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• Objectivism
  Objectivism (Ayn Rand)
  Objectivism is a philosophy created by the Russian-American philosopher and novelist Ayn Rand . Objectivism holds that reality exists independent of consciousness, that human beings have direct contact with reality through sense perception, that one can attain objective knowledge from perception...
  
  – in ethics, the belief that certain acts are objectively right or wrong.
• Occasionalism
  Occasionalism
  Occasionalism is a philosophical theory about causation which says that created substances cannot be efficient causes of events. Instead, all events are taken to be caused directly by God...
  
  – philosophical theory about causation
  Causality
  Causality is the relationship between an event and a second event , where the second event is understood as a consequence of the first....
  
   stating that created substances cannot be efficient causes of events. Instead, all events are taken to be caused directly by God
  God
  God is the English name given to a singular being in theistic and deistic religions who is either the sole deity in monotheism, or a single deity in polytheism....
  
   Himself. (A related theory, which has been called 'occasional causation', also denies a link of efficient causation between mundane events, but may differ as to the identity of the true cause that replaces them).
• Ontologism
  Ontologism
  Ontologism is a philosophical system most associated with Nicholas Malebranche which maintains that God and divine ideas are the first object of our intelligence and the intuition of God the first act of our intellectual knowledge.-Bibliography:...
  
  – ideological system which maintains that God and Divine ideas are the first object of our intelligence and that the intuition of God the first act of our intellectual knowledge. Note that Martin Heidegger
  Martin Heidegger
  Martin Heidegger was a German philosopher known for his existential and phenomenological explorations of the "question of Being."...
  
   used the term Onto-theology, that is answering questions of being with direct reference of belief in God.
• Operationalism – the philosophy of defining a concept
  Concept
  The word concept is used in ordinary language as well as in almost all academic disciplines. Particularly in philosophy, psychology and cognitive sciences the term is much used and much discussed. WordNet defines concept: "conception, construct ". However, the meaning of the term concept is much...
  
   as the operations that will measure
  Measurement
  Measurement is the process or the result of determining the ratio of a physical quantity, such as a length, time, temperature etc., to a unit of measurement, such as the metre, second or degree Celsius...
  
   the concept (variables) through specific observations.
• Optimism
  Optimism
  The Oxford English Dictionary defines optimism as having "hopefulness and confidence about the future or successful outcome of something; a tendency to take a favourable or hopeful view." The word is originally derived from the Latin optimum, meaning "best." Being optimistic, in the typical sense...
  
  – historically, the philosophical position that this is the best of all possible worlds, usually associated with Gottfried Leibniz
  Gottfried Leibniz
  Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was a German philosopher and mathematician. He wrote in different languages, primarily in Latin , French and German ....
  
  . More often used to describe a cheerful or positive worldview.
• Organicism
  Organicism
  Organicism is a philosophical orientation that asserts that reality is best understood as an organic whole. By definition it is close to holism. Plato, Hobbes or Constantin Brunner are examples of such philosophical thought....
  
  – philosophical orientation that asserts that reality is best understood as an organic whole. By definition it is close to holism
  Holism
  Holism is the idea that all the properties of a given system cannot be determined or explained by its component parts alone...
  
  . Benedict Spinoza and Constantin Brunner
  Constantin Brunner
  Constantin Brunner was the pen-name of the German Jewish philosopher Arjeh Yehuda Wertheimer . He was born in Altona . He came from a prominent Jewish family that had lived in the vicinity of Hamburg for generations; his grandfather, Akiba Wertheimer, was chief Rabbi of Altona and Schleswig-Holstein...
  
   are two philosophers whose thought is best understood as organicist.