Kadua
Encyclopedia
Kadua is a genus
of flowering plant
s in the family
Rubiaceae
. It comprises 29 species
, all restricted to Polynesia
. Twenty-two of these are endemic to the Hawaiian Islands
. Some of the species are common at high elevation
. Others are single-island endemics or very rare, and a few are probably extinct
. Kadua affinis is widely distributed
in Hawaii and is polymorphic
. The type species
for the genus is Kadua acuminata.
Kadua was formerly included in a broadly defined and polyphyletic Hedyotis
, which encompassed, in addition to Kadua, species now placed in Oldenlandia
, Oldenlandiopsis
, Houstonia
, and other genera. Hedyotis is now circumscribed
more narrowly.
and Diederich von Schlechtendal. They named
it for Kadu, a native of Ulea
, one of the Marshall Islands
. Kadu was a friend of von Chamisso and provided valuable assistance to the 1815–1818 expedition led by Otto von Kotzebue
. The generic name Kadua fell into disuse in the 20th century, because most authors considered it to be a synonym
of Hedyotis. In 1999, twenty species of Kadua were described as species of Hedyotis in a Flora
of Hawaii. Kadua flynnii was described in 1998, and Kadua haupuensis in 2010. Kadua was resurrected in 2005. This taxonomic
change was corroborated by molecular phylogenetic studies
of the tribe
Spermacoceae in 2008 and 2009.
is partly based on a phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequence
s, and partly inferred from the classification
followed in a 2005 paper.
Genus
In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia...
of flowering plant
Flowering plant
The flowering plants , also known as Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta, are the most diverse group of land plants. Angiosperms are seed-producing plants like the gymnosperms and can be distinguished from the gymnosperms by a series of synapomorphies...
s in the family
Family (biology)
In biological classification, family is* a taxonomic rank. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, genus, and species, with family fitting between order and genus. As for the other well-known ranks, there is the option of an immediately lower rank, indicated by the...
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
The Rubiaceae is a family of flowering plants, variously called the coffee family, madder family, or bedstraw family. The group contains many commonly known plants, including the economically important coffee , quinine , and gambier , and the horticulturally valuable madder , west indian jasmine ,...
. It comprises 29 species
Species
In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. While in many cases this definition is adequate, more precise or differing measures are...
, all restricted to Polynesia
Polynesia
Polynesia is a subregion of Oceania, made up of over 1,000 islands scattered over the central and southern Pacific Ocean. The indigenous people who inhabit the islands of Polynesia are termed Polynesians and they share many similar traits including language, culture and beliefs...
. Twenty-two of these are endemic to the Hawaiian Islands
Hawaiian Islands
The Hawaiian Islands are an archipelago of eight major islands, several atolls, numerous smaller islets, and undersea seamounts in the North Pacific Ocean, extending some 1,500 miles from the island of Hawaii in the south to northernmost Kure Atoll...
. Some of the species are common at high elevation
Elevation
The elevation of a geographic location is its height above a fixed reference point, most commonly a reference geoid, a mathematical model of the Earth's sea level as an equipotential gravitational surface ....
. Others are single-island endemics or very rare, and a few are probably extinct
Extinction
In biology and ecology, extinction is the end of an organism or of a group of organisms , normally a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and recover may have been lost before this point...
. Kadua affinis is widely distributed
Range (biology)
In biology, the range or distribution of a species is the geographical area within which that species can be found. Within that range, dispersion is variation in local density.The term is often qualified:...
in Hawaii and is polymorphic
Polymorphism (biology)
Polymorphism in biology occurs when two or more clearly different phenotypes exist in the same population of a species — in other words, the occurrence of more than one form or morph...
. The type species
Type species
In biological nomenclature, a type species is both a concept and a practical system which is used in the classification and nomenclature of animals and plants. The value of a "type species" lies in the fact that it makes clear what is meant by a particular genus name. A type species is the species...
for the genus is Kadua acuminata.
Kadua was formerly included in a broadly defined and polyphyletic Hedyotis
Hedyotis
Hedyotis is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. Many species of this genus such as Hedyotis biflora, H. corymbosa and H. diffusa are well known medicinal plants. The hedyotis is native to tropical and subtropical Asia and to islands of the northwest Pacific. It comprises about...
, which encompassed, in addition to Kadua, species now placed in Oldenlandia
Oldenlandia
Oldenlandia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. It is pantropical in distribution and has about 240 species. The type species for the genus is Oldenlandia corymbosa....
, Oldenlandiopsis
Oldenlandiopsis
Oldenlandiopsis is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. It is monospecific, comprising only one species, Oldenlandiopsis callitrichoides. This species had previously been placed in Hedyotis or in Oldenlandia. It is native to the West Indies, southern Mexico, and Central America...
, Houstonia
Houstonia (genus)
Houstonia is a genus of plants in the Rubiaceae family. Many species were formerly placed in a more inclusive Hedyotis....
, and other genera. Hedyotis is now circumscribed
Circumscription (taxonomy)
In taxonomy, circumscription is the definition of the limits of a taxonomic group of organisms. One goal of taxonomy is to achieve a stable circumscription for every taxonomic group. Achieving stability can be simple or difficult....
more narrowly.
Species
In the following list, Kadua haupuensis is added to the species listed by Edward E. Terrell et alii.
|
Kadua laxiflora Kadua laxiflora is a rare species of flowering plant in the coffee family known by the common names pilo and Mann's bluet. It is endemic to Hawaii, where it is known from Molokai, Lanai, and Maui. It is known to exist at four locations for a global population of under 100 plants... Horace Mann Kadua parvula Kadua parvula is a rare species of flowering plant in the coffee family known by the common name rockface star-violet. It is endemic to Hawaii, where it is known only from the Waianae Mountains on the island of Oahu... Asa Gray Benjamin Clemens Stone Benjamin Clemens Masterman Stone was a British–American botanist.Stone was born in Shanghai, China to a British father, who worked for the government, and an American mother. He graduated from Pomona College in Claremont, California and, in 1960, received a Ph.D... & I.E. Lane) W.L. Wagner & Lorence |
History
The genus Kadua was erected in 1829 by Adelbert von ChamissoAdelbert von Chamisso
Adelbert von Chamisso was a German poet and botanist.- Life :He was born Louis Charles Adélaïde de Chamissot at the château of Boncourt at Ante, in Champagne, France, the ancestral seat of his family...
and Diederich von Schlechtendal. They named
Botanical name
A botanical name is a formal scientific name conforming to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature and, if it concerns a plant cultigen, the additional cultivar and/or Group epithets must conform to the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants...
it for Kadu, a native of Ulea
Ulea
Ulea is a Spanish municipality in the autonomous community of Murcia. It has a population of 991 and an area of 40 km² .-External links:* This article contains information from the Spanish Wikipedia article Ulea, accessed on July 15, 2008....
, one of the Marshall Islands
Marshall Islands
The Republic of the Marshall Islands , , is a Micronesian nation of atolls and islands in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, just west of the International Date Line and just north of the Equator. As of July 2011 the population was 67,182...
. Kadu was a friend of von Chamisso and provided valuable assistance to the 1815–1818 expedition led by Otto von Kotzebue
Otto von Kotzebue
Otto von Kotzebue was a Baltic German navigator in Russian service....
. The generic name Kadua fell into disuse in the 20th century, because most authors considered it to be a synonym
Synonym (taxonomy)
In scientific nomenclature, a synonym is a scientific name that is or was used for a taxon of organisms that also goes by a different scientific name. For example, Linnaeus was the first to give a scientific name to the Norway spruce, which he called Pinus abies...
of Hedyotis. In 1999, twenty species of Kadua were described as species of Hedyotis in a Flora
Flora (book)
A Flora is a book or other work which describes the plant species occurring in an area or time period, often with the aim of allowing identification. Some classic and modern floras are listed below....
of Hawaii. Kadua flynnii was described in 1998, and Kadua haupuensis in 2010. Kadua was resurrected in 2005. This taxonomic
Taxonomy
Taxonomy is the science of identifying and naming species, and arranging them into a classification. The field of taxonomy, sometimes referred to as "biological taxonomy", revolves around the description and use of taxonomic units, known as taxa...
change was corroborated by molecular phylogenetic studies
Research
Research can be defined as the scientific search for knowledge, or as any systematic investigation, to establish novel facts, solve new or existing problems, prove new ideas, or develop new theories, usually using a scientific method...
of the tribe
Tribe (biology)
In biology, a tribe is a taxonomic rank between family and genus. It is sometimes subdivided into subtribes.Some examples include the tribes: Canini, Acalypheae, Hominini, Bombini, and Antidesmeae.-See also:* Biological classification* Rank...
Spermacoceae in 2008 and 2009.
Phylogeny
The following phylogenetic treePhylogenetic tree
A phylogenetic tree or evolutionary tree is a branching diagram or "tree" showing the inferred evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other entities based upon similarities and differences in their physical and/or genetic characteristics...
is partly based on a phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequence
DNA sequence
The sequence or primary structure of a nucleic acid is the composition of atoms that make up the nucleic acid and the chemical bonds that bond those atoms. Because nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, are unbranched polymers, this specification is equivalent to specifying the sequence of...
s, and partly inferred from the classification
Biological classification
Biological classification, or scientific classification in biology, is a method to group and categorize organisms by biological type, such as genus or species. Biological classification is part of scientific taxonomy....
followed in a 2005 paper.
External links
- Kadua At: Search Page At: World Checklist of Rubiaceae At: Index by Team At: Projects At: Science Directory At: Scientific Research and Data At: Kew Gardens
- Kadua At: Index Nominum Genericorum At: References At: NMNH Department of Botany
- Kadua In: Linnaea, volume 4 At: Linnaea At: Titles At: Botanicus
- http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advPlantNameSearch.do;jsessionid=3380DB5128A1C891B56C95CD02955F7A?find_family=&find_genus=Kadua+&find_species=&find_infrafamily=&find_infragenus=&find_infraspecies=&find_authorAbbrev=&find_includePublicationAuthors=on&find_includePublicationAuthors=off&find_includeBasionymAuthors=on&find_includeBasionymAuthors=off&find_publicationTitle=&find_isAPNIRecord=on&find_isAPNIRecord=false&find_isGCIRecord=on&find_isGCIRecord=false&find_isIKRecord=on&find_isIKRecord=false&find_rankToReturn=all&output_format=normal&find_sortByFamily=on&find_sortByFamily=off&query_type=by_query&back_page=plantsearchKadua] At: Plant Name Query At: IPNI
- Kadua (exact) At: Names At: Tropicos At: Science and Conservation At: Missouri Botanical Garden
- Kadua At: List of Genera At: Rubiaceae At: List of families At: Families and Genera in GRIN At: Queries At: GRIN taxonomy for plants
- Kadua At: Spermacoceae At: Rubioideae At: Rubiaceae In: ··· Embryophyta At: Streptophytina At: Streptophyta At: Viridiplantae At: Eudaryota At: Taxonomy At: UniProt
- Hedyotis At: List by Species Name At: Hawaiian Ethnobotany Online Database At: Searchable Databases At: Bishop Museum
- Kadua littoralis At: Choose a Plant At: Meet the Plants At: National Tropical Botanical Garden
- Kadua affinis At: Rubiaceae At: Plants of Hawaii At: Images At: Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk