Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Encyclopedia
Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug , also known as Yugra, is a federal subject
of Russia
(an autonomous okrug
of Tyumen Oblast
). Population:
The people native to the region are the Khanty
and the Mansi, known collectively as Ob Ugric people. The local languages, Khanty language
and Mansi language
enjoy special status in the autonomous okrug, while Russian
remains the only official language.
The majority of the oil
produced in Russia comes from Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug, giving the region great economic importance.
Siberia was finally annexed to the Muscovite state after Ermak Timofeevich's legendary campaign. After defeating Khan Kuchum in fall 1582 and occupying Isker, the capital of the Siberian Khanate, Ermak sent a small Cossack detachment down the Irtysh in winter 1583. The detachment led by Bogdan Bryazga (according to other information, Cossack chieftain Nikita Pan) passed through the lands of the Konda-Pelym Voguls and reached the "walls" of the town of Samarovo. Taken by surprise by the Cossack attack, the Ostyaks surrendered. Samar, prince of the Belgorod Princedom was also killed.
In fall 1585, shortly after Ermak's death, Cossacks led by voevoda (army commander) Ivan Mansurov founded the first Russian fortified town, Obskoi, at the mouth of the Irtysh on the right bank of the Ob. The Mansi and Khanty lands thus became part of the Russian state, which was finally secured by the founding of the cities of Pelym and Berezov in 1592 and Surgut in 1594.
The towns that arose on the Northern Ob became trading centers. Special staging posts for changing horses (yamy) appeared on the busiest trade routes. Two of these posts, Demyansky and Samarovsky (now Khanty-Mansiysk), were built in 1637.
In 1708, Peter the Great issued a decree founding the province of Siberia (which included the cities of Berezov and Surgut) with the aim of establishing the new regime and developing the economy of the resource-rich territory. In 1775, Catherine the Great issued a decree establishing Tobolsk Province.
The territory gained notoriety as a place of exile for prisoners of State. Prince Dmitry Romodanovsky served his sentence in Berezovsky District; Count Andrei Osterman was exiled here in 1742; and the large family of the princes Dolgorukov, in 1798. Prince Menshikov and his daughter Mariya are buried in these lands where they were exiled. Decembrists were exiled here after the Decembrist uprising in Senate Square (St. Petersburg).
The people of the north carried out administrative and judicial functions on the basis of Speransky's charter "On the Administration of Non-Russians in Siberia" confirmed in 1822.
The okrug was established on December 10, 1930, as Ostyak–Vogul National Okrug . In October 1940, it was renamed Khanty–Mansi National Okrug. In 1977, along with other national okrugs of the Russian SFSR
, it became an autonomous okrug (Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug). The administrative center is Khanty-Mansiysk
. In 2003, the word "Yugra" was appended to the official name.
and its tributary
the Irtysh.
Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug is traversed by the northeasterly line of equal latitude and longitude.
. The administrative center is Khanty-Mansiysk
, but the largest cities are Surgut
, Nizhnevartovsk
, and Nefteyugansk
.
The indigenous population (Khanty
, Mansi, and Nenets
) is only 2% of the total population. The exploitation of natural gas in Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug has attracted immigrants from all over the former Soviet Union. The 2002 Census
counted twenty-five ethnic groups of more than two thousand persons each. The national composition:
Historical population figures are shown below:
.
Federal subjects of Russia
Russia is a federation which, since March 1, 2008, consists of 83 federal subjects . In 1993, when the Constitution was adopted, there were 89 federal subjects listed...
of Russia
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
(an autonomous okrug
Autonomous okrugs of Russia
Autonomous okrug is a type of federal subject of Russia and simultaneously a type of administrative division of some federal subjects. As of 2008, the Russian Federation is divided into 83 federal subjects, of which four are avtonomnyye okruga Autonomous okrug (district, area, region) is a...
of Tyumen Oblast
Tyumen Oblast
Tyumen Oblast is a federal subject of Russia . Its administrative center is the city of Tyumen. The oblast has administrative jurisdiction over two autonomous okrugs—Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Tyumen is the largest city, with over half a million inhabitants...
). Population:
The people native to the region are the Khanty
Khanty people
Khanty / Hanti are an indigenous people calling themselves Khanti, Khande, Kantek , living in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, a region historically known as "Yugra" in Russia, together with the Mansi. In the autonomous okrug, the Khanty and Mansi languages are given co-official status with Russian...
and the Mansi, known collectively as Ob Ugric people. The local languages, Khanty language
Khanty language
Khanty or Xanty language, also known previously as the Ostyak language, is a language of the Khant peoples. It is spoken in Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous okrugs, as well as in Aleksandrovsky and Kargosoksky districts of Tomsk Oblast in Russia...
and Mansi language
Mansi language
The Mansi language is a language of the Mansi people. It is spoken in territories of Russia along the Ob River and its tributaries, including the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and the Sverdlovsk Oblast...
enjoy special status in the autonomous okrug, while Russian
Russian language
Russian is a Slavic language used primarily in Russia, Belarus, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. It is an unofficial but widely spoken language in Ukraine, Moldova, Latvia, Turkmenistan and Estonia and, to a lesser extent, the other countries that were once constituent republics...
remains the only official language.
The majority of the oil
Petroleum
Petroleum or crude oil is a naturally occurring, flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and other liquid organic compounds, that are found in geologic formations beneath the Earth's surface. Petroleum is recovered mostly through oil drilling...
produced in Russia comes from Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug, giving the region great economic importance.
History
The territory's historical name was Yurga. The first written mention of the people inhabiting the "northern lands" was recorded in the Tale of Bygone Years in 1096. The chronicle tells of an unknown people called the Yurga (Ostyaks or Khanty) and Voguls (Mansi) encountered by Russian explorers. The narrative also makes the first mention of the Yurga's neighbors, the Samoyad (Nenets). Chronicles of the 12th and 13th century record frequent expeditions of Novgorodians to Yurga to collect tribute in sable, ermine, Arctic fox, and squirrel furs. There was an inexhaustible demand for luxury furs in Russia.Siberia was finally annexed to the Muscovite state after Ermak Timofeevich's legendary campaign. After defeating Khan Kuchum in fall 1582 and occupying Isker, the capital of the Siberian Khanate, Ermak sent a small Cossack detachment down the Irtysh in winter 1583. The detachment led by Bogdan Bryazga (according to other information, Cossack chieftain Nikita Pan) passed through the lands of the Konda-Pelym Voguls and reached the "walls" of the town of Samarovo. Taken by surprise by the Cossack attack, the Ostyaks surrendered. Samar, prince of the Belgorod Princedom was also killed.
In fall 1585, shortly after Ermak's death, Cossacks led by voevoda (army commander) Ivan Mansurov founded the first Russian fortified town, Obskoi, at the mouth of the Irtysh on the right bank of the Ob. The Mansi and Khanty lands thus became part of the Russian state, which was finally secured by the founding of the cities of Pelym and Berezov in 1592 and Surgut in 1594.
The towns that arose on the Northern Ob became trading centers. Special staging posts for changing horses (yamy) appeared on the busiest trade routes. Two of these posts, Demyansky and Samarovsky (now Khanty-Mansiysk), were built in 1637.
In 1708, Peter the Great issued a decree founding the province of Siberia (which included the cities of Berezov and Surgut) with the aim of establishing the new regime and developing the economy of the resource-rich territory. In 1775, Catherine the Great issued a decree establishing Tobolsk Province.
The territory gained notoriety as a place of exile for prisoners of State. Prince Dmitry Romodanovsky served his sentence in Berezovsky District; Count Andrei Osterman was exiled here in 1742; and the large family of the princes Dolgorukov, in 1798. Prince Menshikov and his daughter Mariya are buried in these lands where they were exiled. Decembrists were exiled here after the Decembrist uprising in Senate Square (St. Petersburg).
The people of the north carried out administrative and judicial functions on the basis of Speransky's charter "On the Administration of Non-Russians in Siberia" confirmed in 1822.
The okrug was established on December 10, 1930, as Ostyak–Vogul National Okrug . In October 1940, it was renamed Khanty–Mansi National Okrug. In 1977, along with other national okrugs of the Russian SFSR
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic , commonly referred to as Soviet Russia, Bolshevik Russia, or simply Russia, was the largest, most populous and economically developed republic in the former Soviet Union....
, it became an autonomous okrug (Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug). The administrative center is Khanty-Mansiysk
Khanty-Mansiysk
Khanty-Mansiysk experiences a subarctic climate . The climate is extreme, with temperatures as low as -49 C° and as high as 34.5 C°. On average, however, the region is very cold, with an average tempurature of -1.1 C°...
. In 2003, the word "Yugra" was appended to the official name.
Geography
Principal rivers are the ObOb River
The Ob River , also Obi, is a major river in western Siberia, Russia and is the world's seventh longest river. It is the westernmost of the three great Siberian rivers that flow into the Arctic Ocean .The Gulf of Ob is the world's longest estuary.-Names:The Ob is known to the Khanty people as the...
and its tributary
Tributary
A tributary or affluent is a stream or river that flows into a main stem river or a lake. A tributary does not flow directly into a sea or ocean...
the Irtysh.
Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug is traversed by the northeasterly line of equal latitude and longitude.
Demographics
Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug has an area of 523,100 km², but the area is sparsely populated with a total population of 1,531,973 according to the preliminary results of the 2010 Census, which is up from 1,432,817 recorded in the 2002 CensusRussian Census (2002)
Russian Census of 2002 was the first census of the Russian Federation carried out on October 9 through October 16, 2002. It was carried out by the Russian Federal Service of State Statistics .-Resident population:...
. The administrative center is Khanty-Mansiysk
Khanty-Mansiysk
Khanty-Mansiysk experiences a subarctic climate . The climate is extreme, with temperatures as low as -49 C° and as high as 34.5 C°. On average, however, the region is very cold, with an average tempurature of -1.1 C°...
, but the largest cities are Surgut
Surgut
Surgut is a city in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Russia, located on the Ob River near its junction with the Irtysh River, the largest in the autonomous okrug and the second largest in Tyumen Oblast. Population:...
, Nizhnevartovsk
Nizhnevartovsk
Nizhnevartovsk is the second largest city in Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Russia, located along the right bank of the Ob River. Population: 251,860 ; 239,044 ;...
, and Nefteyugansk
Nefteyugansk
Nefteyugansk is a city in Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Russia, located south of the Ob River, close to the larger city of Surgut. Population: It is currently served by Surgut International Airport....
.
The indigenous population (Khanty
Khanty people
Khanty / Hanti are an indigenous people calling themselves Khanti, Khande, Kantek , living in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, a region historically known as "Yugra" in Russia, together with the Mansi. In the autonomous okrug, the Khanty and Mansi languages are given co-official status with Russian...
, Mansi, and Nenets
Nenets
Nenets may refer to:*Nenets Autonomous Okrug, a federal subject of Russia*Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, a federal subject of Russia*Nenets people, a Samoyedic people...
) is only 2% of the total population. The exploitation of natural gas in Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug has attracted immigrants from all over the former Soviet Union. The 2002 Census
Russian Census (2002)
Russian Census of 2002 was the first census of the Russian Federation carried out on October 9 through October 16, 2002. It was carried out by the Russian Federal Service of State Statistics .-Resident population:...
counted twenty-five ethnic groups of more than two thousand persons each. The national composition:
| Population of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Historical population figures are shown below:
| census 1939 | census 1959 | census 1970 | census 1979 | census 1989 | census 2002 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Khanty Khanty people Khanty / Hanti are an indigenous people calling themselves Khanti, Khande, Kantek , living in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, a region historically known as "Yugra" in Russia, together with the Mansi. In the autonomous okrug, the Khanty and Mansi languages are given co-official status with Russian... |
12,238 (13.1%) | 11,435 (9.2%) | 12,222 (4.5%) | 11,219 (2.0%) | 11,892 (0.9%) | 17,128 (1.2%) |
| Mansi | 5,768 (6.2%) | 5,644 (4.6%) | 6,684 (2.5%) | 6,156 (1.1%) | 6,562 (0.5%) | 9,894 (0.7%) |
| Nenets Nenets people The Nenets are an indigenous people in Russia. According to the latest census in 2002, there are 41,302 Nenets in the Russian Federation, most of them living in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and Nenets Autonomous Okrug... |
852 (0.9%) | 815 (0.7%) | 940 (0.3%) | 1,003 (0.2%) | 1,144 (0.1%) | 1,290 (0.1%) |
| Komi Komi peoples The Komi people is an ethnic group whose homeland is in the north-east of European Russia around the basins of the Vychegda, Pechora and Kama rivers. They mostly live in the Komi Republic, Perm Krai, Murmansk Oblast, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug in the Russian... |
2,436 (2.6%) | 2,803 (2.3%) | 3,150 (1.2%) | 3,105 (0.5%) | 3,000 (0.2%) | 3,081 (0.2%) |
| Russians Russians The Russian people are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Russia, speaking the Russian language and primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries.... |
67,616 (72.5%) | 89,813 (72.5%) | 208,500 (76.9%) | 423,792 (74.3%) | 850,297 (66.3%) | 946,590 (66.1%) |
| Ukrainians Ukrainians Ukrainians are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Ukraine, which is the sixth-largest nation in Europe. The Constitution of Ukraine applies the term 'Ukrainians' to all its citizens... |
1,111 (1.2%) | 4,363 (3.5%) | 9,986 (3.7%) | 45,484 (8.0%) | 148,317 (11.6%) | 123,238 (8.6%) |
| Tatars Tatars Tatars are a Turkic speaking ethnic group , numbering roughly 7 million.The majority of Tatars live in the Russian Federation, with a population of around 5.5 million, about 2 million of which in the republic of Tatarstan.Significant minority populations are found in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan,... |
2,227 (2.4%) | 2,938 (2.4%) | 14,046 (5.2%) | 36,898 (6.5%) | 97,689 (7.6%) | 107,637 (7.5%) |
| Others | 1,026 (1.1%) | 6,115 (4.9%) | 15,629 (5.8%) | 43,106 (7.6%) | 163,495 (12.7%) | 223,959 (15.6%) |
- Vital statistics
- Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service
| Births | Deaths | Birth rate | Death rate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 5,959 | 2,025 | 21.2 | 7.2 |
| 1975 | 9,450 | 2,572 | 22.8 | 6.2 |
| 1980 | 13,901 | 4,116 | 21.4 | 6.3 |
| 1985 | 25,130 | 4,863 | 24.1 | 4.7 |
| 1990 | 21,812 | 5,354 | 17.1 | 4.2 |
| 1991 | 19,060 | 5,884 | 14.9 | 4.6 |
| 1992 | 15,849 | 7,132 | 12.5 | 5.6 |
| 1993 | 14,531 | 9,401 | 11.4 | 7.4 |
| 1994 | 15,120 | 9,937 | 11.8 | 7.7 |
| 1995 | 14,418 | 10,041 | 11.1 | 7.7 |
| 1996 | 14,469 | 9,508 | 11.0 | 7.3 |
| 1997 | 14,640 | 8,497 | 11.0 | 6.4 |
| 1998 | 15,600 | 8,164 | 11.5 | 6.0 |
| 1999 | 14,728 | 8,476 | 10.8 | 6.2 |
| 2000 | 15,579 | 9,426 | 11.4 | 6.9 |
| 2001 | 17,130 | 9,863 | 12.3 | 7.1 |
| 2002 | 19,051 | 9,829 | 13.4 | 6.9 |
| 2003 | 19,883 | 10,000 | 13.7 | 6.9 |
| 2004 | 20,377 | 9,828 | 13.9 | 6.7 |
| 2005 | 19,958 | 10,415 | 13.5 | 7.1 |
| 2006 | 20,366 | 10,077 | 13.7 | 6.8 |
| 2007 | 21,887 | 10,093 | 14.6 | 6.7 |
| 2008 | 23,197 | 10,215 | 15.3 | 6.8 |
Religion
A majority of the population is Orthodox Christian, while a significant minority (about 17%) of the population follows IslamIslam
Islam . The most common are and . : Arabic pronunciation varies regionally. The first vowel ranges from ~~. The second vowel ranges from ~~~...
.