Glandularia
Encyclopedia
Genus
In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia...
of annual
Annual plant
An annual plant is a plant that usually germinates, flowers, and dies in a year or season. True annuals will only live longer than a year if they are prevented from setting seed...
and perennial
Perennial plant
A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives for more than two years. The term is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter lived annuals and biennials. The term is sometimes misused by commercial gardeners or horticulturalists to describe only herbaceous perennials...
herbaceous
Herbaceous
A herbaceous plant is a plant that has leaves and stems that die down at the end of the growing season to the soil level. They have no persistent woody stem above ground...
flowering plant
Flowering plant
The flowering plants , also known as Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta, are the most diverse group of land plants. Angiosperms are seed-producing plants like the gymnosperms and can be distinguished from the gymnosperms by a series of synapomorphies...
s in the vervain family
Family (biology)
In biological classification, family is* a taxonomic rank. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, genus, and species, with family fitting between order and genus. As for the other well-known ranks, there is the option of an immediately lower rank, indicated by the...
, Verbenaceae
Verbenaceae
Verbenaceae, commonly known as the verbena family or vervain family, is a family of mainly tropical flowering plants. It contains trees, shrubs and herbs notable for heads, spikes, or clusters of small flowers, many of which have an aromatic smell.Recent phylogenetic studies have shown that...
. They are native to the Americas.
Closely related to the true vervains and sometimes still included with them in Verbena
Verbena
Verbena , verbenas or vervains, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 250 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the New World from Canada south to southern Chile, but some are also native in the Old...
, horizontal
Horizontal gene transfer
Horizontal gene transfer , also lateral gene transfer , is any process in which an organism incorporates genetic material from another organism without being the offspring of that organism...
chloroplast
Chloroplast
Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and other eukaryotic organisms that conduct photosynthesis. Chloroplasts capture light energy to conserve free energy in the form of ATP and reduce NADP to NADPH through a complex set of processes called photosynthesis.Chloroplasts are green...
transfer occurred at least twice and possibly thrice between these genera
Genera
Genera is a commercial operating system and development environment for Lisp machines developed by Symbolics. It is essentially a fork of an earlier operating system originating on the MIT AI Lab's Lisp machines which Symbolics had used in common with LMI and Texas Instruments...
, which are otherwise rather too distinct to warrant unification. The discovery of the signal in the chloroplast genome
Plastome
The plastome is the genetic material that is found in plastids in plant cells . It composes part of the entire genome of photosynthetic organisms....
was announced in 2008 by University of Washington
University of Washington
University of Washington is a public research university, founded in 1861 in Seattle, Washington, United States. The UW is the largest university in the Northwest and the oldest public university on the West Coast. The university has three campuses, with its largest campus in the University...
researchers. Somehow, chloroplasts from V. orcuttiana, Swamp Verbena (V. hastata) or a close relative of these had admixed into the G. bipinnatifida germline
Germline
In biology and genetics, the germline of a mature or developing individual is the line of germ cells that have genetic material that may be passed to a child.For example, gametes such as the sperm or the egg, are part of the germline...
. Although hybridization runs rampant in the true and mock vervains – the ancestors of the well-known Garden Vervain are quite obscure –, it does not seem to have been the cause of the cross-species
Species
In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. While in many cases this definition is adequate, more precise or differing measures are...
gene transfer.
In addition, the researchers discovered the signal of one more transfer event. This had introduced chloroplasts from an ancestral member of the Verbena lineage nowadays found in South America
South America
South America is a continent situated in the Western Hemisphere, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere. The continent is also considered a subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east...
into Glandularia
Although all members of the present genus can be distinguished to have a chromosome count
Karyotype
A karyotype is the number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of an eukaryotic cell. The term is also used for the complete set of chromosomes in a species, or an individual organism.p28...
of 5, the South American species are diploid, while polyploid hybrid Glandularia are very widespread from northern Central America
Central America
Central America is the central geographic region of the Americas. It is the southernmost, isthmian portion of the North American continent, which connects with South America on the southeast. When considered part of the unified continental model, it is considered a subcontinent...
northwards. The second genetic introgression must have occurred before the genus spread north, as species with the Verbena-like chloroplasts are found all over the Americas. Since the new chloroplast genes replaced the old ones, it may be that the possibly hybridogenic G. bipinnatifida actually underwent horizontal chloroplast transfer twice in its evolution
Evolution
Evolution is any change across successive generations in the heritable characteristics of biological populations. Evolutionary processes give rise to diversity at every level of biological organisation, including species, individual organisms and molecules such as DNA and proteins.Life on Earth...
ary history.
Selected species
- Glandularia alejandrana B.L.Turner
- Glandularia amoena (PaxtonJoseph PaxtonSir Joseph Paxton was an English gardener and architect, best known for designing The Crystal Palace.-Early life:...
) Umber - Glandularia araucana (Phil.) Botta
- Glandularia aristigera (S.Moore) Tronc.
- Glandularia aurantiaca (Speg.) Botta
- Glandularia bajacalifornica (Moldenke) Umber
- Glandularia ballsii (Moldenke) Botta
- Glandularia bipinnatifida (Nutt.) Nutt.
- Glandularia brachyrhynchos G.L.Nesom & Vorobik
- Glandularia cabrerae (Moldenke) Botta
- Glandularia canadensis (L.) Nutt.
- Glandularia cheitmaniana (Moldenke) Botta & Poggio
- Glandularia chiracahensis Umber
- Glandularia crithmifolia (GilliesJohn Gillies (botanist)John Gillies, M.D. was a Scottish naval surgeon who later became an explorer and botanist, travelling extensively in South America. Educated at the University of Edinburgh, he served in the Royal Navy during the Napoleonic Wars. Afflicted by tuberculosis, Gillies left the UK aged 28 for South...
& Hook. ex Hook.) Schnack & Covas - Glandularia delticola (SmallJohn Kunkel SmallJohn Kunkel Small was an American botanist.He was the first Curator of Museums at The New York Botanical Garden, a post in which he served from 1898 until 1906. From 1906 to 1934 he was Head Curator and then from 1934 until his death he was Chief Research Associate and Curator...
) Umber - Glandularia dissecta (Willd. ex Spreng.) Schnack & Covas
- Glandularia elegans (Kunth) Umber
- Glandularia flava (Gillies & Hook. ex Hook.) Schnack & Covas
- Glandularia glandulifera (Moldenke) Ragonese
- Glandularia gooddingiiGlandularia gooddingiiGlandularia gooddingii is a species of flowering plant in the verbena family known by the common name southwestern mock vervain. It is native to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, where it occurs in sandy and rocky desert habitat. It is a perennial herb producing several hairy,...
(Briq.) Solbrig- Glandularia gooddingii var. gooddingii
- Glandularia gooddingii var. nepetifolia Tidestrom
- Glandularia guaranitica Tronc.
- Glandularia hasslerana (Briq.) Tronc.
- Glandularia herteri (Moldenke) Tronc.
- Glandularia hookeriana Covas & Schnack
- Glandularia × hybrida (hort. ex Groenl. & Rümpler) G. L. Nesom & Pruski – Hybrid Verbena, Garden Vervain (often placed in VerbenaVerbenaVerbena , verbenas or vervains, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 250 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the New World from Canada south to southern Chile, but some are also native in the Old...
) - Glandularia incisa (Hook.) Tronc.
- Glandularia kuntzeana (Moldenke) Tronc.
- Glandularia laciniata (L.) Schnack & Covas
- Glandularia lilacina (GreeneEdward Lee GreeneEdward Lee Greene, Ph.D., was an American botanist known for his numerous publications including the two-part Landmarks of Botanical History and the naming or redescribing of over 4,400 species of plants in the American West.- Early Life :Edward Lee Greene was born on August 20, 1843 in...
) Umber- Glandularia lilacina cv. 'De La Mina'.
- Glandularia lilloana (Moldenke) Botta
- Glandularia lipozygoides (Walp.) L.E.NavasLuisa Eugenia NavasLuisa Eugenia Navas Bustamante Chilean pharmacist and botanist.- Life :On 9 of May 1951 she got a degree in Chemistry and pharmacy, in that same year the became assistant of the chair of Botany in the School of Chemistry and Pharmacy of the University of Chile...
- Glandularia macrosperma (Speg.) Tronc.
- Glandularia maritima (Small) Small
- Glandularia marrubioides (Cham.) Tronc.
- Glandularia megapotamica (Spreng.) Cabrera & G.Dawson
- Glandularia mendocina (Phil.) Covas & Schnack
- Glandularia microphylla (Kunth) Cabrera
- Glandularia nana (Moldenke) Tronc.
- Glandularia origenes (Phil.) Schnack & Covas
- Glandularia parodii Covas & Schnack
- Glandularia perakii Covas & Schnack
- Glandularia peruviana (L.) Small
- Glandularia phlogiflora (Cham.) Schnack & Covas
- Glandularia platensis (Spreng.) Schnack & Covas
- Glandularia polyantha Umber
- Glandularia pulchellaGlandularia pulchellaGlandularia pulchella is a species of flowering plant in the verbena family known by the common name South American mock vervain. It is native to Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay, and it is present elsewhere as an introduced species and roadside weed. It is an annual or perennial herb producing one...
(SweetRobert Sweet (botanist)Robert Sweet was an English botanist, horticulturist and ornithologist.Born at Cockington near Torquay, Devonshire, England in 1783, Sweet worked as a gardener from the age of sixteen, and became foreman or partner in a series of nurseries. He was associated with nurseries at Stockwell, Fulham...
) Tronc. - Glandularia pulchra (Moldenke) Botta
- Glandularia pumila (Rydb.) Umber
- Glandularia quadrangulata (A.Heller) Umber
- Glandularia radicata (Moldenke) Tronc. ex Mulgura
- Glandularia santiaguensis Covas & Schnack
- Glandularia scrobiculata (Griseb.August GrisebachAugust Heinrich Rudolf Grisebach was a German botanist and phytogeographer. Born in Hannover on April 17, 1814, he died at Göttingen on May 9, 1879.- Biography :...
) Tronc. - Glandularia selloi (Spreng.) Tronc.
- Glandularia sessilis (Cham.) Tronc.
- Glandularia spectabilis (Moldenke) Botta
- Glandularia stellarioides (Cham.) Schnack & Covas
- Glandularia subincana Tronc.
- Glandularia sulphurea (D.Don) Schnack & Covas
- Glandularia tampensis (Nash) Small
- Glandularia tenera (Spreng.) Cabrera
- Glandularia teucriifolia (M.Martens & GaleottiHenri Guillaume GaleottiHenri Guillaume Galeotti was a French-Belgian botanist and geologist of Italian parentage who was born in Paris. He specialized in the study of the family Cactaceae....
) Umber - Glandularia tristachya (Tronc. & Burkart) Schnack & Covas
- Glandularia tumidula (L.M.Perry) Umber
- Glandularia turneri G.L.Nesom
- Glandularia venturii (Moldenke) Botta
- Glandularia verecunda Umber