Guiseppe Bottai was an Italian

Italy

Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...

 lawyer

Lawyer

A lawyer, according to Black's Law Dictionary, is "a person learned in the law; as an attorney, counsel or solicitor; a person who is practicing law." Law is the system of rules of conduct established by the sovereign government of a society to correct wrongs, maintain the stability of political...

, economist

Economist

An economist is a professional in the social science discipline of economics. The individual may also study, develop, and apply theories and concepts from economics and write about economic policy...

, journalist

Journalist

A journalist collects and distributes news and other information. A journalist's work is referred to as journalism.A reporter is a type of journalist who researchs, writes, and reports on information to be presented in mass media, including print media , electronic media , and digital media A...

, and member of the National Fascist Party

National Fascist Party

The National Fascist Party was an Italian political party, created by Benito Mussolini as the political expression of fascism...

 of Benito Mussolini

Benito Mussolini

Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini was an Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party and is credited with being one of the key figures in the creation of Fascism....

.

Fascism

Born in Rome

Rome

Rome is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city and comune, with over 2.7 million residents in . The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, on the Tiber River within the Lazio region of Italy.Rome's history spans two and a half...

, he served as a volunteer in World War I

World War I

World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...

, and met Mussolini in 1919, helping him establish the Fasci

Fascio

Fascio, plural -sci /'faʃʃo, ʃi/ is an Italian word literally meaning "a bundle" or "a sheaf", and figuratively league, and which was used in the late 19th century to refer to political groups of many different orientations...

 in Rome, and later becoming editor of Il Popolo d'Italia

Il Popolo d'Italia

Il Popolo d'Italia , was an Italian newspaper founded by Benito Mussolini on November 15, 1914, as a result of his split with the Italian Socialist Party. Il Popolo d'Italia ran until July 24, 1943 and became the foundation for the Fascist movement in Italy after World War I...

s Roman edition. A law

Law

Law is a system of rules and guidelines which are enforced through social institutions to govern behavior, wherever possible. It shapes politics, economics and society in numerous ways and serves as a social mediator of relations between people. Contract law regulates everything from buying a bus...

 graduate, he sat in the Italian Chamber of Deputies

Italian Chamber of Deputies

The Italian Chamber of Deputies is the lower house of the Parliament of Italy. It has 630 seats, a plurality of which is controlled presently by liberal-conservative party People of Freedom. Twelve deputies represent Italian citizens outside of Italy. Deputies meet in the Palazzo Montecitorio. A...

 after 1921. Bottai was active in the October 1922 March on Rome

March on Rome

The March on Rome was a march by which Italian dictator Benito Mussolini's National Fascist Party came to power in the Kingdom of Italy...

 that brought the fascists to power, being responsible for the violent actions of the Blackshirts

Blackshirts

The Blackshirts were Fascist paramilitary groups in Italy during the period immediately following World War I and until the end of World War II...

 under his command (who killed several persons as the March met with protests).

In 1923, Bottai founded the Critica fascista magazine, and in 1926-1929 was deputy secretary of the Corporations

Corporatism

Corporatism, also known as corporativism, is a system of economic, political, or social organization that involves association of the people of society into corporate groups, such as agricultural, business, ethnic, labor, military, patronage, or scientific affiliations, on the basis of common...

 (the reshaped Chamber of Deputies under Mussolini's command), issuing the Carta del Lavoro legislation.

After the Second Italo-Abyssinian War

Second Italo-Abyssinian War

The Second Italo–Abyssinian War was a colonial war that started in October 1935 and ended in May 1936. The war was fought between the armed forces of the Kingdom of Italy and the armed forces of the Ethiopian Empire...

, Bottai was also the first Italian Governor

Italian Governors of Addis Ababa

-List of Italian Governors of Addis Ababa:- See also :*Ethiopia*Lists of office-holders...

 of Addis Ababa

Addis Ababa

Addis Ababa is the capital city of Ethiopia...

 for twenty-two days (between May 5 and 27 1936). He was Italy

Italy

Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...

's minister of Education 1936-1943, the editor of several journals, and the Mayor of Rome, initiating a number of anti-democratic

Democracy

Democracy is generally defined as a form of government in which all adult citizens have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives. Ideally, this includes equal participation in the proposal, development and passage of legislation into law...

 and anti-semitic measures. Bottai also ordered Jewish teachers and students removed from Italy's schools and universities.

Opposition to Mussolini

Increasingly disenchanted with the Duce's leadership during World War II, Bottai sided with 19 other members of the Grand Council of Fascism

Grand Council of Fascism

The Grand Council of Fascism was the main body of Mussolini's Fascist government in Italy. A body which held and applied great power to control the institutions of government, it was created as a party body in 1923 and became a state body on 9 December 1928....

, and supported Dino Grandi

Dino Grandi

Dino Grandi , Conte di Mordano, was an Italian Fascist politician, minister of justice, minister of foreign affairs and president of parliament.- Early life :...

's July 1943 move to oust Mussolini. For that reason, he and Grandi (who had fled first to Spain, then to Portugal) were both sentenced to death in absentia by Mussolini's revived Italian Social Republic

Italian Social Republic

The Italian Social Republic was a puppet state of Nazi Germany led by the "Duce of the Nation" and "Minister of Foreign Affairs" Benito Mussolini and his Republican Fascist Party. The RSI exercised nominal sovereignty in northern Italy but was largely dependent on the Wehrmacht to maintain control...

 in the Verona trial (held from January 8 to January 10, 1944). Meanwhile Bottai had entered the French Foreign Legion

French Foreign Legion

The French Foreign Legion is a unique military service wing of the French Army established in 1831. The foreign legion was exclusively created for foreign nationals willing to serve in the French Armed Forces...

, where he remained up to 1948, taking part in Allied campaigns in France

France

The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...

 and Nazi Germany

Nazi Germany

Nazi Germany , also known as the Third Reich , but officially called German Reich from 1933 to 1943 and Greater German Reich from 26 June 1943 onward, is the name commonly used to refer to the state of Germany from 1933 to 1945, when it was a totalitarian dictatorship ruled by...

.

An amnesty

Amnesty

Amnesty is a legislative or executive act by which a state restores those who may have been guilty of an offense against it to the positions of innocent people, without changing the laws defining the offense. It includes more than pardon, in as much as it obliterates all legal remembrance of the...

 in 1947 enabled Bottai to return to Italy. Once back there, he edited the political journal A.B.C. in Rome, where he died in 1959. In 1995, the proposal to name a street in Rome after him caused controversies, and was later abandoned.

Works

• Trade organisation in Italy under the act and regulations on collective relations in connection with employment
• Economia fascista (1930)
• Grundprinzipien des korporativen Aufbaus in Italien (1933)
• Esperienza corporativa (1929-1935) (1935)
• Corporazioni (1935)
• Scritti giuridici in onore di Santi Romano ... (1940)
• Funzione di Roma nella vita culturale e scientifica della nazione (1940)
• Pagine di critica fascista (1915-1926) (1941, edited by F. M. Pacces)
• Romanità e germanesimo : letture tenute per il Lyceum di Firenze (1941, edited by Jolanda de Blasi)
• Von der römischen zur faschistischen Korporation (1942)
• Köpfe des risorgimento (1943)
• Contributi all'elaborazione delle scienze corporative : (1939-XVIII--1942-XX) (1943)
• Vent 'anni e un giorno, 24 luglio 1943 (1949). Republished as Vent'anni e un giorno (24 luglio 1943) (1977).
• Legione è il mio nome (1950). Republished as Legione è il mio nome : il coraggioso epilogo di un gerarca del fascismo (I memoriali) (1999, edited by Marcello Staglieno)
• Scritti (1965, edited by Roberto Bartolozzi and Riccardo Del Giudice)
• Diario, 1935-1944 (1982, edited by Giordano Bruno Guerri )
• Carteggio 1940-1957, correspondence between Bottai and Don Giuseppe De Luca; edited by Renzo De Felice
  Renzo De Felice
  Renzo De Felice was an Italian historian, who specialized in the Fascist era.-Biography:He was born in Rieti and studied under Federico Chabod and Delio Cantimori at the University of Naples. During his time as student, De Felice was a member of the Italian Communist Party...
  
   and Renato Moro (1989)
• La politica delle arti: Scritti, 1918-1943 (1992, edited by Alessandro Masi).
• Quaderni giovanili: 1915-1920 (Atti testimonianze convegni) (1996).