Jacob Golos
Encyclopedia
Jacob Golos, was a Ukrainian-born Bolshevik
revolutionary of ethnic Jewish heritage who became a secret police operative on behalf of the USSR in the United States. A founding member of the Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA), around 1930 Golos became involved in the covert work of Soviet intelligence agencies, including the procurement of American passports by means of fraudulent documentation and the recruitment and coordination of the activities of a broad network of agents.
, now Dnepropetrovsk in Ukraine
, to a Jewish
family. Yakov's father worked as a shop assistant. In addition to Yakov, the Reizen family included two more brothers and three sisters.
A revolutionary from a young age, Reizen joined the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP) in 1904, becoming active in the group's Bolshevik
wing headed by V.I. Lenin.
Reizen was a participant in the 1905 Revolution, serving as a member of the first soviet
of Ekaterinoslav, a city known today as Dnepropetrovsk.
In 1906 Reizen organized an illegal revolutionary printing press, for which he was arrested in the last days of that year. Reizen was subsequently convicted and sentenced to eight years of hard labor, a term ultimately commuted to lifetime exile to Yakutia in northern Siberia
by the government of Tsar Nikolai II
.
By 1912, Golos had found his way to New York City
, where he helped to raise funds for political prisoners in Russia. Golos was active in the Russian Socialist Federation
and in May 1915 gained membership in the Socialist Party of America
when the Russian Federation joined the Socialist Party of America
.
Golos returned to California
in 1917, where he obtained employment working for fruit picking and packing firms and working as an organizer for the Socialist Party of California. He remained in California until 1919.
Towards the end of August 1919 Golos was elected to the Central Executive Committee of the Russian Federation by the organization's 5th Convention, held in Detroit. Immediately after the close of the Detroit gathering, Golos and a number of his comrades in the Russian Federation, including Alexander Stoklitsky and Nicholas Hourwich, traveled to Chicago
to attend another convention which established the Communist Party of America, forerunner of the Communist Party, USA.
In his personal history and personnel forms written and filled in Moscow in 1926, Golos dated his work as the member of the Central Committee of the Russian Section (New York) as 1919-1925. In December 1922, Golos was elected to the nine member Bureau of the Russian Federation of the Workers Party of America, the "legal" public face of the then underground Communist Party of America.
In 1921-1922, Golos worked as an organizer at the Communist Party HQ in Chicago, and in 1922-1923 he was an organizer for the organization in its Detroit district. In 1923 Golos became head of the Society for Technical Aid to Soviet Russia
, one of the party's technological aid initiatives and worked in that capacity until 1926.
In 1926 Golos travelled to the Soviet Union as a participant in the American "Kuzbas" industrial colony, located near the Russian city of Kemerovo
. His membership was once again transferred to the All-Union Communist Party (bolsheviks), the VKP(b), in this interval. When the Kuzbas project was essentially terminated in 1927, Golos was transferred to Moscow where he was offered a job in a book publishing house.
The year 1927 saw the establishment of an institution with which Golos would later become intimately connected in the United States, a Communist Party-sponsored travel agency
called World Tourists, Inc.. Originally started as an economic venture intended to help subsidize the Communist Party's press, the firm ultimately served not only as the coordinator of propaganda tours to the Soviet Union but also as a mechanism for facilitating the transit of party officials and Soviet agents back and forth between the USSR and the USA, sometimes under the cover of falsified documentation.
In September of 1928, American Communist Party leader Jay Lovestone
, noting Golos' "significant influence among the Russian working masses in the United States," sent an appeal to the Central Committee of the VKP(b) that Golos be returned to the United States for work there. A second appeal along these lines was made in December 1928, leading to Golos' return to the United States around the first month of 1929.
. Included in Golos' activities was coordination of the CPUSA's operation producing false passports for party members wanting to travel abroad. Golos remained in charge of the passport operation until turning the job over to Hungarian intelligence specialist J. Peters
in 1932, according to Peters' biographer.
In the spring of 1930, Golos became involved in the Communist Party's "machinery of investigations," charged with keeping tabs with the activities of a number of labor unions and party-affiliated mass organizations. Golos seems to have begun working for the secret intelligence apparatus of the Soviet Union by this time, as it was in 1930 that his name first begins to appear in archival documents as a "reliable man."
According to archival notes taken in the early 1990s by a former KGB
foreign intelligence officer and journalist Alexander Vassiliev
, Golos' initial contact seems to have been with the GPU's New York station chief, Chivin ("Smith"). Another interpretation of the documents, favored by historian Svetlana Chervonnaya
, argues that first contact was made by Abram Einhorn ("Taras"), a Soviet intelligence agent who worked in the United States from 1930 to 1934. Regardless of who brought him into the fold, it is clear that by the early 1930s, Golos was in the employ of Soviet intelligence.
By the start of 1933, Golos was heading the Communist Party's World Tourists venture, an operation served as a source of funds for various CPUSA activities. Golos was active in the acquisition and supply of American naturalization
papers and birth certificates
, which were used to obtain American passports to "legalize" Soviet intelligence agents around the world — initially in Europe and Asia but later in the Americas as well. In order to convert these fraudulent application papers into authentic passports, Golos worked closely with a clerk in the Brooklyn
passport office with a gambling addiction.
During this period Golos was identified by his Soviet intelligence handlers with the code name "Sound" — a pun
on his adopted surname of Golos, the Russian word for "voice."
Throughout the 1930s Golos sat as a member of the CPUSA's Central Control Commission, a body in charge of party discipline, background investigations, and audits. This position placed Golos in an enviable position to assist in the recruitment and verification of potential agents on behalf of Soviet intelligence.
As head of World Tourists, Golos visited the Soviet Union every year from 1932 onwards to attend the celebrations of the Bolshevik
revolution of 1917. This coincidentally gave him an opportunity to bring his Russian-born wife and American-born son there in 1936, so that his son could receive "a Soviet education." In 1937, the pair entered into the Soviet citizenship.
The last of these visits took place in 1937, during the height of the Ezhovshchina — the mass campaign of secret police terror in which millions of Soviet citizens suspected of political disloyalty, espionage, or economic crime
were arrested and hundreds of thousands executed, with millions more sent to the brutal labor camps of the Gulag
. Upon his return in January 1938, Golos confirmed at a session of the governing Political Committee of the American Communist Party that there was indeed a mass secret police operation in effect in the USSR. Golos' faith in the communist cause seems to have remained unshaken in the aftermath.
In 1941, Golos had set up a commercial forwarding enterprise, called the U.S. Shipping and Service Corporation, with Elizabeth Bentley, his assistant, courier and lover, as one of its officers. The pair occupied a suite in the Commodore Hotel, in New York City, across the street from Amtorg.
In 1942, Golos transferred a Communist cell of engineers headed by Julius Rosenberg into the direct contact with Soviet intelligence operatives in New York. The cell provided information on newest developments in electrical and radio engineering to the XY Line of the NKGB foreign intelligence. The XY Line began efforts to penetrate the Manhattan Project
, code-named ENORMOUS (ENORMOZ).
Sometime in November 1943, Golos met in New York with key figures of one of the so-called "information group" of CPUSA which would come to be known as the Perlo group
, whose members worked in several government departments and agencies in Washington, D.C. and provided information to the CPUSA leader, Browder
, the General Secretary of the Communist Party USA
!!!.
, Nathan G. Silvermaster and Elizabeth Bentley
.
Following his death, Elizabeth Bentley took over Golos' espionage operations.
The code name "Zvuk" (Sound) appears in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet source and has been identified as having been Jacob Golos. In these decrypts, Golos is identified as an “illegal colleague,” generally meaning a Soviet officer or professional agent who operated without the protection of diplomatic or official status with a Soviet embassy or consulate. Soviet officers with the latter status were said to be “legal.”
Bolshevik
The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists , derived from bol'shinstvo, "majority") were a faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party which split apart from the Menshevik faction at the Second Party Congress in 1903....
revolutionary of ethnic Jewish heritage who became a secret police operative on behalf of the USSR in the United States. A founding member of the Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA), around 1930 Golos became involved in the covert work of Soviet intelligence agencies, including the procurement of American passports by means of fraudulent documentation and the recruitment and coordination of the activities of a broad network of agents.
Early years
Yakov Naumovich Reizen was born April 24, 1889, in Ekaterinoslav, Russian EmpireRussian Empire
The Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917. It was the successor to the Tsardom of Russia and the predecessor of the Soviet Union...
, now Dnepropetrovsk in Ukraine
Ukraine
Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after Russia...
, to a Jewish
Jews
The Jews , also known as the Jewish people, are a nation and ethnoreligious group originating in the Israelites or Hebrews of the Ancient Near East. The Jewish ethnicity, nationality, and religion are strongly interrelated, as Judaism is the traditional faith of the Jewish nation...
family. Yakov's father worked as a shop assistant. In addition to Yakov, the Reizen family included two more brothers and three sisters.
A revolutionary from a young age, Reizen joined the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP) in 1904, becoming active in the group's Bolshevik
Bolshevik
The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists , derived from bol'shinstvo, "majority") were a faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party which split apart from the Menshevik faction at the Second Party Congress in 1903....
wing headed by V.I. Lenin.
Reizen was a participant in the 1905 Revolution, serving as a member of the first soviet
Soviet (council)
Soviet was a name used for several Russian political organizations. Examples include the Czar's Council of Ministers, which was called the “Soviet of Ministers”; a workers' local council in late Imperial Russia; and the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union....
of Ekaterinoslav, a city known today as Dnepropetrovsk.
In 1906 Reizen organized an illegal revolutionary printing press, for which he was arrested in the last days of that year. Reizen was subsequently convicted and sentenced to eight years of hard labor, a term ultimately commuted to lifetime exile to Yakutia in northern Siberia
Siberia
Siberia is an extensive region constituting almost all of Northern Asia. Comprising the central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, it was part of the Soviet Union from its beginning, as its predecessor states, the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire, conquered it during the 16th...
by the government of Tsar Nikolai II
Nicholas Romanov
Nicholas Romanovich Romanov, Prince of Russia also known as Prince Nicholas Romanov is a claimant to the headship of the House of Romanov and President of the Romanov Family Association...
.
Emigration to America
Reizen escaped by fleeing to the east, traveling to America by way of China and then through Japan. In the United States at some point he adopted the surname "Golos," by which he will subsequently be known here. Golos landed first in San Francisco in 1909, where he obtained work in a print shop as a pressman.By 1912, Golos had found his way to New York City
New York City
New York is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York Metropolitan Area, one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. New York exerts a significant impact upon global commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and...
, where he helped to raise funds for political prisoners in Russia. Golos was active in the Russian Socialist Federation
Russian Socialist Federation
The Russian Socialist Federation was a semi-autonomous American political organization which was part of the Socialist Party of America from 1915 until the split of the national organization into rival socialist and communist organizations in the summer of 1919...
and in May 1915 gained membership in the Socialist Party of America
Socialist Party of America
The Socialist Party of America was a multi-tendency democratic-socialist political party in the United States, formed in 1901 by a merger between the three-year-old Social Democratic Party of America and disaffected elements of the Socialist Labor Party which had split from the main organization...
when the Russian Federation joined the Socialist Party of America
Socialist Party of America
The Socialist Party of America was a multi-tendency democratic-socialist political party in the United States, formed in 1901 by a merger between the three-year-old Social Democratic Party of America and disaffected elements of the Socialist Labor Party which had split from the main organization...
.
Golos returned to California
California
California is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is by far the most populous U.S. state, and the third-largest by land area...
in 1917, where he obtained employment working for fruit picking and packing firms and working as an organizer for the Socialist Party of California. He remained in California until 1919.
Towards the end of August 1919 Golos was elected to the Central Executive Committee of the Russian Federation by the organization's 5th Convention, held in Detroit. Immediately after the close of the Detroit gathering, Golos and a number of his comrades in the Russian Federation, including Alexander Stoklitsky and Nicholas Hourwich, traveled to Chicago
Chicago
Chicago is the largest city in the US state of Illinois. With nearly 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the Midwestern United States and the third most populous in the US, after New York City and Los Angeles...
to attend another convention which established the Communist Party of America, forerunner of the Communist Party, USA.
In his personal history and personnel forms written and filled in Moscow in 1926, Golos dated his work as the member of the Central Committee of the Russian Section (New York) as 1919-1925. In December 1922, Golos was elected to the nine member Bureau of the Russian Federation of the Workers Party of America, the "legal" public face of the then underground Communist Party of America.
In 1921-1922, Golos worked as an organizer at the Communist Party HQ in Chicago, and in 1922-1923 he was an organizer for the organization in its Detroit district. In 1923 Golos became head of the Society for Technical Aid to Soviet Russia
Society for Technical Aid to Soviet Russia
The Society for Technical Aid to Soviet Russia was organised in May 1919 by Russian émigrés in New York, United States. Similar societies were set up elsewhere in the US and Canada...
, one of the party's technological aid initiatives and worked in that capacity until 1926.
In 1926 Golos travelled to the Soviet Union as a participant in the American "Kuzbas" industrial colony, located near the Russian city of Kemerovo
Kemerovo
Kemerovo is an industrial city in Russia, situated on the Tom River, east-northeast of Novosibirsk. It is the administrative center of Kemerovo Oblast, located in the major coal mining region of the Kuznetsk Basin...
. His membership was once again transferred to the All-Union Communist Party (bolsheviks), the VKP(b), in this interval. When the Kuzbas project was essentially terminated in 1927, Golos was transferred to Moscow where he was offered a job in a book publishing house.
The year 1927 saw the establishment of an institution with which Golos would later become intimately connected in the United States, a Communist Party-sponsored travel agency
Travel agency
A travel agency is a retail business that sells travel related products and services to customers on behalf of suppliers such as airlines, car rentals, cruise lines, hotels, railways, sightseeing tours and package holidays that combine several products...
called World Tourists, Inc.. Originally started as an economic venture intended to help subsidize the Communist Party's press, the firm ultimately served not only as the coordinator of propaganda tours to the Soviet Union but also as a mechanism for facilitating the transit of party officials and Soviet agents back and forth between the USSR and the USA, sometimes under the cover of falsified documentation.
In September of 1928, American Communist Party leader Jay Lovestone
Jay Lovestone
Jay Lovestone was at various times a member of the Socialist Party of America, a leader of the Communist Party USA, leader of a small oppositionist party, an anti-Communist and Central Intelligence Agency helper, and foreign policy advisor to the leadership of the AFL-CIO and various unions...
, noting Golos' "significant influence among the Russian working masses in the United States," sent an appeal to the Central Committee of the VKP(b) that Golos be returned to the United States for work there. A second appeal along these lines was made in December 1928, leading to Golos' return to the United States around the first month of 1929.
Espionage activity
Golos settled once more in New York City, this time in the borough of the Bronx, working as the business manager of Novyi Mir (New World), the Communist Party's Russian-language newspaper, based in New York CityNew York City
New York is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York Metropolitan Area, one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. New York exerts a significant impact upon global commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and...
. Included in Golos' activities was coordination of the CPUSA's operation producing false passports for party members wanting to travel abroad. Golos remained in charge of the passport operation until turning the job over to Hungarian intelligence specialist J. Peters
J. Peters
J. Peters was the most commonly known pseudonym of a man who last went by the name "Alexander Stevens" in 1949. Peters was an ethnic Jewish journalist and political activist who was a leading figure of the Hungarian language section of the Communist Party USA in the 1920s and 1930s...
in 1932, according to Peters' biographer.
In the spring of 1930, Golos became involved in the Communist Party's "machinery of investigations," charged with keeping tabs with the activities of a number of labor unions and party-affiliated mass organizations. Golos seems to have begun working for the secret intelligence apparatus of the Soviet Union by this time, as it was in 1930 that his name first begins to appear in archival documents as a "reliable man."
According to archival notes taken in the early 1990s by a former KGB
KGB
The KGB was the commonly used acronym for the . It was the national security agency of the Soviet Union from 1954 until 1991, and was the premier internal security, intelligence, and secret police organization during that time.The State Security Agency of the Republic of Belarus currently uses the...
foreign intelligence officer and journalist Alexander Vassiliev
Alexander Vassiliev
Alexander Vassiliev is a Russian journalist, writer, and espionage historian living in London. A former officer in the Soviet Committee for State Security , Vassiliev is known for his two books based upon KGB archival documents: Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America, co-authored with John...
, Golos' initial contact seems to have been with the GPU's New York station chief, Chivin ("Smith"). Another interpretation of the documents, favored by historian Svetlana Chervonnaya
Svetlana Chervonnaya
Svetlana Alexandrovna Chervonnaya is a historian living in Russia specializing in the political history of the Cold War period and Soviet espionage activities in the United States of America. Along with Ellen Schrecker, Chervonnaya is known as one of the leading scholarly voices arguing against...
, argues that first contact was made by Abram Einhorn ("Taras"), a Soviet intelligence agent who worked in the United States from 1930 to 1934. Regardless of who brought him into the fold, it is clear that by the early 1930s, Golos was in the employ of Soviet intelligence.
By the start of 1933, Golos was heading the Communist Party's World Tourists venture, an operation served as a source of funds for various CPUSA activities. Golos was active in the acquisition and supply of American naturalization
Naturalization
Naturalization is the acquisition of citizenship and nationality by somebody who was not a citizen of that country at the time of birth....
papers and birth certificates
Birth certificate
A birth certificate is a vital record that documents the birth of a child. The term "birth certificate" can refer to either the original document certifying the circumstances of the birth or to a certified copy of or representation of the ensuing registration of that birth...
, which were used to obtain American passports to "legalize" Soviet intelligence agents around the world — initially in Europe and Asia but later in the Americas as well. In order to convert these fraudulent application papers into authentic passports, Golos worked closely with a clerk in the Brooklyn
Brooklyn
Brooklyn is the most populous of New York City's five boroughs, with nearly 2.6 million residents, and the second-largest in area. Since 1896, Brooklyn has had the same boundaries as Kings County, which is now the most populous county in New York State and the second-most densely populated...
passport office with a gambling addiction.
During this period Golos was identified by his Soviet intelligence handlers with the code name "Sound" — a pun
Pun
The pun, also called paronomasia, is a form of word play which suggests two or more meanings, by exploiting multiple meanings of words, or of similar-sounding words, for an intended humorous or rhetorical effect. These ambiguities can arise from the intentional use and abuse of homophonic,...
on his adopted surname of Golos, the Russian word for "voice."
Throughout the 1930s Golos sat as a member of the CPUSA's Central Control Commission, a body in charge of party discipline, background investigations, and audits. This position placed Golos in an enviable position to assist in the recruitment and verification of potential agents on behalf of Soviet intelligence.
As head of World Tourists, Golos visited the Soviet Union every year from 1932 onwards to attend the celebrations of the Bolshevik
Bolshevik
The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists , derived from bol'shinstvo, "majority") were a faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party which split apart from the Menshevik faction at the Second Party Congress in 1903....
revolution of 1917. This coincidentally gave him an opportunity to bring his Russian-born wife and American-born son there in 1936, so that his son could receive "a Soviet education." In 1937, the pair entered into the Soviet citizenship.
The last of these visits took place in 1937, during the height of the Ezhovshchina — the mass campaign of secret police terror in which millions of Soviet citizens suspected of political disloyalty, espionage, or economic crime
Wrecking (Soviet crime)
Wrecking , was a crime specified in the criminal code of the Soviet Union in the Stalin era. It is often translated as "sabotage"; however "wrecking" and "diversionist acts" and "counter-revolutionary sabotage" were distinct sub-articles of Article 58 , and the meaning of "wrecking" is closer to...
were arrested and hundreds of thousands executed, with millions more sent to the brutal labor camps of the Gulag
Gulag
The Gulag was the government agency that administered the main Soviet forced labor camp systems. While the camps housed a wide range of convicts, from petty criminals to political prisoners, large numbers were convicted by simplified procedures, such as NKVD troikas and other instruments of...
. Upon his return in January 1938, Golos confirmed at a session of the governing Political Committee of the American Communist Party that there was indeed a mass secret police operation in effect in the USSR. Golos' faith in the communist cause seems to have remained unshaken in the aftermath.
In 1941, Golos had set up a commercial forwarding enterprise, called the U.S. Shipping and Service Corporation, with Elizabeth Bentley, his assistant, courier and lover, as one of its officers. The pair occupied a suite in the Commodore Hotel, in New York City, across the street from Amtorg.
In 1942, Golos transferred a Communist cell of engineers headed by Julius Rosenberg into the direct contact with Soviet intelligence operatives in New York. The cell provided information on newest developments in electrical and radio engineering to the XY Line of the NKGB foreign intelligence. The XY Line began efforts to penetrate the Manhattan Project
Manhattan Project
The Manhattan Project was a research and development program, led by the United States with participation from the United Kingdom and Canada, that produced the first atomic bomb during World War II. From 1942 to 1946, the project was under the direction of Major General Leslie Groves of the US Army...
, code-named ENORMOUS (ENORMOZ).
Sometime in November 1943, Golos met in New York with key figures of one of the so-called "information group" of CPUSA which would come to be known as the Perlo group
Perlo group
Headed by Victor Perlo, the Perlo group is the name given to a group of Americans who provided information which was given to Soviet intelligence agencies; it was active during the World War II period, until the entire group was exposed to the FBI by the defection of Elizabeth Bentley...
, whose members worked in several government departments and agencies in Washington, D.C. and provided information to the CPUSA leader, Browder
Earl Browder
Earl Russell Browder was an American communist and General Secretary of the Communist Party USA from 1934 to 1945. He was expelled from the party in 1946.- Early years :...
, the General Secretary of the Communist Party USA
Earl Browder
Earl Russell Browder was an American communist and General Secretary of the Communist Party USA from 1934 to 1945. He was expelled from the party in 1946.- Early years :...
!!!.
Death and legacy
Golos suffered a series of heart attacks during the first years of the 1940s. In on November 27, 1943, a fatal heart attack ended his life. Golos legacy can also be read about under Harry Dexter WhiteHarry Dexter White
Harry Dexter White was an American economist, and senior U.S. Treasury department official, participating in the Bretton Woods conference...
, Nathan G. Silvermaster and Elizabeth Bentley
Elizabeth Bentley
Elizabeth Terrill Bentley was an American spy for the Soviet Union from 1938 until 1945. In 1945 she defected from the Communist Party and Soviet intelligence and became an informer for the U.S. She exposed two networks of spies, ultimately naming over 80 Americans who had engaged in espionage for...
.
Following his death, Elizabeth Bentley took over Golos' espionage operations.
The code name "Zvuk" (Sound) appears in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet source and has been identified as having been Jacob Golos. In these decrypts, Golos is identified as an “illegal colleague,” generally meaning a Soviet officer or professional agent who operated without the protection of diplomatic or official status with a Soviet embassy or consulate. Soviet officers with the latter status were said to be “legal.”
Further reading
- John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000.
- Kathryn S. Olmsted, Red Spy Queen: A Biography of Elizabeth Bentley. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2002.
- Lauren Kessler, Clever Girl: Elizabeth Bentley, the Spy Who Ushered in the McCarthy Era. New York: Harper Perennial, 2003.
- United States. Subversive Activities Control Board, Reports of the Subversive Activities Control Board. Washington. United States Government Printing Office. 1966. Vol. 1, pp. 211, 275.
External links
- The Cold War International History Project. —Full text of former KGB agent Alexander Vassiliev's Notebooks with more information on Golos.
- Frank Rafalco (ed.), A Counterintelligence Reader, Volume 3, Chapter 1." Federation of American Scientists, www.fas.org/
See also
- History of Soviet espionage in the United StatesHistory of Soviet espionage in the United StatesSince the late 1920s, the Soviet Union, through its OGPU and NKVD intelligence services, used Russians and foreign-born nationals as well as Communist, and people of American origin to perform espionage activities in the United States. These various espionage networks eventually succeeded in...
- Silvermaster groupFBI Silvermaster FileThe FBI’s Silvermaster file is a 162-volume compendium of some 26,000 pages of documents relating to the Bureau’s investigation of Communist penetration of the Federal government during the Cold War....
- List of Americans in the Venona papers