John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge
Encyclopedia
The John A. Roebling
Suspension Bridge spans the Ohio River
between Cincinnati, Ohio
and Covington, Kentucky
. When the first pedestrians crossed on December 1, 1866, it was the longest suspension bridge
in the world at 1,057 feet (322 m) main span. Today, many pedestrians use the bridge to get between the arenas in Cincinnati (Paul Brown Stadium
, Great American Ball Park
, and U.S. Bank Arena
) and the hotels, bars, restaurants, and parking lots in Northern Kentucky
. The bar and restaurant district at the foot of the bridge on the Kentucky side is known as Roebling Point
.
Ramps were constructed leading directly from the bridge to the Dixie Terminal
building used for streetcars. These provided Covington-Cincinnati streetcars
"with a grade separated route to the center of downtown, and the terminal building was originally intended to connect, via underground pedestrian passages, with the never-built Fountain Square Station of the infamous Cincinnati Subway
." When streetcar service ceased in the 1950s the terminal was converted to use as a diesel bus terminal. The ramps were removed in 1998 when it ceased being used as a bus terminal.
was apparent. Commerce between Ohio and Kentucky could not continue unless some form of transportation was devised that did not bow to the whims of mother nature. Unfortunately, the distance from shore to shore was great and the steamboat traffic highly congested. Up to that point, the only solution that would not constrict traffic on the river even further was a wire cable suspension bridge of the type developed by French engineers. Several American engineers had begun designing and building suspension bridges. One of these men was John A. Roebling
of Saxonburg, Pennsylvania
. The Ohio River, however, was much wider than any river that had been bridged in France.
The Covington and Cincinnati Bridge Company was incorporated in February 1846, and the company asked Roebling about a bridge plan. The brief outline of his ideas called for a 1200 feet (365.8 m) span with 100 feet (30.5 m) of clearance at high water to allow steamboats to pass unobstructed, but it included a monumental tower in the middle of the river. Steamboat and ferry interest groups lobbied against this plan, not believing the dimensions stated. They feared an obstructed waterway, loss of a ferry market, depreciation of property, etc. This very closely resembled the opposition to the Brooklyn Bridge
that would be voiced in New York City
30 years later. The Ohio legislature refused the charter of the bridge. In September, Roebling published a 36 page report containing a convincing technical discussion and a brilliant analysis of said problems. He attacked steamboat operators for using oversized chimneys, speculated on future commercial interests, and surmised on the importance of spanning western rivers. Roebling also specified that the company should be left autonomous in regard to decision making concerning the placement of the bridge along the river. Still, no charter was granted.
After observing the construction of a suspension bridge up river, in Wheeling, Virginia (later West Virginia), the legislature relented and passed the charter, mandating excessive dimensions such as a 1400 feet (426.7 m) main span, and refusing the specified autonomy. This latter provision would later be regretted by everyone involved. The roads of Cincinnati and Covington were laid collinear with each other, in the hope that a bridge would be built sometime in the future. When the Ohio legislature decided to choose their own location for the bridge, they failed to pick such an obvious spot, hoping to defend Cincinnati's preeminence over Newport and Covington, the rival Kentucky cities. The bridge itself would be located almost entirely in Kentucky because the state boundary follows the north bank of the river. It deprived Cincinnati forever of one of “the finest and most magnificent avenues on this continent.”
In 1854, a small suspension bridge over the Licking River at Newport collapsed. This event deterred investors, and the bridge company could not raise enough money to start construction. A man by the name of Amos Shinkle was elected to the board of trustees in 1856. He brought with him a much needed boost of energy. Shinkle immediately managed to find new private investors and to procure more support from both the Ohio and Kentucky governments. During this time the bridge charter was revised, and the span of the bridge was reduced to a minimum of 1000 feet (304.8 m). By now, Roebling had built himself a reputation. President Ramson of the bridge company traveled to see Roebling, who was in Iowa, and he secured a contract to build the bridge. In September, Roebling arrived in Cincinnati, and, much to his disgust, nothing was prepared. The recent whirlwind of events had caught the bridge company unaware.
When the crews reached the compacted gravel bed of the Ohio River, Roebling decided this would be sufficient for the foundation of the Cincinnati tower. Oak timbers were laid, mirroring the foundation of the Covington tower, and within three months, masonry on both towers reached above the waterline (which, at this time, was at a record low for the fall). Work halted for the freezing temperatures and increased water level, a practice which continued seasonally until completion of the bridge. At this time, a revised contract was drawn up, stating work was to be completed by December 1858, barring "unavoidable calamities".
After a hard winter of 1856-57, and a wet spring, construction resumed in July 1857. Sandstone was used for the first twenty five vertical feet of each tower base. Limestone encased this sandstone, acting as an armor covering against the constant flow of water and the accidental collision with watercraft. The remaining height of each tower was to be constructed of sandstone, rough cut and with a large draft. Roebling said this gave the towers “a massive look, quite suitable to their function.”
Working from July to August 1857, the company was without liquid funds. About this time, there was a bank scare (the financial details shall be omitted here). It is sufficient to say that work halted due to the inability to pay for the project. In July 1858, operations resumed again, albeit with a smaller workforce. Only one tower was to be worked on at this time. President Ramson of the company would soon die, and no work would be done during the years 1859-60.
In November 1860, Abraham Lincoln was elected president of the United States, and Civil War would be declared in January 1861. Upon a threatened siege of Cincinnati from Confederate forces, a pontoon bridge would be built to span the Ohio River, allowing Union troops to cross and construct defenses. Soon after (it had become obvious that a permanent structure was vital), money from investors came pouring in. Bonds were sold, and in January 1863 materials began arriving. In the interest of building more quickly, the requirement for the height of the main span was lowered to 100 feet (30.5 m). Preparations to resume construction were made. Machinery was ordered, new derricks were built—but a renewed threat of invasion again temporarily halted progress. Finally, in the spring of 1863, work commenced and continued until the end of the year.
In the spring of 1864, work resumed again. Although Roebling operated his own wire mill at Trenton, NJ, one million pounds of wire were bought from Richard Johnson at Manchester, England for the cables that would span the width of the river. Roebling had used Johnson's wire for one of his other bridges. He preferred it over wire made in the United States because it was of better quality and greater tensile strength. Anchorages on both shores were constructed of limestone base and a freestone finish. Eleven ton iron anchors were embedded in each block, securing cables with wrought iron chain links of Roebling’s patent. These links resembled almost exactly the ones his son, Washington Roebling, would use in the construction of the Brooklyn Bridge. The Civil War depleted the work force on the project, hindering speed and efficiency until its end. In November 1864, John Roebling’s wife died, and Washington arrived in Cincinnati to assist his father for the remainder of the project.
Work on the bridge proceeded steadily after the end of the war. In September 1865 the first two wire ropes were laid. They were unwound from a spool on a barge, allowed to sink to the bottom of the river, then raised in unison from the riverbed. Wooden crossbeams were laid at regular intervals from the wire ropes and a simple footbridge was constructed for the benefit of the workers. With the Ohio River “spanned,” there was a final push to complete the project even through floods and freezing temperatures. The cabling of the bridge went at a feverish pace, having about eighty wires taken across the river per day. Hundreds watched the spider-like process from both shores. And on June 23, 1866 the last wire was taken across, for a total of 10,360 wires. These were subsequently compressed together and wrapped with an outer covering of wire into two cables of 5,180 wires each. Suspenders were hung from the cables by the end of August and 600000 feet (182,880 m) of oak lumber was laid as the floor across 300 wrought iron suspended beams. Two tracks for streetcars were laid. Diagonal stays were added to increase load capacity, strengthen the floor, and check vibration. Wrought iron trusses were added, running the length of the bridge.
On December 1, 1866 pedestrians walked upon the bridge, known locally only as “The Suspension Bridge,” for the first time. Over 166,000 people walked across in the first two days. Final touches were put on the bridge over the next few months, and construction would officially end in July 1867. Only two men died during construction. When the Roebling Bridge was formally opened on January 1, 1867, the driver of a horse and buggy was charged a toll
of 15 cents to cross; the toll for three horses and a carriage was 25 cents. Pedestrians were charged a cent.
The original deck of the bridge was built at the lowest possible cost due to Civil War inflation, but the stone towers were designed to carry a much heavier load than was originally demanded. In 1896, the bridge was painted blue (rather than brown) and received a second set of main cables, a wider steel deck, and a longer northern approach. The reconstruction significantly altered the appearance of the bridge, but the new 30-ton weight limit extended its usefulness through the 20th century and beyond.
The Covington-Cincinnati Bridge Company—a private company—operated the bridge until the Commonwealth of Kentucky
purchased it in 1953 for $4.2 million. The state collected tolls until 1963 when the Brent Spence Bridge
was opened on Interstate 75
, downstream, approximately 0.6 mile (0.965604 km) to the west of The Roebling Suspension Bridge.
The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places
in 1975 and designated a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1983. It remains the busiest of Cincinnati's four non-freeway automobile or pedestrian bridges. Initially called the "Covington-Cincinnati Suspension Bridge," it was renamed in honor of its designer and builder on June 27, 1983.
The Commonwealth of Kentucky
closed the bridge on November 13, 2006 to make extensive repairs to the structure. It was scheduled to reopen April 22, 2007, but reopened about a month ahead of schedule in late March. However, it was closed again for much of 2008 for repainting. On September 11, 2007 the Commonwealth of Kentucky
reduced the weight limit to 11 tons to prevent future structural damage following an analysis by the University of Kentucky
. The new lower weight limit prevents buses from crossing the bridge.
The Commonwealth of Kentucky once again closed the bridge at 9AM on April 7, 2010 for a complete repainting of the bridge. The bridge reopened in November 2010. The closing of the bridge only affected vehicular traffic, while one pedestrian lane remained open.
John A. Roebling
John Augustus Roebling was a German-born American civil engineer. He is famous for his wire rope suspension bridge designs, in particular, the design of the Brooklyn Bridge.-Early life:...
Suspension Bridge spans the Ohio River
Ohio River
The Ohio River is the largest tributary, by volume, of the Mississippi River. At the confluence, the Ohio is even bigger than the Mississippi and, thus, is hydrologically the main stream of the whole river system, including the Allegheny River further upstream...
between Cincinnati, Ohio
Cincinnati, Ohio
Cincinnati is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio. Cincinnati is the county seat of Hamilton County. Settled in 1788, the city is located to north of the Ohio River at the Ohio-Kentucky border, near Indiana. The population within city limits is 296,943 according to the 2010 census, making it Ohio's...
and Covington, Kentucky
Covington, Kentucky
-Demographics:As of the census of 2000, there were 43,370 people, 18,257 households, and 10,132 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,301.3 people per square mile . There were 20,448 housing units at an average density of 1,556.5 per square mile...
. When the first pedestrians crossed on December 1, 1866, it was the longest suspension bridge
Suspension bridge
A suspension bridge is a type of bridge in which the deck is hung below suspension cables on vertical suspenders. Outside Tibet and Bhutan, where the first examples of this type of bridge were built in the 15th century, this type of bridge dates from the early 19th century...
in the world at 1,057 feet (322 m) main span. Today, many pedestrians use the bridge to get between the arenas in Cincinnati (Paul Brown Stadium
Paul Brown Stadium
Paul Brown Stadium is an American sports stadium located in Cincinnati, Ohio. It is the home venue of the Cincinnati Bengals of the National Football League. It opened on August 19, 2000. The stadium was named after Bengals' founder Paul Brown. The stadium is located on approximately of land and...
, Great American Ball Park
Great American Ball Park
The Great American Ball Park is a Major League Baseball park in Cincinnati, Ohio. It is the home of the National League's Cincinnati Reds. It opened in 2003, replacing the Reds' former home, Cinergy Field, which was known as Riverfront Stadium from its opening in June 1970 until the 1996...
, and U.S. Bank Arena
U.S. Bank Arena
U.S. Bank Arena is an indoor arena, located in downtown Cincinnati, Ohio, along the banks of the Ohio River, next to the Great American Ball Park. Completed in September 1975, the arena seats 17,556 people...
) and the hotels, bars, restaurants, and parking lots in Northern Kentucky
Northern Kentucky
Northern Kentucky is the name often given to the northernmost counties in Kentucky...
. The bar and restaurant district at the foot of the bridge on the Kentucky side is known as Roebling Point
Roebling Point
Roebling Point is an area of Covington, northern Kentucky, located at the foot of the John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge. This neighborhood is going through extensive changes. Since August 2007, The Ascent at Roebling's Bridge , has spurred on a rejuvenation of the neighborhood...
.
Ramps were constructed leading directly from the bridge to the Dixie Terminal
Dixie Terminal
The Dixie Terminal buildings in Cincinnati, Ohio were completed in 1921 and served as streetcar terminal, stock exchange and office building in downtown Cincinnati. They were designed by Cincinnati architect Frederick W. Garber's Garber & Woodward firm. The main building includes an "Adamesque...
building used for streetcars. These provided Covington-Cincinnati streetcars
Cincinnati streetcars
Cincinnati streetcars were the main form of public transportation in Cincinnati, Ohio at the turn of the twentieth century. The original streetcar system was dismantled in 1951....
"with a grade separated route to the center of downtown, and the terminal building was originally intended to connect, via underground pedestrian passages, with the never-built Fountain Square Station of the infamous Cincinnati Subway
Cincinnati Subway
The Cincinnati Subway is a set of unused tunnels and stations for a rapid transit system beneath the streets of Cincinnati, Ohio. It is recognized as the largest abandoned subway tunnel in the United States...
." When streetcar service ceased in the 1950s the terminal was converted to use as a diesel bus terminal. The ramps were removed in 1998 when it ceased being used as a bus terminal.
Filling a need
In the decades before 1856, want and need of a passage over the Ohio RiverOhio River
The Ohio River is the largest tributary, by volume, of the Mississippi River. At the confluence, the Ohio is even bigger than the Mississippi and, thus, is hydrologically the main stream of the whole river system, including the Allegheny River further upstream...
was apparent. Commerce between Ohio and Kentucky could not continue unless some form of transportation was devised that did not bow to the whims of mother nature. Unfortunately, the distance from shore to shore was great and the steamboat traffic highly congested. Up to that point, the only solution that would not constrict traffic on the river even further was a wire cable suspension bridge of the type developed by French engineers. Several American engineers had begun designing and building suspension bridges. One of these men was John A. Roebling
John A. Roebling
John Augustus Roebling was a German-born American civil engineer. He is famous for his wire rope suspension bridge designs, in particular, the design of the Brooklyn Bridge.-Early life:...
of Saxonburg, Pennsylvania
Saxonburg, Pennsylvania
Saxonburg is a borough in Butler County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,629 as of the 2000 census.- History :Founded in 1832 by John A...
. The Ohio River, however, was much wider than any river that had been bridged in France.
The Covington and Cincinnati Bridge Company was incorporated in February 1846, and the company asked Roebling about a bridge plan. The brief outline of his ideas called for a 1200 feet (365.8 m) span with 100 feet (30.5 m) of clearance at high water to allow steamboats to pass unobstructed, but it included a monumental tower in the middle of the river. Steamboat and ferry interest groups lobbied against this plan, not believing the dimensions stated. They feared an obstructed waterway, loss of a ferry market, depreciation of property, etc. This very closely resembled the opposition to the Brooklyn Bridge
Brooklyn Bridge
The Brooklyn Bridge is one of the oldest suspension bridges in the United States. Completed in 1883, it connects the New York City boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn by spanning the East River...
that would be voiced in New York City
New York City
New York is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York Metropolitan Area, one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. New York exerts a significant impact upon global commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and...
30 years later. The Ohio legislature refused the charter of the bridge. In September, Roebling published a 36 page report containing a convincing technical discussion and a brilliant analysis of said problems. He attacked steamboat operators for using oversized chimneys, speculated on future commercial interests, and surmised on the importance of spanning western rivers. Roebling also specified that the company should be left autonomous in regard to decision making concerning the placement of the bridge along the river. Still, no charter was granted.
In 1854, a small suspension bridge over the Licking River at Newport collapsed. This event deterred investors, and the bridge company could not raise enough money to start construction. A man by the name of Amos Shinkle was elected to the board of trustees in 1856. He brought with him a much needed boost of energy. Shinkle immediately managed to find new private investors and to procure more support from both the Ohio and Kentucky governments. During this time the bridge charter was revised, and the span of the bridge was reduced to a minimum of 1000 feet (304.8 m). By now, Roebling had built himself a reputation. President Ramson of the bridge company traveled to see Roebling, who was in Iowa, and he secured a contract to build the bridge. In September, Roebling arrived in Cincinnati, and, much to his disgust, nothing was prepared. The recent whirlwind of events had caught the bridge company unaware.
Engineering achievement
The digging of the foundation of the Covington tower commenced in September 1856 and went smoothly. A foundation was set consisting of 13 layers of oak beams, each layer set perpendicular to the one beneath it, bolted with iron hardware, and finally all cemented into place. On the Cincinnati side, work was delayed from the start. The construction crews could not pump water out of the excavating pit fast enough. It must be noted, they were attempting to dig to bedrock in the middle of a flowing river. After months of a virtual stand-still, Roebling decided against buying costly machinery or bigger engines for his pumps and, quite last minute, designed his own square pumps from three-inch (76 mm) pine planks. He built them locally in about forty-eight hours and ran them off of one of Amos Shinkles’ tugboats, the Champion No.1. The homemade pumps displaced forty gallons of mud and clay in each cycle.When the crews reached the compacted gravel bed of the Ohio River, Roebling decided this would be sufficient for the foundation of the Cincinnati tower. Oak timbers were laid, mirroring the foundation of the Covington tower, and within three months, masonry on both towers reached above the waterline (which, at this time, was at a record low for the fall). Work halted for the freezing temperatures and increased water level, a practice which continued seasonally until completion of the bridge. At this time, a revised contract was drawn up, stating work was to be completed by December 1858, barring "unavoidable calamities".
After a hard winter of 1856-57, and a wet spring, construction resumed in July 1857. Sandstone was used for the first twenty five vertical feet of each tower base. Limestone encased this sandstone, acting as an armor covering against the constant flow of water and the accidental collision with watercraft. The remaining height of each tower was to be constructed of sandstone, rough cut and with a large draft. Roebling said this gave the towers “a massive look, quite suitable to their function.”
Working from July to August 1857, the company was without liquid funds. About this time, there was a bank scare (the financial details shall be omitted here). It is sufficient to say that work halted due to the inability to pay for the project. In July 1858, operations resumed again, albeit with a smaller workforce. Only one tower was to be worked on at this time. President Ramson of the company would soon die, and no work would be done during the years 1859-60.
In November 1860, Abraham Lincoln was elected president of the United States, and Civil War would be declared in January 1861. Upon a threatened siege of Cincinnati from Confederate forces, a pontoon bridge would be built to span the Ohio River, allowing Union troops to cross and construct defenses. Soon after (it had become obvious that a permanent structure was vital), money from investors came pouring in. Bonds were sold, and in January 1863 materials began arriving. In the interest of building more quickly, the requirement for the height of the main span was lowered to 100 feet (30.5 m). Preparations to resume construction were made. Machinery was ordered, new derricks were built—but a renewed threat of invasion again temporarily halted progress. Finally, in the spring of 1863, work commenced and continued until the end of the year.
Work on the bridge proceeded steadily after the end of the war. In September 1865 the first two wire ropes were laid. They were unwound from a spool on a barge, allowed to sink to the bottom of the river, then raised in unison from the riverbed. Wooden crossbeams were laid at regular intervals from the wire ropes and a simple footbridge was constructed for the benefit of the workers. With the Ohio River “spanned,” there was a final push to complete the project even through floods and freezing temperatures. The cabling of the bridge went at a feverish pace, having about eighty wires taken across the river per day. Hundreds watched the spider-like process from both shores. And on June 23, 1866 the last wire was taken across, for a total of 10,360 wires. These were subsequently compressed together and wrapped with an outer covering of wire into two cables of 5,180 wires each. Suspenders were hung from the cables by the end of August and 600000 feet (182,880 m) of oak lumber was laid as the floor across 300 wrought iron suspended beams. Two tracks for streetcars were laid. Diagonal stays were added to increase load capacity, strengthen the floor, and check vibration. Wrought iron trusses were added, running the length of the bridge.
On December 1, 1866 pedestrians walked upon the bridge, known locally only as “The Suspension Bridge,” for the first time. Over 166,000 people walked across in the first two days. Final touches were put on the bridge over the next few months, and construction would officially end in July 1867. Only two men died during construction. When the Roebling Bridge was formally opened on January 1, 1867, the driver of a horse and buggy was charged a toll
Toll bridge
A toll bridge is a bridge over which traffic may pass upon payment of a toll, or fee.- History :The practice of collecting tolls on bridges probably harks back to the days of ferry crossings where people paid a fee to be ferried across stretches of water. As boats became impractical to carry large...
of 15 cents to cross; the toll for three horses and a carriage was 25 cents. Pedestrians were charged a cent.
Alterations and designations
The Covington-Cincinnati Bridge Company—a private company—operated the bridge until the Commonwealth of Kentucky
Kentucky
The Commonwealth of Kentucky is a state located in the East Central United States of America. As classified by the United States Census Bureau, Kentucky is a Southern state, more specifically in the East South Central region. Kentucky is one of four U.S. states constituted as a commonwealth...
purchased it in 1953 for $4.2 million. The state collected tolls until 1963 when the Brent Spence Bridge
Brent Spence Bridge
The Brent Spence Bridge is a double decker cantilever truss bridge that carries Interstates 71 and 75 across the Ohio River between Covington, Kentucky and Cincinnati, Ohio. The top deck carries southbound traffic while the bottom deck carries northbound traffic. It is arguably the most important...
was opened on Interstate 75
Interstate 75
Interstate 75 is a major north–south Interstate Highway in the Great Lakes and Southeastern regions of the United States. It travels from State Road 826 and State Road 924 in Hialeah, Florida to Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, at the Ontario, Canada, border...
, downstream, approximately 0.6 mile (0.965604 km) to the west of The Roebling Suspension Bridge.
The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places
National Register of Historic Places
The National Register of Historic Places is the United States government's official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation...
in 1975 and designated a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1983. It remains the busiest of Cincinnati's four non-freeway automobile or pedestrian bridges. Initially called the "Covington-Cincinnati Suspension Bridge," it was renamed in honor of its designer and builder on June 27, 1983.
The Commonwealth of Kentucky
Kentucky
The Commonwealth of Kentucky is a state located in the East Central United States of America. As classified by the United States Census Bureau, Kentucky is a Southern state, more specifically in the East South Central region. Kentucky is one of four U.S. states constituted as a commonwealth...
closed the bridge on November 13, 2006 to make extensive repairs to the structure. It was scheduled to reopen April 22, 2007, but reopened about a month ahead of schedule in late March. However, it was closed again for much of 2008 for repainting. On September 11, 2007 the Commonwealth of Kentucky
Kentucky
The Commonwealth of Kentucky is a state located in the East Central United States of America. As classified by the United States Census Bureau, Kentucky is a Southern state, more specifically in the East South Central region. Kentucky is one of four U.S. states constituted as a commonwealth...
reduced the weight limit to 11 tons to prevent future structural damage following an analysis by the University of Kentucky
University of Kentucky
The University of Kentucky, also known as UK, is a public co-educational university and is one of the state's two land-grant universities, located in Lexington, Kentucky...
. The new lower weight limit prevents buses from crossing the bridge.
The Commonwealth of Kentucky once again closed the bridge at 9AM on April 7, 2010 for a complete repainting of the bridge. The bridge reopened in November 2010. The closing of the bridge only affected vehicular traffic, while one pedestrian lane remained open.
See also
- List of largest suspension bridges
- List of crossings of the Ohio River
- List of historic civil engineering landmarks
External links
- John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge at Bridges & Tunnels
- John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge at RootsWeb
- Roebling Suspension Bridge photographs by Cincinnati Images
- Roebling Suspension Bridge at Cincinnati Transit
- Roebling Suspension Bridge at Historic Bridges of Michigan and Elsewhere
- Discover Northern Kentucky: Roebling Bridge