Hodge structure
Encyclopedia
In mathematics, a Hodge structure, named after W. V. D. Hodge
, is an algebraic structure at the level of linear algebra
, similar to the one that Hodge theory
gives to the cohomology groups of a smooth and compact Kähler manifold
. A mixed Hodge structure is a generalization, defined by Pierre Deligne
(1970), that applies to all complex varieties (even if they are singular
and non-complete). A variation of Hodge structure is a family of Hodge structures parameterized by a manifold, first studied by P. A. Griffiths (1968). All these concepts were further generalized to mixed Hodge modules over complex varieties by M. Saito (1989).
into a direct sum of complex subspaces H p,q , where p + q = n, with the property that the complex conjugate of Hp,q is Hq,p:
An equivalent definition is obtained by replacing the direct sum decomposition of H by the Hodge filtration, a finite decreasing filtration of H by complex subspaces FpH (p ∈ Z), subject to the condition
The relation between these two descriptions is given as follows:
For example, if X is a compact Kähler manifold
, HZ = Hn(X,Z) is the nth cohomology group of X with integer coefficients, then H = Hn(X, C) is its nth cohomology group with complex coefficients and Hodge theory
provides the decomposition of H into a direct sum as above, so that these data define a pure Hodge structure of weight n. On the other hand, the Hodge-de Rham spectral sequence supplies Hn with the decreasing filtration by FpH as in the second definition.
For applications in algebraic geometry, namely, classification of complex projective varieties by their periods
, the set of all Hodge structures of weight n on HZ is too big. Using the Riemann bilinear relations, it can be substantially cut down. A polarized Hodge structure of weight n consists of a Hodge structure (HZ, H p,q) and a nondegenerate integer bilinear form Q on HZ (polarization), which is extended to H by linearity, and satisfying the conditions:
In terms of the Hodge filtration, these conditions imply that
where C is the Weil operator on H, given by C=i p−q on H p,q.
Yet another definition of a Hodge structure is based on the equivalence between the Z-grading on a complex vector space and the action of the circle group U(1). In this definition, an action of the multiplicative group of complex numbers C*, viewed as a two-dimensional real algebraic torus, is given on H. This action must have the property that a real number a acts by an. The subspace Hp,q is the subspace on which z ∈ C* acts as multiplication by
In the theory of motives, it becomes important to allow more general coefficients for the cohomology. The definition of a Hodge structure is modified by fixing a Noetherian
subring A of the field R of real number
s, for which A ⊗ ZR is a field. Then a pure Hodge A-structure of weight n is defined as before, replacing Z with A. There are natural functors of base change and restriction relating Hodge A-structures and B-structures for A a subring of B.
in the 1960s based on the Weil conjectures
that even singular (possibly reducible) and non-complete algebraic varieties should admit 'virtual Betti numbers'. More precisely, one should be able to assign to any algebraic variety X a polynomial PX(t), called its virtual Poincaré polynomial, with the properties
The existence of such polynomials would follow from the existence of an analogue of Hodge structure in the cohomologies of a general (singular and non-complete) algebraic variety. The novel feature is that the nth cohomology of a general variety looks as if it contained pieces of different weights. This led Alexander Grothendieck
to his conjectural theory of motives
and motivated a search for an extension of Hodge theory, which culminated in the work of Pierre Deligne
. He introduced the notion of a mixed Hodge structure, developed techniques for working with them, gave their construction (based on Hironaka's resolution of singularities
) and related them to the weights on l-adic cohomology, proving the last part of the Weil conjectures
.
whose successive quotients Wn / Wn − 1 originate from the cohomology of smooth complete varieties, hence admit (pure) Hodge structures, albeit of different weights.
is defined by
Retrospectively, one sees that the total cohomology of a compact Kähler manifold has a mixed Hodge structure, where the nth space of the weight filtration Wn is the direct sum of the cohomology groups (with rational coefficients) of degree less than or equal to n. Therefore, one can think of classical Hodge theory in the compact, complex case as providing a double grading on the complex cohomology group, which defines an increasing fitration Fp and a decreasing filtration Wn that are compatible in certain way. In general, the total cohomology space still has these two filtrations, but they no longer come from a direct sum decomposition. In relation with the third definition of the pure Hodge structure, one can say that a mixed Hodge structure cannot be described using the action of the group C*. An important insight of Deligne is that in the mixed case there is a more complicated noncommutative proalgebraic group that can be used to the same effect using Tannakian formalism
.
One can define a notion of a morphism of mixed Hodge structures, which has to be compatible with the filtrations F and W and prove the following theorem.
Moreover, the category of (mixed) Hodge structures admits a good notion of tensor product, corresponding to the product of varieties, as well as related concepts of inner Hom and dual object, making it into a Tannakian category
. By Tannaka-Krein philosophy
, this category is equivalent to the category of finite-dimensional representations of a certain group, which Deligne has explicitly described.
The proof roughly consists of two parts, taking care of noncompactness and singularities. Both parts use the resolution of singularities (due to Hironaka) in an essential way. In the singular case, varieties are replaced by simplicial schemes, leading to more complicated homological algebra, and a technical notion of a Hodge structure on complexes (as opposed to cohomology) is used.
envisaged by Alexander Grothendieck
. Arithmetic information for nonsingular algebraic variety X, encoded by eigenvalue of Frobenius elements acting on its l-adic cohomology, has something in common with the Hodge structure arising from X considered as a complex algebraic variety. Sergei Gelfand and Yuri Manin remarked around 1988 in their Methods of homological algebra, that unlike Galois symmetries acting on other cohomology groups, the origin of "Hodge symmetries" is very mysterious, although formally, they are expressed through the action of the fairly uncomplicated group
on the de Rham cohomology. Since then, the mystery has deepened with the discovery and mathematical formulation of mirror symmetry
.
parameterized by a complex manifold X. More precisely a variation of Hodge structure of weight n on a complex manifold X consists of a locally constant sheaf S of finitely generated abelian groups on X, together with a decreasing Hodge filtration F on S⊗OX,
subject to the following two conditions:
Here the natural (flat) connection on S⊗OX induced by the flat connection on S and the flat connection d on OX, and OX is the sheaf of holomorphic functions on X, and Ω1X is the sheaf of 1-forms on X.
A variation of mixed Hodge structure can be defined in a similar way, by adding a grading or filtration W to S.
For each smooth complex variety, there is an abelian category of mixed Hodge modules associated with it. These behave formally like the categories of sheaves over the manifolds; for example,
morphisms f between manifolds induce functors f*, f*, f!, f! between (derived categories of) mixed Hodge modules similar to the ones for sheaves.
W. V. D. Hodge
William Vallance Douglas Hodge FRS was a Scottish mathematician, specifically a geometer.His discovery of far-reaching topological relations between algebraic geometry and differential geometry—an area now called Hodge theory and pertaining more generally to Kähler manifolds—has been a major...
, is an algebraic structure at the level of linear algebra
Linear algebra
Linear algebra is a branch of mathematics that studies vector spaces, also called linear spaces, along with linear functions that input one vector and output another. Such functions are called linear maps and can be represented by matrices if a basis is given. Thus matrix theory is often...
, similar to the one that Hodge theory
Hodge theory
In mathematics, Hodge theory, named after W. V. D. Hodge, is one aspect of the study of the algebraic topology of a smooth manifold M. More specifically, it works out the consequences for the cohomology groups of M, with real coefficients, of the partial differential equation theory of generalised...
gives to the cohomology groups of a smooth and compact Kähler manifold
Kähler manifold
In mathematics, a Kähler manifold is a manifold with unitary structure satisfying an integrability condition.In particular, it is a Riemannian manifold, a complex manifold, and a symplectic manifold, with these three structures all mutually compatible.This threefold structure corresponds to the...
. A mixed Hodge structure is a generalization, defined by Pierre Deligne
Pierre Deligne
- See also :* Deligne conjecture* Deligne–Mumford moduli space of curves* Deligne–Mumford stacks* Deligne cohomology* Fourier–Deligne transform* Langlands–Deligne local constant- External links :...
(1970), that applies to all complex varieties (even if they are singular
Mathematical singularity
In mathematics, a singularity is in general a point at which a given mathematical object is not defined, or a point of an exceptional set where it fails to be well-behaved in some particular way, such as differentiability...
and non-complete). A variation of Hodge structure is a family of Hodge structures parameterized by a manifold, first studied by P. A. Griffiths (1968). All these concepts were further generalized to mixed Hodge modules over complex varieties by M. Saito (1989).
Hodge structures
A pure Hodge structure of weight n (n ∈ Z) consists of an abelian group HZ and a decomposition of its complexification Hinto a direct sum of complex subspaces H p,q , where p + q = n, with the property that the complex conjugate of Hp,q is Hq,p:
An equivalent definition is obtained by replacing the direct sum decomposition of H by the Hodge filtration, a finite decreasing filtration of H by complex subspaces FpH (p ∈ Z), subject to the condition
-
for all p + q = n + 1.
The relation between these two descriptions is given as follows:
For example, if X is a compact Kähler manifold
Kähler manifold
In mathematics, a Kähler manifold is a manifold with unitary structure satisfying an integrability condition.In particular, it is a Riemannian manifold, a complex manifold, and a symplectic manifold, with these three structures all mutually compatible.This threefold structure corresponds to the...
, HZ = Hn(X,Z) is the nth cohomology group of X with integer coefficients, then H = Hn(X, C) is its nth cohomology group with complex coefficients and Hodge theory
Hodge theory
In mathematics, Hodge theory, named after W. V. D. Hodge, is one aspect of the study of the algebraic topology of a smooth manifold M. More specifically, it works out the consequences for the cohomology groups of M, with real coefficients, of the partial differential equation theory of generalised...
provides the decomposition of H into a direct sum as above, so that these data define a pure Hodge structure of weight n. On the other hand, the Hodge-de Rham spectral sequence supplies Hn with the decreasing filtration by FpH as in the second definition.
For applications in algebraic geometry, namely, classification of complex projective varieties by their periods
Period mapping
In mathematics, in the field of algebraic geometry, the period mapping relates families of Kähler manifolds to families of Hodge structures.- Ehresmann's theorem :...
, the set of all Hodge structures of weight n on HZ is too big. Using the Riemann bilinear relations, it can be substantially cut down. A polarized Hodge structure of weight n consists of a Hodge structure (HZ, H p,q) and a nondegenerate integer bilinear form Q on HZ (polarization), which is extended to H by linearity, and satisfying the conditions:
In terms of the Hodge filtration, these conditions imply that
where C is the Weil operator on H, given by C=i p−q on H p,q.
Yet another definition of a Hodge structure is based on the equivalence between the Z-grading on a complex vector space and the action of the circle group U(1). In this definition, an action of the multiplicative group of complex numbers C*, viewed as a two-dimensional real algebraic torus, is given on H. This action must have the property that a real number a acts by an. The subspace Hp,q is the subspace on which z ∈ C* acts as multiplication by
In the theory of motives, it becomes important to allow more general coefficients for the cohomology. The definition of a Hodge structure is modified by fixing a Noetherian
Noetherian
In mathematics, the adjective Noetherian is used to describe objects that satisfy an ascending or descending chain condition on certain kinds of subobjects; in particular,* Noetherian group, a group that satisfies the ascending chain condition on subgroups...
subring A of the field R of real number
Real number
In mathematics, a real number is a value that represents a quantity along a continuum, such as -5 , 4/3 , 8.6 , √2 and π...
s, for which A ⊗ ZR is a field. Then a pure Hodge A-structure of weight n is defined as before, replacing Z with A. There are natural functors of base change and restriction relating Hodge A-structures and B-structures for A a subring of B.
Mixed Hodge structures
It was noticed by Jean-Pierre SerreJean-Pierre Serre
Jean-Pierre Serre is a French mathematician. He has made contributions in the fields of algebraic geometry, number theory, and topology.-Early years:...
in the 1960s based on the Weil conjectures
Weil conjectures
In mathematics, the Weil conjectures were some highly-influential proposals by on the generating functions derived from counting the number of points on algebraic varieties over finite fields....
that even singular (possibly reducible) and non-complete algebraic varieties should admit 'virtual Betti numbers'. More precisely, one should be able to assign to any algebraic variety X a polynomial PX(t), called its virtual Poincaré polynomial, with the properties
-
if X is nonsingular and projective (or complete); -
if Y is a closed algebraic subset of X and U=X\Y.
The existence of such polynomials would follow from the existence of an analogue of Hodge structure in the cohomologies of a general (singular and non-complete) algebraic variety. The novel feature is that the nth cohomology of a general variety looks as if it contained pieces of different weights. This led Alexander Grothendieck
Alexander Grothendieck
Alexander Grothendieck is a mathematician and the central figure behind the creation of the modern theory of algebraic geometry. His research program vastly extended the scope of the field, incorporating major elements of commutative algebra, homological algebra, sheaf theory, and category theory...
to his conjectural theory of motives
Motive (algebraic geometry)
In algebraic geometry, a motive denotes 'some essential part of an algebraic variety'. To date, pure motives have been defined, while conjectural mixed motives have not. Pure motives are triples , where X is a smooth projective variety, p : X ⊢ X is an idempotent correspondence, and m an integer...
and motivated a search for an extension of Hodge theory, which culminated in the work of Pierre Deligne
Pierre Deligne
- See also :* Deligne conjecture* Deligne–Mumford moduli space of curves* Deligne–Mumford stacks* Deligne cohomology* Fourier–Deligne transform* Langlands–Deligne local constant- External links :...
. He introduced the notion of a mixed Hodge structure, developed techniques for working with them, gave their construction (based on Hironaka's resolution of singularities
Resolution of singularities
In algebraic geometry, the problem of resolution of singularities asks whether every algebraic variety V has a resolution, a non-singular variety W with a proper birational map W→V...
) and related them to the weights on l-adic cohomology, proving the last part of the Weil conjectures
Weil conjectures
In mathematics, the Weil conjectures were some highly-influential proposals by on the generating functions derived from counting the number of points on algebraic varieties over finite fields....
.
Example of curves
To motivate the definition, let us consider the case of a reducible complex algebraic curve X consisting of two nonsingular components X1 and X2, which transversally intersect at the points Q1 and Q2. Further, assume that the components are not compact, but can be compactified by adding the points P1,...,Pn. The first cohomology group of the curve X (with compact support) is dual to the first homology group, which is easier to visualize. There are three types of one-cycles in this group. First, there are elements αi representing small loops around the punctures Pi. Then there are elements βj that are coming from the first homology of the compactification of one of the components. The lifting of a one-cycle in Xk, k = 1, 2, to a cycle in X is not canonical: these elements are determined modulo the span of αi. Finally, modulo the first two types, the group is generated by a combinatorial cycle γ which goes from Q1 to Q2 along a path in one component X1 and comes back along a path in the other component X2. This suggests that H1(X) admits an increasing filtration
whose successive quotients Wn / Wn − 1 originate from the cohomology of smooth complete varieties, hence admit (pure) Hodge structures, albeit of different weights.
Definition
A mixed Hodge structure on an abelian group HZ consists of a finite decreasing filtration Fp on the complex vector space H (the complexification of HZ), called the Hodge filtration and a finite increasing filtration Wi on the rational vector space HQ = HZ ⊗ZQ (obtained by extending the scalars to rational numbers), called the weight filtration, subject to the requirement that the nth associated graded quotient of HQ with respect to the weight filtration, together with the filtration induced by F on its complexification, is a pure Hodge structure of weight n, for all integer n. Here the induced filtration on
is defined by
Retrospectively, one sees that the total cohomology of a compact Kähler manifold has a mixed Hodge structure, where the nth space of the weight filtration Wn is the direct sum of the cohomology groups (with rational coefficients) of degree less than or equal to n. Therefore, one can think of classical Hodge theory in the compact, complex case as providing a double grading on the complex cohomology group, which defines an increasing fitration Fp and a decreasing filtration Wn that are compatible in certain way. In general, the total cohomology space still has these two filtrations, but they no longer come from a direct sum decomposition. In relation with the third definition of the pure Hodge structure, one can say that a mixed Hodge structure cannot be described using the action of the group C*. An important insight of Deligne is that in the mixed case there is a more complicated noncommutative proalgebraic group that can be used to the same effect using Tannakian formalism
Tannakian category
In mathematics, a tannakian category is a particular kind of monoidal category C, equipped with some extra structure relative to a given field K. The role of such categories C is to approximate, in some sense, the category of linear representations of an algebraic group G defined over K...
.
One can define a notion of a morphism of mixed Hodge structures, which has to be compatible with the filtrations F and W and prove the following theorem.
- Mixed Hodge structures form an abelian categoryAbelian categoryIn mathematics, an abelian category is a category in which morphisms and objects can be added and in which kernels and cokernels exist and have desirable properties. The motivating prototype example of an abelian category is the category of abelian groups, Ab. The theory originated in a tentative...
. The kernels and cokernels in this category coincide with the usual kernels and cokernels in the category of vector spaces, with the induced filtrations.
Moreover, the category of (mixed) Hodge structures admits a good notion of tensor product, corresponding to the product of varieties, as well as related concepts of inner Hom and dual object, making it into a Tannakian category
Tannakian category
In mathematics, a tannakian category is a particular kind of monoidal category C, equipped with some extra structure relative to a given field K. The role of such categories C is to approximate, in some sense, the category of linear representations of an algebraic group G defined over K...
. By Tannaka-Krein philosophy
Tannaka-Krein duality
In mathematics, Tannaka–Krein duality theory concerns the interaction of a compact topological group and its category of linear representations. Its natural extension to the non-Abelian case is the Grothendieck duality theory....
, this category is equivalent to the category of finite-dimensional representations of a certain group, which Deligne has explicitly described.
Mixed Hodge structure in cohomology (Deligne's theorem)
Deligne has proved that the nth cohomology group of an arbitrary algebraic variety has a canonical mixed Hodge structure. This structure is functorial, and compatible with the products of varieties (Künneth isomorphism) and the product in cohomology. For a complete nonsingular variety X this structure is pure of weight n, and the Hodge filtration can be defined through the hypercohomology of the truncated de Rham complex.The proof roughly consists of two parts, taking care of noncompactness and singularities. Both parts use the resolution of singularities (due to Hironaka) in an essential way. In the singular case, varieties are replaced by simplicial schemes, leading to more complicated homological algebra, and a technical notion of a Hodge structure on complexes (as opposed to cohomology) is used.
Examples
- The Tate Hodge structure Z(1) is the Hodge structure with underlying Z module given by 2πiZ (a subgroup of C), with Z(1)⊗ C = H−1,−1. So it is pure of weight −2, and up to isomorphism is the unique 1-dimensional Hodge structure that is pure of weight −2. More generally, its nth tensor power is denoted by Z(n); it is 1-dimensional and pure of weight −2n.
- The cohomology of a complete Kähler manifold is a Hodge structure, and the subspace consisting of the nth cohomology group is pure of weight n.
- The cohomology of a complex variety (possibly singular or incomplete) is a mixed Hodge structure. This was shown for smooth varieties by Deligne (1971) and in general by Deligne (1974).
Applications
The machinery based on the notions of Hodge structure and mixed Hodge structure forms a part of still largely conjectural theory of motivesMotive (algebraic geometry)
In algebraic geometry, a motive denotes 'some essential part of an algebraic variety'. To date, pure motives have been defined, while conjectural mixed motives have not. Pure motives are triples , where X is a smooth projective variety, p : X ⊢ X is an idempotent correspondence, and m an integer...
envisaged by Alexander Grothendieck
Alexander Grothendieck
Alexander Grothendieck is a mathematician and the central figure behind the creation of the modern theory of algebraic geometry. His research program vastly extended the scope of the field, incorporating major elements of commutative algebra, homological algebra, sheaf theory, and category theory...
. Arithmetic information for nonsingular algebraic variety X, encoded by eigenvalue of Frobenius elements acting on its l-adic cohomology, has something in common with the Hodge structure arising from X considered as a complex algebraic variety. Sergei Gelfand and Yuri Manin remarked around 1988 in their Methods of homological algebra, that unlike Galois symmetries acting on other cohomology groups, the origin of "Hodge symmetries" is very mysterious, although formally, they are expressed through the action of the fairly uncomplicated group
on the de Rham cohomology. Since then, the mystery has deepened with the discovery and mathematical formulation of mirror symmetryMirror symmetry
In physics and mathematics, mirror symmetry is a relation that can exist between two Calabi-Yau manifolds. It happens, usually for two such six-dimensional manifolds, that the shapes may look very different geometrically, but nevertheless they are equivalent if they are employed as hidden...
.
Variation of Hodge structure
A variation of Hodge structure (Griffiths 1968, 1968, 1970) is a family of Hodge structuresparameterized by a complex manifold X. More precisely a variation of Hodge structure of weight n on a complex manifold X consists of a locally constant sheaf S of finitely generated abelian groups on X, together with a decreasing Hodge filtration F on S⊗OX,
subject to the following two conditions:
- The filtration induces a Hodge structure of weight n on each stalk of the sheaf S
- (Griffiths transversality) The natural connection on S⊗OX maps Fn into Fn−1⊗Ω1X.
Here the natural (flat) connection on S⊗OX induced by the flat connection on S and the flat connection d on OX, and OX is the sheaf of holomorphic functions on X, and Ω1X is the sheaf of 1-forms on X.
A variation of mixed Hodge structure can be defined in a similar way, by adding a grading or filtration W to S.
Hodge modules
Hodge modules are a generalization of variation of Hodge structures on a complex manifold. They can be thought of informally as something like sheaves of Hodge structures on a manifold; the precise definition (Saito 1989) is rather technical and complicated. There are generalizations to mixed Hodge modules, and to manifolds with singularities.For each smooth complex variety, there is an abelian category of mixed Hodge modules associated with it. These behave formally like the categories of sheaves over the manifolds; for example,
morphisms f between manifolds induce functors f*, f*, f!, f! between (derived categories of) mixed Hodge modules similar to the ones for sheaves.