservative party....
in which the Liberals were expected to do poorly, it was immediately criticized by Conservatives as a ploy to extend Liberal rule beyond the grave. When the Conservatives won a resounding victory, they almost immediately reopened plans to abolish the Legislative Council.
Abolition
Following the Conservative landslide in 1925, the Council abolition debate was reopened. The Conservatives' first Speech from the ThroneSpeech from the Throne
A speech from the throne is an event in certain monarchies in which the reigning sovereign reads a prepared speech to a complete session of parliament, outlining the government's agenda for the coming session...
in 1926 called for the abolition of the Council; a few weeks later, Rhodes introduced an abolition bill in the Assembly. Meanwhile, Rhodes worked behind the scenes to try to negotiate for the Council to agree to abolish itself. In February, Rhodes offered the pre-reform Councillors pensions of $1000 per annum for ten years, and the post-reform Councillors $500 per annum for ten years; this proposal was rejected almost unanimously by the Council as a "bribe", and inspired the Council to pass a resolution affirming its important constitutional role.
With the Council seemingly unwilling to abolish itself, Rhodes considered alternative means of achieving abolition. In early March, he settled on a scheme to appoint twenty Councillors in addition to the eighteen already sitting in the Council. As the Council was presumed to be limited to twenty-one, this would have resulted in seventeen Councillors over and above the presumed constitutional limit. Wary of the constitutionality of the appointments, Lieutenant-Governor James Cranswick Tory
James Cranswick Tory
James Cranswick Tory was a Nova Scotia businessman and politician. He was born in 1862 to Robert Kirk Tory and Anorah Ferguson in Guysborough County and lived in the village of Guysborough. He attended McGill University in Montreal and worked at Sun Life Assurance Company. In 1894, he married...
wrote of the plan to Secretary of State in Ottawa, stating that he planned to make the appointments on March 15, 1926, unless instructed otherwise by the Governor General. After receiving an opinion from the Law Officers expressing the belief that the appointments in excess of twenty-one would be unconstitutional, the Governor General instructed Lieutenant-Governor Tory not to make the appointments for the time being, and suggested that the matter should be judicially considered.
Rebuffed by Ottawa, the Rhodes government then filed a reference for an advisory opinion with the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia. The reference presented four questions:
- Has the Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia, acting by and with the advice of the Executive Council of Nova Scotia, power or authority to appoint in the name of the Crown by instrument under the Great Seal of the Province so many Members of the Legislative Council of Nova Scotia that the total number of the Members of such Council holding their offices or places as such Members would
-
- (a) exceed twenty-one, or
- (b) exceed the total number of the Members of said Council who held their offices or places as such Members at the Union mentioned in Section 88 of The British North America Act, 1867?
- Is the membership of the Legislative Council of Nova Scotia limited in number?
- Is the tenure of office of Members of the said Council appointed thereto prior to May 7, A.D. 1925, during pleasure or during good behaviour or for life?
- If such tenure is during pleasure, is it during the pleasure of His Majesty the King, or during the pleasure of His Majesty represented in that behalf by the Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia acting by and with the advice of the Executive Council of Nova Scotia?
In October 1926, the Nova Scotia Supreme Court issued a divided opinion in which two judges ruled that the Lieutenant-Governor could appoint more than twenty-one Councillors, and two ruled that he could not. While three of the four judges ruled that the Councillor's tenure of office was at pleasure, only two ruled that it was at the pleasure of the Lieutenant-Governor; the third judge ruled that they served at the pleasure of His Majesty the King. (The fourth judge ruled that Councillors served for life.) With the court effectively evenly divided on all issues, there was no majority decision, and so Rhodes would have to wait for an appellate verdict before he could abolish the Legislative Council.
In November 1927, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council is one of the highest courts in the United Kingdom. Established by the Judicial Committee Act 1833 to hear appeals formerly heard by the King in Council The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC) is one of the highest courts in the United...
would finally rule that the Lieutenant-Governor could appoint so many Councillors as he desired and that Councillors served at his pleasure. After fifty years, abolition would finally be possible.
In the weeks before the 1928 legislative session, Rhodes dismissed all but one of the Liberal Councillors appointed before 1925 and appointed enough new Conservative members to reach the symbolic number of twenty-two (to emphasize the Lieutenant-Governor's constitutional right to increase the size of the Council). On February 24, 1928, the now Conservative-dominated Council passed an abolition bill sent to it days before by the Assembly. Under the terms of the bill, the Council would be abolished as of May 31, 1928, so as to avoid any constitutional problems with legislation passed during the 1928 session.