IndyCar Racing
Encyclopedia
IndyCar Racing, followed up two years later by its sequel, IndyCar Racing II
IndyCar Racing II
IndyCar Racing II is a racing game developed by Papyrus Design Group. It is the sequel to IndyCar Racing, and was released in 1995. A little over a year later, the game was re-released, with a few minor upgrades, under the title CART Racing...

, is a racing game
Racing game
A racing video game is a genre of video games, either in the first-person or third-person perspective, in which the player partakes in a racing competition with any type of land, air, or sea vehicles. They may be based on anything from real-world racing leagues to entirely fantastical settings...

 by Papyrus Design Group
Papyrus Design Group
Papyrus Design Group, Inc. was a computer game developer founded in 1987 by David Kaemmer and CEO Omar Khudari. Based in Watertown, MA, it is best known for its series of realistic sim racing games based on the NASCAR and IndyCar leagues, as well as the unique Grand Prix Legends. Papyrus was...

. It was released in 1993. Papyrus, consisting of David Kaemmer and Omar Khudari, previously developed Indianapolis 500: The Simulation
Indianapolis 500: The Simulation
Indianapolis 500: The Simulation is a 1989 computer game. It was hailed as the first step of differentiating racing games from the arcade realm and into true simulations. It was developed by the Papyrus Design Group, consisting of David Kaemmer and Omar Khudari, and distributed by Electronic Arts...

, released in 1990.

The game was intended as a realistic simulation of CART IndyCar Racing, later known as the Champ Car World Series
Champ Car
Champ Car was the name for a class and specification of open wheel cars used in American Championship Car Racing for many decades, primarily for use in the Indianapolis 500 auto race...

. It featured many contemporary drivers, chassis and engines, and eight circuits which could be raced individually or as part of a championship season. Subsequent expansion packs added a further seven tracks and, later, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway
Indianapolis Motor Speedway
The Indianapolis Motor Speedway, located in Speedway, Indiana in the United States, is the home of the Indianapolis 500-Mile Race and the Brickyard 400....

. (In contrast, its sequel did not gain the licensing rights to do so.)

Gameplay

The simulation offers the ability to race in single events or a full Championship season (made up of all the tracks installed and available on the player's computer); to take part in associated practice, qualifying and warm-up sessions; to set up and customise the car both on-track and in a dedicated "garage" feature; and to race head-to-head against another player by connecting two computers, either via modems running at least 9600 bit/s or via a null-modem cable
Null modem
Null modem is a communication method to connect two DTEs directly using an RS-232 serial cable. The name stems from the historical use of the RS-232 cable to connect two teleprinter devices to modems in order to communicate with one another; null modem communication was possible by instead using...

 attached to the computers' serial ports.

Game menus

Following a short title sequence consisting of cars racing at the Toronto circuit and an introduction from motorsport broadcaster Paul Page
Paul Page
Paul Page is an American motorsports broadcaster who was the lead announcer for ABC Sports' coverage of CART and the IRL from 1988 to 2004. He currently is the lead announcer for NHRA.-Early life and career:...

, the game's Main Menu is seen. From here, the following options are available:
  • SINGLE RACE
A full race weekend (consisting of the race preceded by any or all of the following sessions: practice, qualifying and pre-race warmup) can be undertaken at any of the tracks available on the player's computer. Variables such as race length, weather and similar reflect the most recent selections in the OPTIONS menu.

  • CHAMPIONSHIP SEASON
This gives the opportunity to start a new season, or to continue the existing season with the next race weekend on the Championship calendar. The set of options selected at the start of the season, such as weather type and race length percentage, stay fixed throughout the season.

  • PRESEASON TESTING
An unlimited practice session on any track of the player's choice, allowing setup refinements to be made and track layouts to be learned.

  • CARS
Allows chassis and engine types to be selected, name and nickname to be entered and opposition drivers to be reviewed.

  • OPTIONS
Various graphics, sound and realism parameters can be changed here. The control method for driving and navigating menus (joystick or keyboard), and the calibration of any joystick, can also be set here. (Steering wheels and flight simulator-style yokes
Yoke (aircraft)
A yoke, alternatively known as control column, is a device used for piloting in most fixed-wing aircraft.- Principle :The aviator uses the yoke to control the attitude of the plane, usually in both pitch and roll. Rotating the control wheel controls the ailerons and the roll axis...

 are also supported by the game, and could be calibrated in the same way.)

  • EXIT
Returns to the computer's desktop environment
Desktop environment
In graphical computing, a desktop environment commonly refers to a style of graphical user interface derived from the desktop metaphor that is seen on most modern personal computers. These GUIs help the user in easily accessing, configuring, and modifying many important and frequently accessed...

.

Race menu

When a single or championship season race is selected, a sub-menu appears giving access to the Garage function for in-depth car setup, the Instant Replay controls, and the series of race weekend sessions. Any or all of the practice, qualifying or warm-up sessions can be skipped from this sub-menu.

Qualifying

There are two main types of qualifying session, and a third which is unique to the Indianapolis Motor Speedway:
  • Type 1: a ten-minute "open session" where the player can run as many laps as desired; the fastest lap time counts.
  • Type 2: two "flying laps" are run, with the better of the two average
    Arithmetic mean
    In mathematics and statistics, the arithmetic mean, often referred to as simply the mean or average when the context is clear, is a method to derive the central tendency of a sample space...

     speeds counting.
  • Type 3: only used at Indianapolis. Four flying laps are run, and the average of the four lap speeds is used to determine grid position.


Type 1 is standard for road courses and street circuits, while Type 2 is used at ovals. Note that some circuits grade drivers by speed (in miles per hour), while others use lap time (in seconds).

In all cases, the player starts the qualifying session from the pit lane, and is automatically in last place on the grid for the race. As in the game's predecessor, Indianapolis 500: The Simulation, all of the opposition drivers' qualifying positions are pre-determined, and although some cars may be out on track during the player's qualifying attempt, they will make no further improvements to their respective lap times or speeds. (However, unlike Indianapolis 500: The Simulation, where the grid order was not only pre-determined but the same every time, a different order is generated for each new session in IndyCar Racing.) Skipping the qualifying session leaves the player at the back of the grid.

Races

With the exception of Indianapolis, all races begin with a standing start with cars two abreast on the grid. Following the tradition of the Indy 500, cars are three abreast at Indianapolis. A "pit board" is shown on screen each time the player crosses the start/finish line, showing the following information:
  • Nickname, as entered in the OPTIONS menu
  • Current position
  • Laps remaining
  • Time (road courses) or average speed (ovals) of last lap
  • Number of next-placed car ahead (number of second-placed car if player is leading)
  • Interval to next-placed car, in seconds


A summarised standings chart can be accessed at any time by pressing . Races can be paused using the <P> key, or by pressing . Doing the latter brings up a full standings chart, showing the track name, number of laps run, and a full set of details for each car: average speed of the leader, the interval between other active cars and the leader (in tenths of a second if the car is on the lead lap, otherwise the numbers of laps down), and the status of any retired cars. The race sub-menu can be accessed from this standings screen by pressing any key.

Any race (single or Championship) could be brought to a quicker conclusion by using the "Accelerated Time" feature. This was not documented in the game manual, but was described in the README.DOC "attention card" in the game's root directory. This feature was especially useful in Championship seasons where the player had crashed or blown an engine, and could not continue in the race. By pressing to bring up the full standings chart, then pressing <A>, the player's car would be removed from the track and a DNF ("Did Not Finish") classification awarded; the rest of the race would proceed at six times the normal speed, with the words "Accelerated Time" flashing at the top of the standings chart to confirm this. Replays of the resulting on-track action could be viewed and saved in the normal way, and the race would count towards the Season standings. Results files would also be generated as normal.

Championship seasons

IndyCar Racing allows the player to take part in a full series of race weekends at every track available on the computer, with results from each race counting towards the Championship standings. The game automatically creates a season schedule based on the range of tracks installed. The full 16-race schedule is shown below in the Tracks section in its correct order; those in bold are the eight available with the original release of the game (so Long Beach would be the first race of the season unless the expansion pack was purchased and installed).

At the end of each race, points are awarded on the following basis:
Achievement Points
Race Winner 20
2nd place 16
3rd place 14
4th place 12
5th place 10
6th place 8
7th place 6
8th place 5
9th place 4
10th place 3
11th place 2
12th place 1
Pole position 1
Most laps led 1

  • If there is a tie between two or more cars for the most laps led, the car which finished the race in the highest position is awarded the point.
  • Cars which crash or retire late in a race, and are still in the top 12 at the end, are still classified and awarded the appropriate number of points.

Race and season results files

The game generates a result file, RESULTS.TXT, for each race, and an ongoing file, SEASON.TXT, for the Championship Season in progress. (Only one Season can be in progress at a time; choosing the NEW SEASON option from the menu screen will overwrite any existing results.) These files are stored in the game's root directory.

RESULTS.TXT contents

  • Track name and location
  • Number of laps
  • Weather conditions (temperature, wind, rain status)
  • Full standings for each car:
    • Position
    • Car number, driver name and chassis/engine combination
    • For the winner, average speed for the race
    • For other classified cars, interval to the winner (either tenths of a second if unlapped, or number of laps in arrears if lapped)
    • For unclassified cars, reason for retirement
  • Player's best lap (blank if no laps were completed)
  • The pole-sitter is identified with an asterisk

SEASON.TXT contents

For each completed race in the Season:
  • Track name and location
  • Number of laps
  • Weather conditions (temperature, wind, rain status)
  • Race date
  • Full standings for each car:
    • Position
    • Car number and driver name
    • Number of laps led
    • For the winner, average speed for the race
    • For other classified cars, interval to the winner (either tenths of a second if unlapped, or number of laps in arrears if lapped)
    • For unclassified cars, reason for retirement
  • Player's best lap (blank if no laps were completed)
  • The pole-sitter is identified with an asterisk
  • Winner of the point for "most laps led" is identified with a plus sign


This is followed by the Championship standings to date, showing ranking, car number, driver name and points.

Instant replay function

IndyCar Racing moved on significantly from the innovative but limited instant replay feature in Indianapolis 500: The Simulation. Whereas the latter offered a re-run of only the last 20 seconds of on-track action, and only from the perspective of either the player's own car or the leader, IndyCar Racing stores around an hour of footage from several different camera angles and for each of the active cars on the track. (Retired or crashed cars can no longer be selected for viewing after they are removed from the track.) Unlimited numbers of replays could be saved as well. There was no replay-editing function within the game; a third-party program, Editrpy, was subsequently written to perform functions such as copying and pasting individual laps into new replay files, exporting data from a replay into reports or spreadsheets, and producing files of speed and acceleration data for each car. This utility can still be downloaded from fansites. http://www.rickking.com/cartirc/irc_utilities.htm

The available camera angles are:
  • TV 1
A series of standard television-style cameras in fixed positions around the track
  • TV 2
Available on some ovals; lower and with a wider range than the "TV 1" cameras
  • IN CAR
A view from beside the driver's helmet, looking out over the right front wheel
  • GEARBOX
A rear-facing camera mounted to the underside of the car, again on the right-hand side
  • CHASE
A camera locked on to the rear of the car, just above track level
  • SKY
Above and slightly behind the car; locked on to it, as with the Chase camera
  • BLIMP
A very high-level camera which locks on to the car as far as possible

Retirements

Mechanical failures could eliminate opponents from the race at any time. Breakdowns occur only in the pit lane; an affected car will pull into its pit and be removed (rather than staying parked with its engine off for the rest of the race, as in Indianapolis 500: The Simulation). The problem that caused the retirement is shown on both the summary and the full standings charts. A wide range of retirement types are possible:
Brakes Clutch Electrical Engine Fire
Flat Tyre Fuel Pump Gearbox Halfshaft Handling
Header
Exhaust manifold
In automotive engineering, an exhaust manifold collects the exhaust gases from multiple cylinders into one pipe. The word manifold comes from the Old English word manigfeald and refers to the folding together of multiple inputs and outputs.In contrast, an inlet manifold is the part of an engine...

Mechanical Oil Leak Rear Wing Shifter
Gear shift
The gear shift is the part of the gearbox which has the shift forks and allows the contact from the driver to the synchronization. Most of the time they are so much like the gear counter plus the reverse gear. And they make it possible to choose the gear and to switch this in or out...

Suspension Valve Vibration Water Hose

Crashes

Similarly, any opponent could crash at any point during the race (although subject to various constraints noted below). If the "yellow flags" option is chosen from the "OPTIONS"/"REALISM" menu selection, yellow flags will be waved immediately and a period of driving at reduced speed with no on-track overtaking will commence. Pit-stops
Pit stop
In motorsports, a pit stop is where a racing vehicle stops in the pits during a race for refuelling, new tires, repairs, mechanical adjustments, a driver change, or any combination of the above...

 can still be made during caution periods, and indeed if a crash occurs close to a standard pit-stop "window", the majority of cars will usually take the opportunity to pit. Likewise, cars can retire due to mechanical failure during a caution period.

Racing under green-flag conditions recommences some laps later (varying from track to track) when the leader enters the home straight. Crashed cars show "Crashed" next to their number and driver name on both the summary and the full standings charts.

Criticisms of the crash "model"

Analysis of the crash "model" programmed into the game showed several differences from that found in Indianapolis 500: The Simulation, most of which took away a degree of realism rather than improved it.
  • Unlike in Indianapolis 500: The Simulation, in which opponents could crash at any point on the track - and in various ways (understeering, oversteering, sliding, or even veering into walls on straights) - it quickly became obvious that there were specific points on each track at which opponents would crash; moreover, these incidents would always be very similar in style. Most common was the standard "partial spin", with the rear of the car sliding out; apparent loss of traction on exiting slow corners, causing rather unrealistic slow drifts into walls or grass run-off areas, were also notable. The Long Beach
    Long Beach Grand Prix
    The Toyota Grand Prix of Long Beach is an open-wheel race held on a street circuit in Long Beach, California. Christopher Pook is the founder and promoter which began as a vision while working at a travel agency in downtown Long Beach. It was the premier circuit in the Champ Car from 1996, and...

     track was a good example; the only two locations accidents ever occurred at were the entry into the right-hand sweep at Shoreline Drive, and the Turn 5 dogleg
    Dogleg
    Dogleg or dog-leg may refer to:Motor vehicles*Dog leg, an unusual manual transmission layout*Dog-leg, an offset 'zig-zag' plane of operation for a floor-mounted automatic transmission shift lever* The area behind the rear door on a four door car...

    .

  • Similarly, the amount of damage caused to cars by these accidents was often minimal or non-existent. A fast car crashing at Turn 5 at Long Beach might make contact with the opposite wall with its right rear wheel, potentially causing suspension damage; slower cars, however, tended to nestle on this wall or even land short. On wide tracks (such as Cleveland
    Grand Prix of Cleveland
    The Grand Prix of Cleveland was an open wheel automobile racing event in the Champ Car World Series, held annually at Burke Lakefront Airport in Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America. The 2006 race, held on June 25, marked the 25th anniversary of the event...

    ) or those with large grass run-off areas (such as Portland
    Portland International Raceway
    Portland International Raceway is located in Portland, Oregon, USA's, Delta Park complex on the former site of Vanport, just south of the Columbia River. It is west of a light rail station and less than a mile west of Interstate 5....

    ), cars would generally end up stranded and undamaged in an area where, realistically, it should be possible to recover to the racing line from.

  • The relatively unspectacular nature of crash incidents compared to Indianapolis 500: The Simulation is partly related to the lower speeds at most circuits. Even at high-speed ovals, however, crashed cars tended to land safely off the racing line - often "sticking" to the outside wall even at sharply-banked ovals. In Indianapolis 500: The Simulation, wreckage would often travel a long way both forwards and across the track, creating a significant danger for following cars and more realistically reflecting the behaviour of cars which have lost control at high speed. Multiple pile-ups were a common feature of Indianapolis 500: The Simulation, whereas most incidents in IndyCar Racing are single-car.

  • Another factor reducing the likelihood of multi-car crashes in IndyCar Racing is the almost immediate removal of wreckage from the track. In Indianapolis 500: The Simulation, wreckage would not begin to be cleared until two full laps had been run under yellow-flag conditions; thereafter, except in the case of very large crashes, one car per lap would be removed. This meant that even under caution conditions, cars could still hit wreckage and prolong the incident. In IndyCar Racing, however, a crashed car is removed from the track a few seconds after coming to rest, although the yellow-flag caution period always lasts for at least 2 laps (depending on the length of the circuit).

  • The behaviour of other opponents immediately after a yellow flag comes out is not entirely plausible: slowing down from racing speed to "caution speed" seems to happen too quickly, and cars will often be able to stop completely on the track when the racing line is blocked, only resuming again when the wreckage is removed.

Options menu

A range of changes could be made to gameplay and appearance through this menu. "Controls", "Realism", "Graphics" and "Sound" sub-menus were available.

Controls

  • SET CONTROLS allows the selection of keyboard or joystick (including driving wheels and yokes) for controlling the car, and the keys or joystick buttons used to accelerate, brake, change gear and reverse.
  • CALIBRATE JOYSTICK brings up a standard calibration
    Calibration
    Calibration is a comparison between measurements – one of known magnitude or correctness made or set with one device and another measurement made in as similar a way as possible with a second device....

     screen for the X- and Y-axes of the input device.
  • For gear shifting, either AUTO-SHIFTING or MANUAL SHIFTING could be selected.
  • Likewise, either AUTO-BRAKING or MANUAL BRAKING were available.
  • Two steering styles were available: while joystick and keyboard users were advised by the manual to employ NON-LINEAR STEERING, the option of LINEAR STEERING was available, being more appropriate for wheel or yoke users.

Realism

  • RACE LENGTH is expressed as a percentage of the full race distance as defined in the data file for each track. Any length between 1% and 100% of full distance can be chosen.
  • YELLOW FLAGS can be turned on or deactivated. Under NO YELLOW FLAG conditions, cars will continue to race at full speed when a crash occurs.
  • CAR DAMAGE determines whether the player's car can be damaged by contact with walls, fences, other cars or similar. The game is more sensitive than Indianapolis 500: The Simulation in respect of contact, especially with walls; even light contact at relatively slow speeds, especially if it is at an angle, can cause tyre damage. Deflation of one front tyre renders the car more difficult to drive, but recovery to the pit-lane should be possible; damage to a rear wheel, or more than one tyre, will prove terminal. Very heavy or high-speed contact with walls or other cars can cause tyres to fly off altogether, and also results in a blown engine.
  • WEATHER can be determined by the player (CONSTANT WEATHER) or by the simulation (RANDOM WEATHER). Temperature, wind speed, wind direction and rain are the variables that can be changed, as follows:
    • Temperature: between 50°F (10°C) and 120°F (49°C), in intervals of 1°F (0.55°C)
    • Wind speed: between 0 mi/h and 30 mi/h, in intervals of 1 mi/h
    • Wind direction: any of the eight cardinal and ordinal directions
      Cardinal direction
      The four cardinal directions or cardinal points are the directions of north, east, south, and west, commonly denoted by their initials: N, E, S, W. East and west are at right angles to north and south, with east being in the direction of rotation and west being directly opposite. Intermediate...

    • Rain: either on or off
  • OPPONENTS can have their relative "strength" altered, and the maximum number can also be determined. This is described under Opposition Drivers below.
  • A PACE LAP
    Parade lap
    A parade lap, also known as a formation lap or warm-up lap, is a lap before a motorsport race begins, in which the drivers go around the track at a slow speed , and, in some cases, behind the safety car...

     can be included or omitted.

Graphics

The simulation uses texture-mapped
Texture mapping
Texture mapping is a method for adding detail, surface texture , or color to a computer-generated graphic or 3D model. Its application to 3D graphics was pioneered by Dr Edwin Catmull in his Ph.D. thesis of 1974.-Texture mapping:...

 3D graphics. As it was released at a time when not all computers would have been able to display its graphics to the fullest possible extent while still maintaining a suitably fast and smooth frame rate
Frame rate
Frame rate is the frequency at which an imaging device produces unique consecutive images called frames. The term applies equally well to computer graphics, video cameras, film cameras, and motion capture systems...

, the ability to set AUTOMATIC DETAIL or MANUAL DETAIL, and to change the frame rate, was included.
  • If AUTOMATIC DETAIL is selected, the minimum frame rate must be specified, between the limits of 10 and 15 frames per second.
  • The MANUAL DETAIL option allows all of the following variables to be turned on or off as desired, in order to optimise the trade-off between speed/smoothness and graphic quality/realism:

Grass Texture Asphalt Texture Other Object Texture Grandstand Texture Wall Texture
Horizon Front Wheels Texture Car Bodywork Texture Smoke and Dirt Skidmarks

Car setup

When a track is selected for a race weekend or for preseason testing, selecting the GARAGE menu allows various modifications to be made to the player's car. Some of these can also be made in the pit lane, or even while driving.
  • FUEL
Between 1 and 40 gallons of methanol
Methanol
Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a chemical with the formula CH3OH . It is the simplest alcohol, and is a light, volatile, colorless, flammable liquid with a distinctive odor very similar to, but slightly sweeter than, ethanol...

 can be selected, in intervals of 1 gallon. Fuel load has a significant effect on lap times and the car's handling.
  • TYRES
For each tyre, both the compound and the pressure can be changed. Soft, medium, hard or rain (deeply-grooved) tyres are available. Tyre pressure can vary between 26 and 51 PSI, in increments of 1 PSI. Additionally, the stagger (a measurement of the bias on the left- or right-hand side of the car) is adjustable from -1 inch (left side higher) to +1 inch in increments of one-thousandth of an inch.
  • WINGS
The car's aerodynamics can be adjusted significantly. Both the front and the rear wings can be set at angles of between 3 and 18 degrees, in intervals of 1/100 of a degree. Steeper angles create greater drag and inhibit speed on straights, but provide better cornering ability.
  • GEARBOX
The gear ratios for each of the six gears can be calibrated in tenths.
  • SUSPENSION
    • Cambers
      Camber angle
      thumb|100px|From the front of the car, a right wheel with a negative camber angleCamber angle is the angle made by the wheels of a vehicle; specifically, it is the angle between the vertical axis of the wheels used for steering and the vertical axis of the vehicle when viewed from the front or...

      : each wheel can be aligned at up to 3 degrees from the vertical in either direction, variable in increments of 0.08 degrees.
    • Shocks
      Shock absorber
      A shock absorber is a mechanical device designed to smooth out or damp shock impulse, and dissipate kinetic energy. It is a type of dashpot.-Nomenclature:...

      : on each wheel, the shock absorber can be set at between 0% firm (completely soft) and 100% firm (completely stiff) at intervals of 5%.
    • Steering lock: variable between 5 and 30 degrees in 1-degree intervals.


Fuel load, tyre compounds and pressures, stagger and wing angles can also be changed during pit stops in preseason testing, practice, qualifying or race sessions. The following settings can be changed at any point when on track (whether in the pits or driving):
  • Anti-roll bars
    Sway bar
    A sway bar or anti-roll bar or stabilizer bar is a part of an automobile suspension that helps reduce the roll of a vehicle that is induced by cornering or road irregularities. It connects opposite wheels together through short lever arms linked by a torsion spring...

    , which affect the handling through corners and which can be adjusted to compensate for understeer, oversteer or the changes in grip and handling associated with the constant wearing down of tyres and reduction in fuel load.
  • Brake bias, which determines the extent to which the rear brakes begin to function before the front brakes, or vice versa. Brakes biased towards the rear tend to improve control and precision when braking into corners, but increase the braking distance
    Braking distance
    Braking distance refers to the distance a vehicle will travel from the point where its brakes are fully applied to when it comes to a complete stop...

    .
  • Turbocharger: this determines the amount and potency of the fuel/air mixture that is sent into the cylinders of the engine. A higher turbocharger setting improves the car's acceleration performance but reduces fuel efficiency.


Each track has three default sets of settings which are appropriate for the track layout and different levels of driver skill: "Easy", "Fast" and "Ace". Any of these can be loaded from the Garage menu. An unlimited number of user-defined sets of settings can be saved for each track as well.

Chassis and Engines

The engines and chassis available in IndyCar Racing all have slightly different characteristics, which are outlined below. Note that these differences do not always make one engine or chassis better than another. There may be advantages on certain types of circuits, and disadvantages on others. The main parameters that vary from engine to engine are the horsepower and torque curves. The chassis differ mainly in their aerodynamic characteristics: overall drag coefficient, and downforce/drag ratio.
Chassis Description
Lola T9200 Good, basic IndyCar chassis.
Lola T9300 Lighter than the T9200, less drag, better downforce/drag ratio.
Penske 92 Similar to the Lola T9200.
Penske 93 Lighter than the Lola T9300, slightly more drag.
Galmer Better aerodynamics than '92 cars, slightly heavier.
RH001 Less drag than '93 cars, downforce/drag not as good, a bit heavier than the others.

Engine Description
Chevy A The original Chevy engine, good power, good reliability. Peak revs: 12,300.
Chevy B An update to the successful A, offers slightly more power. Peak revs: 12,500.
Chevy C re-engineered to be somewhat smaller, lighter; offers even more power than the B, and more mid-range torque. Peak revs: 12,500.
Cosworth XB Slightly more peak power than the Chevy/C, but less mid-range torque (advantage on the speedways,
disadvantage on road and city circuits). Peak revs: 12,500.
Buick More peak power than the other engines (higher allowed boost), less forgiving of abuse. Peak revs: 9,000.

Opposition drivers

Depending on the circuit, up to thirty-two opponents would be on track alongside one's own car. The majority of these were real IndyCar drivers who had competed in the 1993 CART
Champ Car
Champ Car was the name for a class and specification of open wheel cars used in American Championship Car Racing for many decades, primarily for use in the Indianapolis 500 auto race...

 world series; some additional names were invented based on real drivers to make up numbers at circuits which needed the full set of opponents. The data file for each track specified the number of cars on the grid for races at that track; in many cases, this was less than the maximum number of 33. However, as these files were in .TXT format, they were easy to edit to change the number. For example, every track could be edited to accommodate 33 cars; this allowed every opposition car to compete in every race in a Championship Season, for example.

Opponents could be viewed from the game's main menu by selecting "CARS" then "OTHER DRIVERS". By pressing , the following details of each driver could be scrolled through: driver name, home city, country, car number, chassis and engine. A picture of the car would rotate at the same time.

Menu selection "OPTIONS"/"REALISM"/"OPPONENTS" allowed adjustment of the maximum number of opponents at each track - from none to 32 - and their relative strength. The latter was expressed as a percentage, from 75% to 125% (default value was 100%). Each car was assigned a minimum and a maximum engine power value (notionally equivalent to brake horsepower
Horsepower
Horsepower is the name of several units of measurement of power. The most common definitions equal between 735.5 and 750 watts.Horsepower was originally defined to compare the output of steam engines with the power of draft horses in continuous operation. The unit was widely adopted to measure the...

), between which their performance could vary from race to race; this was controlled by a random variable within the game. Each car's values, as defined in the CARS93.DAT data file and the accompanying DRIVERS.TXT file, were based on the "opponent strength" percentage being 100%. If the player changed this, for example, to 75%, every car's set of minimum and maximum values would be multiplied by 0.75; the random variability from race to race would still apply within those limits.

By editing the DRIVERS.TXT file in the CARS93 directory, the player could change opponents' names, locations, car numbers, chassis/engine designations, the chassis and engine names and the minimum and maximum engine power values. This could alter gameplay radically.

This table shows the full set of opposition drivers - real-life drivers are in bold:
Car Driver Country Chassis Engine
1 Bobby Rahal
Bobby Rahal
Robert "Bobby" Woodward Rahal is an American auto racing driver and team owner. As a driver, he won three championships and 24 races in the CART open-wheel series, including the 1986 Indianapolis 500...

  Lola T9300 Chevrolet C
2 Scott Goodyear
Scott Goodyear
Scott Goodyear is a former race car driver from Newmarket, Ontario, Canada. Goodyear ran the IRL and Champ Car series during his career from 1987, winning the Michigan 500 in 1992 and 1994...

  Lola T9300 Cosworth XB
3 Al Unser, Jr.
Al Unser, Jr.
Alfred Unser, Jr. , nicknamed "Little Al", "Al Junior" or simply "Junior" is a retired American race car driver and two-time Indianapolis 500 winner.-History:...

  Lola T9300 Chevrolet C
4 Emerson Fittipaldi
Emerson Fittipaldi
Emerson Fittipaldi |São Paulo]], Brazil) is a Brazilian automobile racing driver who throughout a long and successful career won the Indianapolis 500 twice and championships in both Formula One and CART.-Early and personal life:...

  Penske 93 Chevrolet C
5 Mario Andretti
Mario Andretti
Mario Gabriele Andretti is a retired Italian American world champion racing driver, one of the most successful Americans in the history of the sport. He is one of only two drivers to win races in Formula One, IndyCar, World Sportscar Championship and NASCAR...

  Lola T9300 Cosworth XB
6 Nick Montel (Nigel Mansell
Nigel Mansell
Nigel Ernest James Mansell OBE is a British racing driver who won both the Formula One World Championship and the CART Indy Car World Series...

)
  Lola T9300 Cosworth XB
9 Raul Boesel
Raul Boesel
Raul de Mesquita Boesel is a former racing driver who raced for the March and Ligier Formula One teams and later raced in Champ Car and the Indy Racing League.He won the 1987 World Sportscar Championship and the 1988 24 Hours of Daytona...

  Lola T9300 Cosworth XB
10 Arie Luyendyk
Arie Luyendyk
Arie Luyendyk, originally Arie Luijendijk is a Dutch auto racing driver, twice winner of the Indianapolis 500....

  Lola T9300 Cosworth XB
11 Kevin Davey (Kevin Cogan
Kevin Cogan
Kevin Cogan is a former racecar driver who drove in Formula One from to . Driving a RAM Williams in the 1980 Canadian Grand Prix, he failed to qualify, suffering the same result driving for Tyrrell at the 1981 US GP West...

)
  Lola T9300 Chevrolet C
12 Paul Tracy
Paul Tracy
Paul Tracy is a professional automobile racer who has competed in CART, the ChampCar World Series and the IndyCar Series...

  Penske 93 Chevrolet C
14 Rich Grandio (Robby Gordon
Robby Gordon
Robert W. "Robby" Gordon is an American racecar driver who currently competes in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series as an owner-driver, driving the No. 7 Speed Energy Dodge Charger for Robby Gordon Motorsports, and also competes part-time in the Nationwide Series...

)
  Lola T9300 Cosworth XB
16 Stefan Johansson
Stefan Johansson
Stefan Nils Edwin Johansson is a former Formula One driver from who drove for among others both Ferrari and McLaren during his Grand Prix career. Since leaving Formula One he has raced in a number of categories, including CART, various kinds of Sports car racing, and Grand Prix Masters...

  Penske 92 Chevrolet C
17 Dominic Dobson
Dominic Dobson
Dominic Dobson is a German-born former CART and Craftsman Truck Series driver who made 7 starts in the Indianapolis 500 with a best finish of 12th in 1992, over 60 starts in the CART , with a best finish of 3rd at the Michigan 500 in 1994...

  Galmer
Galmer
Galmer was an American racecar manufacturer that built cars used from 1992 through 1993 in CART competition and the Indianapolis 500. The cars were commissioned by the Galles Racing team...

Chevrolet A
18 Jimmy Vasser
Jimmy Vasser
Jimmy Vasser is a retired American racing driver and current co-owner of KV Racing Technology. Vasser won the 1996 IndyCar season championship with Chip Ganassi Racing, and scored ten victories in the series...

  Lola T9200 Cosworth XB
19 Ron Baker (Robbie Buhl
Robbie Buhl
Robbie Buhl is a former Indy Racing League competitor and current team-owner, with the Dreyer & Reinbold Racing team in the IRL's IndyCar Series...

)
  Lola T9200 Chevrolet A
21 Jeff Andretti
Jeff Andretti
Jeff Andretti is an American race car driver. He competed in CART, and was the series' Rookie of the Year in 1991.-Racing career:...

  Lola T9200 Buick
22 Scott Brayton
Scott Brayton
Scott Everets Brayton was a race car driver from Coldwater, Michigan, on the American open-wheel circuit. He competed in 14 Indianapolis 500s, beginning with the 1981 event...

  Lola T9300 Cosworth XB
23 Hank Mitsui (Hiro Matsushita
Hiro Matsushita
, is a former driver in the Champ Car series. He is the grandson of Konosuke Matsushita, founder of Matsushita Electric Industrial Co.. The family relationship has allowed him to receive financial backing from Panasonic throughout his racing career.-Early career:...

)
  Lola T9300 Cosworth XB
25 Mark Smith
Mark Smith (auto racer)
Mark Smith is an American former race car driver born in Portland, Oregon. Smith entered karting competition at the age of 14 and won 6 championships in multiple IKF divisions...

  Penske 92 Chevrolet B
26 Mike Groff
Mike Groff
Mike Groff is a former race car driver in CART and the Indy Racing League and the 1989 Indy Lights champion. He made 54 starts in CART beginning in 1990 with a best finish of 6th, occurring at Phoenix International Raceway in 1994...

  RH001 Chevrolet C
36 Stan Green (Stephan Gregoire
Stephan Gregoire
Stéphan Grégoire is a French race car driver. Currently living in Carmel, Ind.Gregoire is a veteran of the 24 Hours of Le Mans, Rolex Sports Car Series, the Indianapolis 500, and the Indy Racing League. He made 44 IRL starts between 1996 and 2001 with a best finish of 2nd at Pikes Peak...

)
  Lola T9200 Buick
40 Roberto Guerrero
Roberto Guerrero
Roberto José Guerrero Isaza is a former racing driver from Colombia. He participated in 29 Formula One Grands Prix, debuting on 23 January 1982...

  Lola T9300 Chevrolet C
50 Arnold Malone (Andrea Montermini
Andrea Montermini
-Career:Montermini raced in Formula 3 in 1989, taking second place in the Monaco GP support race and 4th in the Italian F3 Championship. He then moved up to Formula 3000, racing for three season before finally taking second place in the 1992 season, winning three rounds while driving for the Il...

)
  Lola T9200 Chevrolet A
51 Danny Sullivan
Danny Sullivan
Daniel John "Danny" Sullivan III is a former racing driver from the United States. He is best known for winning the 1985 Indianapolis 500.-Before racing:...

  Lola T9300 Chevrolet C
59 Eddie Cheever
Eddie Cheever
Edward "Eddie" McKay Cheever, Jr. is an American racing driver who raced for almost thirty years in Formula One, Sports cars, CART and the Indy Racing League. Cheever participated in 143 World Championship Formula One races and started 132, more than any other American, driving for nine different...

  Lola T9200 Buick
75 Warren T. Rock (Willy T. Ribbs
Willy T. Ribbs
William "Willy" Theodore Ribbs, Jr. is a racecar driver who competed in many forms of auto racing. After retiring, he became a sport shooter in the National Sporting Clays Association....

)
  Lola T9200 Cosworth XB
77 Nick Parker (Nelson Piquet
Nelson Piquet
Nelson Piquet Souto Maior , known as Nelson Piquet, is a Brazilian former racing driver. He was Formula One world champion in , and . He is one of eight drivers to win three or more world championships, the others being Jack Brabham, Jackie Stewart, Niki Lauda, Ayrton Senna , Alain Prost , Juan...

)
  Lola T9200 Buick
80 Al Unser
Al Unser
Alfred "Al" Unser is a former American automobile racing driver, the younger brother of fellow racing drivers Jerry and Bobby Unser, and father of Al Unser, Jr....

  Lola T9300 Chevrolet C
87 Jason Ullman (Johnny Unser
Johnny Unser
Johnny Unser is a former race car driver. He is the son of open wheel driver Jerry Unser, cousin of Al Unser, Jr. and Robby Unser, nephew of Al Unser and Bobby Unser, and first cousin once removed of Alfred Unser. He made 5 starts in CART in 1993 and 1994 with a best result of 15th...

)
  Lola T9200 Chevrolet A
90 Lyn St. James
Lyn St. James
Lyn St. James is a retired professional IndyCar driver with 8 CART and 5 Indy Racing League starts to her name. She is just one of seven women who successfully qualified for the Indianapolis 500, and became the first woman to win the Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year award...

  Lola T9300 Cosworth XB
92 Didier Theys
Didier Theys
Didier Theys is an Belgian sports car driver. He is a two-time overall winner of the 24 Hours of Daytona ; a winner of the 12 Hours of Sebring ; the Sports Racing Prototype driver champion of the Grand-American Road Racing Association and the winner of the 24 Hours of Spa...

  Lola T9200 Buick
99 Fred Jones   Lola T9300 Cosworth XB

Tracks

The game originally featured eight tracks (idenitifed in bold in the table below). An expansion pack was later released containing a further seven tracks; these were all subsequently made available online by fans. The Indianapolis Motor Speedway was later released as another add-on.

Details below such as track lengths and names are those used in the game at the time of its release. The "Rain?" column indicates whether or not wet practice, qualifying or race sessions would randomly occur if the "random weather" option was selected from the OPTIONS menu. (Oval and tri-oval circuits do not hold races during wet weather; the game reflects this by never permitting rain at such circuits, even if the "random weather" variable was activated.)

Tracks shown in bold were supplied with the original version of the game. Championship seasons run on computers where the expansion packs were not installed therefore ran in this order: Long Beach, Milwaukee, Portland, Toronto, Michigan, New Hampshire, Nazareth, Laguna Seca.
Race Location Circuit Name Type Length Laps Rain? Qualifying
1 Australia
Australia
Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area...

Surfers Paradise
Lexmark Indy 300
The Nikon Indy 300 was an open-wheel motor race event that took place at the Surfers Paradise Street Circuit in south east Queensland, Australia. Known generically as the Gold Coast Indy 300, Japanese camera giant Nikon was announced as new naming rights sponsor in early August 2008...

Street circuit 2.795 miles 65 Yes Type 1
2 Phoenix
Phoenix, Arizona
Phoenix is the capital, and largest city, of the U.S. state of Arizona, as well as the sixth most populated city in the United States. Phoenix is home to 1,445,632 people according to the official 2010 U.S. Census Bureau data...

Phoenix International Raceway
Phoenix International Raceway
Phoenix International Raceway, also known as PIR, is a one-mile, low-banked tri-oval race track located in Avondale, Arizona. The track opened in 1964 and currently hosts two NASCAR race weekends annually. PIR has also hosted the Indycar Series, CART, USAC and the Rolex Sports Car Series...

Tri-oval
Tri-oval
A tri-oval is a shape which derives its name from the two other shapes it most resembles, a triangle and an oval. Rather than meeting at sharp, definable angles as the sides of a triangle do, in a tri-oval these angles are instead rounded into smooth curves. While an oval has four turns, a...

1 mile 200 No Type 2
3 Long Beach
Long Beach, California
Long Beach is a city situated in Los Angeles County in Southern California, on the Pacific coast of the United States. The city is the 36th-largest city in the nation and the seventh-largest in California. As of 2010, its population was 462,257...

Long Beach
Long Beach Grand Prix
The Toyota Grand Prix of Long Beach is an open-wheel race held on a street circuit in Long Beach, California. Christopher Pook is the founder and promoter which began as a vision while working at a travel agency in downtown Long Beach. It was the premier circuit in the Champ Car from 1996, and...

Street circuit 1.59 miles 105 Yes Type 1
4 Indianapolis
Indianapolis, Indiana
Indianapolis is the capital of the U.S. state of Indiana, and the county seat of Marion County, Indiana. As of the 2010 United States Census, the city's population is 839,489. It is by far Indiana's largest city and, as of the 2010 U.S...

Indianapolis Motor Speedway
Indianapolis Motor Speedway
The Indianapolis Motor Speedway, located in Speedway, Indiana in the United States, is the home of the Indianapolis 500-Mile Race and the Brickyard 400....

Oval 2.5 miles 200 No Type 3
5 Milwaukee
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Milwaukee is the largest city in the U.S. state of Wisconsin, the 28th most populous city in the United States and 39th most populous region in the United States. It is the county seat of Milwaukee County and is located on the southwestern shore of Lake Michigan. According to 2010 census data, the...

Wisconsin State Fair Park
Milwaukee Mile
The Milwaukee Mile is a -long oval race track in West Allis, Wisconsin that seats about 40,000 spectators. It operated as a dirt track until 1953. The track was paved in 1954....

Oval 1 mile 200 No Type 2
6 Detroit
Detroit, Michigan
Detroit is the major city among the primary cultural, financial, and transportation centers in the Metro Detroit area, a region of 5.2 million people. As the seat of Wayne County, the city of Detroit is the largest city in the U.S. state of Michigan and serves as a major port on the Detroit River...

Belle Isle Park Street circuit 2.1 miles 77 Yes Type 1
7 Portland
Portland, Oregon
Portland is a city located in the Pacific Northwest, near the confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers in the U.S. state of Oregon. As of the 2010 Census, it had a population of 583,776, making it the 29th most populous city in the United States...

Portland International Raceway
Portland International Raceway
Portland International Raceway is located in Portland, Oregon, USA's, Delta Park complex on the former site of Vanport, just south of the Columbia River. It is west of a light rail station and less than a mile west of Interstate 5....

Road course 1.95 miles 102 Yes Type 1
8 Cleveland
Cleveland, Ohio
Cleveland is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and is the county seat of Cuyahoga County, the most populous county in the state. The city is located in northeastern Ohio on the southern shore of Lake Erie, approximately west of the Pennsylvania border...

Burke Lakefront Airport
Grand Prix of Cleveland
The Grand Prix of Cleveland was an open wheel automobile racing event in the Champ Car World Series, held annually at Burke Lakefront Airport in Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America. The 2006 race, held on June 25, marked the 25th anniversary of the event...

Temporary circuit 2.37 miles 85 Yes Type 1
9 Toronto
Toronto
Toronto is the provincial capital of Ontario and the largest city in Canada. It is located in Southern Ontario on the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario. A relatively modern city, Toronto's history dates back to the late-18th century, when its land was first purchased by the British monarchy from...

Exhibition Place Temporary circuit 1.78 miles 103 Yes Type 1
10 Michigan
Michigan
Michigan is a U.S. state located in the Great Lakes Region of the United States of America. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, meaning "large water" or "large lake"....

Michigan International Speedway
Michigan International Speedway
Michigan International Speedway is a two-mile moderate-banked D-shaped superspeedway located off U.S. Highway 12 on more than in Brooklyn, in the scenic Irish Hills area of southeastern Michigan. The track is used primarily for NASCAR events. It is sometimes known as a "sister track" to Texas...

Oval 2 miles 250 No Type 2
11 New Hampshire
New Hampshire
New Hampshire is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The state was named after the southern English county of Hampshire. It is bordered by Massachusetts to the south, Vermont to the west, Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Canadian...

New Hampshire International Speedway
New Hampshire International Speedway
New Hampshire Motor Speedway is a oval speedway located in Loudon, New Hampshire which has hosted NASCAR racing annually since the early 1990s, as well as an IndyCar weekend and the oldest motorcycle race in North America, the Loudon Classic...

Oval 1.058 miles 200 No Type 2
12 Elkhart Lake
Elkhart Lake, Wisconsin
Elkhart Lake is a village in Sheboygan County, Wisconsin, United States, located within the northwestern part of the county within the Town of Rhine. The population was 1,021 at the 2000 census. It is included in the Sheboygan, Wisconsin Metropolitan Statistical Area...

Road America
Road America
Road America is a road course located near Elkhart Lake, Wisconsin on Wisconsin Highway 67. It has hosted races since the 1950s and currently hosts races in the NASCAR Nationwide Series , American Le Mans , SCCA Speed World Challenge Series, ASRA, and AMA Superbike series.- Current track and...

Road course 4 miles 50 Yes Type 1
13 Vancouver
Vancouver
Vancouver is a coastal seaport city on the mainland of British Columbia, Canada. It is the hub of Greater Vancouver, which, with over 2.3 million residents, is the third most populous metropolitan area in the country,...

Pacific Place
Molson Indy Vancouver
Molson Indy Vancouver was an annual Champ Car race held in a street circuit near B.C. Place and running past Science World in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada held in July or August from 1990 to 2004....

Street circuit 1.677 miles 100 Yes Type 1
14 Mid-Ohio
Lexington, Ohio
Lexington is a village in Richland County in the U.S. state of Ohio. It is part of the Mansfield, Ohio Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 4,822 at the 2010 census, an increase from 4,165 in 2000....

Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course
Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course
Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course is a road course auto racing facility located in Troy Township, Morrow County, Ohio, United States, just outside of the village of Lexington...

Road course 2.25 miles 89 Yes Type 1
15 Nazareth
Nazareth, Pennsylvania
Nazareth is a borough in Northampton County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. The population was 6,023 at the 2000 census.Nazareth is located seven miles northwest of Easton, four miles north of Bethlehem and twelve miles northeast of Allentown...

Pennsylvania International Raceway
Nazareth Speedway
Nazareth Speedway was an auto racing track in Lehigh Valley, Pennsylvania which operated from 1910 to 2004. The track is often associated with local drivers Mario and Michael Andretti. It was associated with Frankie Schneider in its earlier dirt track history....

Tri-oval 1 mile 200 No Type 2
16 Laguna Seca
Monterey, California
The City of Monterey in Monterey County is located on Monterey Bay along the Pacific coast in Central California. Monterey lies at an elevation of 26 feet above sea level. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 27,810. Monterey is of historical importance because it was the capital of...

Laguna Seca Raceway
Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca
Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca is a paved road racing track used for both auto racing and motorcycle racing, originally constructed in 1957 near both Salinas and Monterey, California, USA....

Road course 2.214 miles 84 Yes Type 1

External links

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
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