Georg Hackenschmidt
Encyclopedia
Georg Karl Julius Hackenschmidt (1 August 1877 - 19 February 1968) was an early 20th-century Estonia
n strongman
and professional wrestler
, and the first free-style heavyweight champion of the world. He launched his professional career in Russia and lived most of his life in London
, England
, where he gained the nickname of 'The Russian Lion'. Hackenschmidt is believed to be the creator of the professional wrestling version of the bear hug
as well as the originator of the hack squat, a deadlift with arms behind the body.
Georg Hackenschmidt was born on August 1, 1877, in Tartu
, Estonia
, where he lived with his parents, Baltic German
Georg Friedrich Heinrich Hackenschmidt and Estonian Swede Ida Louise Johansson., and a younger brother and sister. He later admitted that neither of his parents were particularly robust in stature with any unusual physical characteristics, although his maternal grandfather was said to have been a huge and powerful man.
From his earliest years, Hackenschmidt devoted himself to physical development, particularly at the Dorpat Grammar School (Realschule) where he took advantage of the gymnasium. He excelled at cycling, gymnastics, swimming, running, jumping and weightlifting. His feats of strength were astounding. He lifted a small horse off the ground and lifted 276 pounds overhead with one hand. In a wrestler's bridge, bridging on his neck, he could reach out and grasp a 335-pound barbell, pull it to his chest from off the floor, and bench press it overhead—while still in the wrestler's bridge. In 1902 he jumped over a table 100 times with his feet tied together. He set several records in weight lifting and was considered both the strongest and the best-developed man in the world.
Graduating from school in 1895, he entered a large engineering firm in the city of Reval Reval, known today as Tallinn
, as an apprentice, and joined the Reval Athletic and Cycling Club. He became an ardent cyclist and won prizes, but also developed a keen interest in wrestling and weight lifting. The turning point in his life occurred in 1896 when George Lurich, the great Estonian Greco-Roman wrestler and strongman, came through the area with a small company, challenging any and all comers. Hackenschmidt took up the challenge and was beaten. But then the German wrestler Fritz Konietzko came to Reval in 1897, and Hackenschmidt fared better this time.
In June 1900 he entered a 40-day wrestling tournament in Moscow
and captured the championships of both Moscow
and St. Petersburg. His career as a professional wrestler was on the rise, he won many tournaments and matches, and in 1901 he won the championship of the world tournament in Vienna as well as a championship of the world tournament at the ‘’Casino de Paris’’. He won tournaments everywhere he wrestled, and invaded England in 1903 to confront the Isle’s best wrestlers in the new catch-as-catch-can style that was becoming popular. Managed by the flamboyant C. B. Cochran, he toured widely and would face and defeat as many as five men in one evening. Together, Cochran and Hackenschmidt created a music hall boom in wrestling, and Hackenschmidt became a major superstar and drawing card.
He wrestled in opera halls, music halls and theaters. As the wrestling boom took hold in England and wrestlers came in from all around the world for the grand tournaments that had become the rage, he remained the dominant grappler, rather easily defeating every man he met. C. B. Cochran polished his act until the Russian Lion was a major showstopper. He might take on five wrestlers in the same evening, defeating them all with ease.
Handsome as well as beautifully built, he was adored by women and admired by men, and became the darling of society. Personally a soft-spoken, cultured and intellectual young man, Hackenschmidt could speak seven languages fluently and became a noted author, speaker and philosopher. He moved well in social circles and was a credit to the sport. U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, himself a proponent of physical culture and exercise, proclaimed, “If I wasn’t president of the United States, I would like to be George Hackenschmidt.”
Hack defeated Tom Cannon, Tom Connors, Tom MacInerney and Tom Clayton in good order, touring England and winning match after match against local favorites. But when he twice defeated one Antonio Pieri, Pieri sought revenge by trying to find a wrestler who could beat the Russian Lion. He thought he had found such a man in Ahmed Madrali, called the “Terrible Turk,” who tangled with Hackenschmidt at the Olympia in London on January 30, 1904. Because of all the ballyhoo, traffic was jammed from the Olympia back to Piccadilly, and the Olympia was packed. Hackenschmidt picked up Madarli and threw him down onto his arm, dislocating his shoulder. The contest had lasted about two minutes.
Madrali recovered, and the two would face each other again, with Hackenschmidt winning just as easily. But this was his big year. Only July 2 at Albert Hall the Russian Lion faced under Greco-Roman rules the American champion Tom Jenkins
, a vastly underrated wrestler who would prove to be Hackenschmidt’s toughest opponent to date. Nevertheless, Hackenschmidt pinned Jenkins in two straight falls.
Hackenschmidt left Cochran’s management to tour Australia
, and then sailed to America for an extended tour and a rematch with Jenkins at the Madison Square Garden
under catch-as-catch-can rules, which Hackenschmidt by now preferred. Jenkins put up a hard battle, but Hackenschmidt again won in two straight falls, the first in 31 minutes, 14 seconds, and the second in 22 minutes, 4 seconds, and could now claim to be the rightful free-style heavyweight champion of the world. He then wrestled in Canada
, did some sightseeing and returned to England for a long list of music hall engagements.
Hackenschmidt defeated the Scottish champion Alexander Munro
and Madrali in a return bout at the Olympia, and on February 6, 1908, defeated the American wrestler Joe Rogers in straight falls inside of 14 minutes. He then sailed to America to fulfill his obligation to meet a new challenger from Iowa by the name of Frank Gotch
.
After defeating Jenkins in 1905, Hackenschmidt held the world title and remained undefeated until he and Gotch finally squared off on April 3, 1908, at the Dexter Park
Pavilion in Chicago. Showing his contempt for Gotch and for American wrestling in general, Hackenschmidt was not in the best condition. Refusing to train publically at the Chicago Athletic Club in spite of arrangements having been made for him to do so, he was barred from the club and spent his time either in his hotel room or taking long morning and evening walks along Lake Michigan. By neglecting his training, he lost his endurance, which had never been a factor in his previous matches because he ended them so quickly. Against Gotch, who was in peak condition, it would be decisive.
The American used his speed, defense and rough tactics to wear the champion down and then assume the attack. The wrestlers stood on their feet for two full hours before Gotch was able to get behind Hackenschmidt and take him down. While on their feet, Gotch made sure to lean on Hackenschmidt to wear him down. He bullied him around the ring, and his thumbing and butting left Hackenschmidt covered in blood. At one time, Gotch also punched Hackenschmidt on the nose. Hackenschmidt complained to the referee of Gotch's foul tactics and asked that Gotch be forced to take a hot shower to rid his body of an abundance of oil, but the referee ignored the complaints and told Hackenschmidt he should have noticed the oil before the match began. The match continued. At the two-hour mark, Hackenschmidt was forced against the ropes. Gotch tore him off the ropes, threw Hackenschmidt down and rode him hard for three minutes, working for his dreaded toe hold. Hackenschmidt had trained to avoid this hold, which he did, but the effort took his last remaining strength. Hackenschmidt quit the fall. "I surrender the championship of the world to Mr. Gotch," he said, and stood up and shook Gotch's hand. The wrestlers then retired to their dressing rooms before coming out for the second fall, but Hackenschmidt refused to return to the ring, telling the referee to declare Gotch the winner, thereby relinquishing his title to the American.
Although he at first called Gotch "the greatest man by far I ever met," and explained how his muscles had become stale and his feet had given out, and that he knew he could not win and therefore conceded the match, Hackenschmidt later reversed his opinion of Gotch and Americans in general, claiming to have been fouled by Gotch and victimized in America, and calling for a rematch in Europe.
Hackenschmidt and Gotch met again on September 4, 1911, at the newly opened Comiskey Park
in Chicago
, which drew a crowd of nearly 30,000 spectators and a record gate of $87,000. The rematch is one of the most controversial and talked about matches in wrestling history, as Hackenschmidt injured his knee against Roller, his chief training partner. Years later, wrestler Ad Santel
told Lou Thesz
that he was paid $5000 by Gotch's backers to cripple Hackenschmidt in training, and make it look like an accident. However, according to Hackenschmidt himself, the injury was accidentally inflicted by his sparring partner, Roller, when trying to hold Hackenschmidt down onto his knees in the down position. Roller's right foot struck Hackenschmidt's right knee, which in 1904 had developed "Housemaid's Knee," requiring treatment, and had acted up again in 1907. According to Hackenschmidt, his sparring partners for this match were Americus
, Jacobus Koch, Wladek Zbyszko
and Dr. Roller. Ad Santel is not mentioned in any account of Hackehschmidt's training by either Hackenschmidt or Roller, both of whom offered their insights and accounts.
Whatever the case may be, Dr. Roller did not consider the injury to be serious and referee Ed Smith dismissed it as inconsequential. Hackenschmidt himself ignored it completely in declaring, the day before the match, that he was "fit to wrestle for my life" and was "satisfied with my condition and confident of the outcome." However, Gotch, tearing into Hackenschmidt with a vengeance, discovered the weakness quickly and took advantage of it. The Russian Lion was easy prey for the champion, losing in straight falls in only 20 minutes. Gotch clinched the match with his feared Toe Hold, which forced Hackenschmidt to quit.
to take place the following June, but when he began working out he felt such pain in his right knee that it was painful even to walk. It necessitated surgery, but Hackenschmidt decided at that point to retire and pursue his other interests in philosophy, physical culture and gardening.
Hackenschmidt was a pioneer in the field of weightlifting. He invented the exercise known as the hack squat
, whose name is a reference to his own. Hackenschmidt also helped to popularize many other types of lifts common within the modern training regimen, such as the bench press
. During his career, he held numerous weightlifting records, all of which have since been broken.
He was a tremendously educated and cultured man who spoke seven languages. He went on to write several books, including Complete Science of Wrestling (1909), Fitness and Your Self (1937), Consciousness and Character: True Definitions of Entity, Individuality, Personality, Nonentity (1937), The Way To Live In Health and Physical Fitness (1941), and The Three Memories and Forgetfulness: What They Are and What Their True Significance is in Human Life. He also taught physical education to members of the House of Lords and served as a judge at the 1948 Mr. Universe show in London won by John Grimek.
Throughout his life Hackenschmidt paid strict attention to his diet. While a meat-eater earlier in life, he later consumed huge quantities of fruit, nuts and raw vegetables, as well as drinking 11 pints of milk a day. He also remained physically fit. At 56 he could jump over a 4-foot, 6-inche high board 10 times. Even through his mid-80's he would jump 50 times over a chair once a week, bench press 150 pounds and run seven miles in 45 minutes.
Hackenschmidt was already hospitalized at St. Francis Hospital in Dulwich, a suburb of London, when he died on February 19, 1968. He was 90 years old. He was cremated at West Norwood Cemetery
, where his memorial plaque records him as George Hackenschmidt.
He lived with his French wife Rachel in South Norwood, London.
He was a great friend with famous magician
Harry Houdini
and George Bernard Shaw
. As he aged, Hackenschmidt also expressed a high regard for his old opponent, Tom Jenkins
, by then the wrestling coach at the United States Military Academy at West Point. Hack visited Jenkins in 1939 and the two got along splendidly, Hackenschmidt accommodating Hack in his home and giving him a tour of the West Point training facilities. In their mutual admiration society, they never publically expressed any credit to Frank Gotch
, and Hack spent the rest of his life complaining about Gotch's foul tactics and his knee injury in explaining his inexplicable losses.
, 2) George Hackenschmidt, 3) Stanislaus Zbyszko
and 4) the Great Gama.
Powerfully built, Hackenschmidt's measurements for his 1905 match with Alexander Munro were: Age - 28; Weight - 204 pounds; Height - 5', 9 1/2"; Reach - 75"; Biceps - 19"; Forearm – 15 1/2"; Neck - 22"; Chest – 52"; Waist - 34"; Thigh – 26 3/4"; Calf - 18". He also rose to prominence when the governing style of wrestling was the slower, more ponderous Greco-Roman style that emphasized muscle power more than speed, agility and ring generalship, and involved holds only above the waist. Being bulkier of build than his sleeker opponents, and slower of movement, Hack’s style and temperament were not geared as much to the newly popular catch-as-catch-can style.
Nor was he a natural showman. Honest, straightforward and serious, he would finish off his opponents quickly. His manager, C. B. Cochran, had to convince him to extend his matches and put on a show, which in turn ensured more bookings and sold-out shows. This did not mean the matches were fake. Excluding exhibitions, his matches were all on the level. But he might allow a local wrestler to last ten minutes and collect his £25 prize, and set up a highly publicized match for later in the week, where he would naturally defeat his foe handily.
Which reveals one of Hackenschmidt's finest qualities. Unlike many other wrestlers, including Frank Gotch
, Hackenschmidt was neither mean, vindictive nor unnecessarily rough in the ring, “contrasting his physical prowess and fighting skills with a quietness of spirit,” David Gentle explained. “George Hackenschmidt was the epitome of calm, self-assurance and inner peace, with full awareness of his own capabilities and thus like all masters of combat found NO NEED FOR MACHOISM or outward aggression. His tactic to win was skill and speed, born of confidence in his own ability and fighting prowess.”.
He had, however, three weaknesses. Against a first-class opponent, of which he faced extremely few, he could be slow to adapt. Gotch reported after their first match that “every move the Russian made he telegraphed me in advance, which shows that he thinks too slowly.”
Hack was also given to Slavic depression and irascibility. When he came to Chicago to train for his first match with Gotch, promoter Jack Curley had arranged for Hack to work out every day before a paying public, which Hack refused to do. Barred from the athletic club, he spent his time before the match either exercising in his room or taking morning and evening walks along Lake Michigan, but no serious workouts. The more depressed he got, the more difficult he was to work with. This all worked against him because, for the first time in his professional career, Hackenschmidt faced a foe fully capable of defeating him.
Finally, and worst of all, in both matches with Gotch, Hackenschmidt was accused of lack of heart. Referee Ed Smith, following the 1908 match, said that “deep down in my own mind, I decided that George Hackenschmidt had quit – quit quite cold, as a matter of fact – because there was nothing about Gotch’s treatment of him in that first encounter that could by a stretch of the imagination call for a disqualification. There was some face-mauling, just as there always is…but at no time did the vaunted Hackenschmidt ever make a serious move toward slapping down his opponent, never showed much in the wrestling line during the entire two hours… Again, I say, that as the referee of that match, I thought that the ‘Russian Lion’ quit.”
Following the 1911 rematch, one newspaper described Gotch’s easy victory and then added that “In the parlance of the sporting world, Hackenschmidt is yellow… He quit when his position became dangerous.”
Perhaps the most frustrated was Hackenschmidt’s second, Dr. Benjamin Roller, who himself had lost several times to Gotch but had displayed the utmost gameness and courage. “Hack did not get started,” Roller explained. “That’s largely a matter of gameness.” Hack’s injuries had not been serious enough, Roller felt. “I have tried my best to make a winner out of him and put him into the ring in the best possible condition, but…gameness is something you can not put into a man.”
As Mark Palmer pointed out, “For starters, George Hackenschmidt and Frank Gotch were major sports superstars of the early 20th century. Fans of all ages collected cabinet cards and postcards with their images, read their books, and devoured articles about them in newspapers. Their epic matches were front-page news around the world -- akin to today's Super Bowl or soccer's World Cup in terms of garnering global attention -- and helped to launch organized amateur wrestling in the United States in the early part of the 20th century. In fact, a large number of high school and college wrestling programs can trace their roots back to the 1910s and 1920s -- the era when Hackenschmidt and Gotch were still household names, and highly respected athletes.”.
Having already made his mark in body-building, Hackenschmidt caused the major surge in the popularity of wrestling in England, and he was considered unbeatable. But Hackenschmidt probably would not be so well remembered today were it not for two things: 1) His enormous standing in the world of physical culture, and 2) his two defeats at the hands of Frank Gotch
.
Hackenschmidt’s name remained in the public eye because he had become an icon in the world of physical culture, a legendary body-builder as well as health addict, and a world champion wrestler central to a movement that was now increasingly popular. He spoke and published widely on a wide range of subjects, but most notably on health and fitness. His most popular book was the classic The Way To Live, the last words of which befit this warrior: "Throughout my whole career I have never bothered as to whether I was a Champion or not a Champion; The only title I have desired to be known by is simply my name - George Hackenschmidt.”
But it was his matches with Gotch that ensured the growing popularity of catch-as-catch-can wrestling over the more laborious Greco-Roman that had previously dominated, and this is the style that enjoys popularity at all scholastic levels, private clubs and the Olympics to this day. Hackenschmidt was a major reason for this.
The H. J. Lutcher Stark Center for Physical Culture and Sports at the Todd-McLean Library and Special Collections in Austin, Texas, has a digitized version of a nearly 600-page scrapbook owned for decades by Hackenschmidt and bequeathed to them by his widow, Rachel.
Estonia
Estonia , officially the Republic of Estonia , is a state in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia , and to the east by Lake Peipsi and the Russian Federation . Across the Baltic Sea lies...
n strongman
Strongman (strength athlete)
In the 19th century, the term strongman referred to an exhibitor of strength or circus performers of similar ilk who displayed feats of strength such as the bent press , supporting large amounts of...
and professional wrestler
Professional wrestling
Professional wrestling is a mode of spectacle, combining athletics and theatrical performance.Roland Barthes, "The World of Wrestling", Mythologies, 1957 It takes the form of events, held by touring companies, which mimic a title match combat sport...
, and the first free-style heavyweight champion of the world. He launched his professional career in Russia and lived most of his life in London
London
London is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its...
, England
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
, where he gained the nickname of 'The Russian Lion'. Hackenschmidt is believed to be the creator of the professional wrestling version of the bear hug
Bear hug
In wrestling, a bear hug, also known as a bodylock, is a grappling clinch hold and stand-up grappling position where the arms are wrapped around the opponent, either around the opponent's chest, midsection, or thighs; sometimes with one or both of the opponents arms pinned to the opponent's body...
as well as the originator of the hack squat, a deadlift with arms behind the body.
Early life
Tartu
Tartu is the second largest city of Estonia. In contrast to Estonia's political and financial capital Tallinn, Tartu is often considered the intellectual and cultural hub, especially since it is home to Estonia's oldest and most renowned university. Situated 186 km southeast of Tallinn, the...
, Estonia
Estonia
Estonia , officially the Republic of Estonia , is a state in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia , and to the east by Lake Peipsi and the Russian Federation . Across the Baltic Sea lies...
, where he lived with his parents, Baltic German
Baltic German
The Baltic Germans were mostly ethnically German inhabitants of the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea, which today form the countries of Estonia and Latvia. The Baltic German population never made up more than 10% of the total. They formed the social, commercial, political and cultural élite in...
Georg Friedrich Heinrich Hackenschmidt and Estonian Swede Ida Louise Johansson., and a younger brother and sister. He later admitted that neither of his parents were particularly robust in stature with any unusual physical characteristics, although his maternal grandfather was said to have been a huge and powerful man.
From his earliest years, Hackenschmidt devoted himself to physical development, particularly at the Dorpat Grammar School (Realschule) where he took advantage of the gymnasium. He excelled at cycling, gymnastics, swimming, running, jumping and weightlifting. His feats of strength were astounding. He lifted a small horse off the ground and lifted 276 pounds overhead with one hand. In a wrestler's bridge, bridging on his neck, he could reach out and grasp a 335-pound barbell, pull it to his chest from off the floor, and bench press it overhead—while still in the wrestler's bridge. In 1902 he jumped over a table 100 times with his feet tied together. He set several records in weight lifting and was considered both the strongest and the best-developed man in the world.
Graduating from school in 1895, he entered a large engineering firm in the city of Reval Reval, known today as Tallinn
Tallinn
Tallinn is the capital and largest city of Estonia. It occupies an area of with a population of 414,940. It is situated on the northern coast of the country, on the banks of the Gulf of Finland, south of Helsinki, east of Stockholm and west of Saint Petersburg. Tallinn's Old Town is in the list...
, as an apprentice, and joined the Reval Athletic and Cycling Club. He became an ardent cyclist and won prizes, but also developed a keen interest in wrestling and weight lifting. The turning point in his life occurred in 1896 when George Lurich, the great Estonian Greco-Roman wrestler and strongman, came through the area with a small company, challenging any and all comers. Hackenschmidt took up the challenge and was beaten. But then the German wrestler Fritz Konietzko came to Reval in 1897, and Hackenschmidt fared better this time.
Wrestling career
Hackenschmidt left Reval in 1898 for the St. Petersburg Athletic and Cycling Club under the training of Dr. Vladislav von Krajewski, who convinced young Georg that he had the potential to become the strongest man in the world. Beginning his wrestling career, Hackenschmidt defeated the famous French wrestler Paul Pons in April 1898; but in January 1899 he had army duty, being commanded to join the Preobrashensky Polk (the 1st Life Guards of the Czar). Released after five months, he defeated on May 19 Herr von Schmelling for the Russian championship of 1899.In June 1900 he entered a 40-day wrestling tournament in Moscow
Moscow
Moscow is the capital, the most populous city, and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural, scientific, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the continent...
and captured the championships of both Moscow
Moscow
Moscow is the capital, the most populous city, and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural, scientific, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the continent...
and St. Petersburg. His career as a professional wrestler was on the rise, he won many tournaments and matches, and in 1901 he won the championship of the world tournament in Vienna as well as a championship of the world tournament at the ‘’Casino de Paris’’. He won tournaments everywhere he wrestled, and invaded England in 1903 to confront the Isle’s best wrestlers in the new catch-as-catch-can style that was becoming popular. Managed by the flamboyant C. B. Cochran, he toured widely and would face and defeat as many as five men in one evening. Together, Cochran and Hackenschmidt created a music hall boom in wrestling, and Hackenschmidt became a major superstar and drawing card.
He wrestled in opera halls, music halls and theaters. As the wrestling boom took hold in England and wrestlers came in from all around the world for the grand tournaments that had become the rage, he remained the dominant grappler, rather easily defeating every man he met. C. B. Cochran polished his act until the Russian Lion was a major showstopper. He might take on five wrestlers in the same evening, defeating them all with ease.
Handsome as well as beautifully built, he was adored by women and admired by men, and became the darling of society. Personally a soft-spoken, cultured and intellectual young man, Hackenschmidt could speak seven languages fluently and became a noted author, speaker and philosopher. He moved well in social circles and was a credit to the sport. U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, himself a proponent of physical culture and exercise, proclaimed, “If I wasn’t president of the United States, I would like to be George Hackenschmidt.”
Hack defeated Tom Cannon, Tom Connors, Tom MacInerney and Tom Clayton in good order, touring England and winning match after match against local favorites. But when he twice defeated one Antonio Pieri, Pieri sought revenge by trying to find a wrestler who could beat the Russian Lion. He thought he had found such a man in Ahmed Madrali, called the “Terrible Turk,” who tangled with Hackenschmidt at the Olympia in London on January 30, 1904. Because of all the ballyhoo, traffic was jammed from the Olympia back to Piccadilly, and the Olympia was packed. Hackenschmidt picked up Madarli and threw him down onto his arm, dislocating his shoulder. The contest had lasted about two minutes.
Madrali recovered, and the two would face each other again, with Hackenschmidt winning just as easily. But this was his big year. Only July 2 at Albert Hall the Russian Lion faced under Greco-Roman rules the American champion Tom Jenkins
Tom Jenkins
Thomas Wayne Jenkins is an American golfer.Jenkins was born in Houston, Texas. He attended the University of Houston, where he was a member of the winning 1970 NCAA Division I golf team. He graduated in 1971 and turned professional. His only PGA Tour victory was the 1975 IVB-Philadelphia Golf...
, a vastly underrated wrestler who would prove to be Hackenschmidt’s toughest opponent to date. Nevertheless, Hackenschmidt pinned Jenkins in two straight falls.
Hackenschmidt left Cochran’s management to tour Australia
Australia
Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area...
, and then sailed to America for an extended tour and a rematch with Jenkins at the Madison Square Garden
Madison Square Garden
Madison Square Garden, often abbreviated as MSG and known colloquially as The Garden, is a multi-purpose indoor arena in the New York City borough of Manhattan and located at 8th Avenue, between 31st and 33rd Streets, situated on top of Pennsylvania Station.Opened on February 11, 1968, it is the...
under catch-as-catch-can rules, which Hackenschmidt by now preferred. Jenkins put up a hard battle, but Hackenschmidt again won in two straight falls, the first in 31 minutes, 14 seconds, and the second in 22 minutes, 4 seconds, and could now claim to be the rightful free-style heavyweight champion of the world. He then wrestled in Canada
Canada
Canada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean...
, did some sightseeing and returned to England for a long list of music hall engagements.
Hackenschmidt defeated the Scottish champion Alexander Munro
Alexander Munro
Alexander Munro was a British tug of war competitor who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics and in the 1912 Summer Olympics....
and Madrali in a return bout at the Olympia, and on February 6, 1908, defeated the American wrestler Joe Rogers in straight falls inside of 14 minutes. He then sailed to America to fulfill his obligation to meet a new challenger from Iowa by the name of Frank Gotch
Frank Gotch
Frank Alvin Gotch was an American professional wrestler of German ancestry, the first American to win the world heavyweight free-style championship, and credited for popularizing professional wrestling in the United States...
.
Gotch
Wrestling historian Mike Chapman wrote, "In all of athletic history, there are a mere handful of rivalries between individual stars that have become almost as large as the sport itself. In boxing, such matchups as Sullivan-Corbett, Dempsey-Tunney, Louis-Conn and Ali-Frazier are a part of boxing folklore. In wrestling, there is only one: Gotch-Hackenschmidt."After defeating Jenkins in 1905, Hackenschmidt held the world title and remained undefeated until he and Gotch finally squared off on April 3, 1908, at the Dexter Park
Dexter Park
Dexter Park may refer to:* Dexter Park * Dexter Park...
Pavilion in Chicago. Showing his contempt for Gotch and for American wrestling in general, Hackenschmidt was not in the best condition. Refusing to train publically at the Chicago Athletic Club in spite of arrangements having been made for him to do so, he was barred from the club and spent his time either in his hotel room or taking long morning and evening walks along Lake Michigan. By neglecting his training, he lost his endurance, which had never been a factor in his previous matches because he ended them so quickly. Against Gotch, who was in peak condition, it would be decisive.
The American used his speed, defense and rough tactics to wear the champion down and then assume the attack. The wrestlers stood on their feet for two full hours before Gotch was able to get behind Hackenschmidt and take him down. While on their feet, Gotch made sure to lean on Hackenschmidt to wear him down. He bullied him around the ring, and his thumbing and butting left Hackenschmidt covered in blood. At one time, Gotch also punched Hackenschmidt on the nose. Hackenschmidt complained to the referee of Gotch's foul tactics and asked that Gotch be forced to take a hot shower to rid his body of an abundance of oil, but the referee ignored the complaints and told Hackenschmidt he should have noticed the oil before the match began. The match continued. At the two-hour mark, Hackenschmidt was forced against the ropes. Gotch tore him off the ropes, threw Hackenschmidt down and rode him hard for three minutes, working for his dreaded toe hold. Hackenschmidt had trained to avoid this hold, which he did, but the effort took his last remaining strength. Hackenschmidt quit the fall. "I surrender the championship of the world to Mr. Gotch," he said, and stood up and shook Gotch's hand. The wrestlers then retired to their dressing rooms before coming out for the second fall, but Hackenschmidt refused to return to the ring, telling the referee to declare Gotch the winner, thereby relinquishing his title to the American.
Although he at first called Gotch "the greatest man by far I ever met," and explained how his muscles had become stale and his feet had given out, and that he knew he could not win and therefore conceded the match, Hackenschmidt later reversed his opinion of Gotch and Americans in general, claiming to have been fouled by Gotch and victimized in America, and calling for a rematch in Europe.
Hackenschmidt and Gotch met again on September 4, 1911, at the newly opened Comiskey Park
Comiskey Park
Comiskey Park was the ballpark in which the Chicago White Sox played from 1910 to 1990. It was built by Charles Comiskey after a design by Zachary Taylor Davis, and was the site of four World Series and more than 6,000 major league games...
in Chicago
Chicago
Chicago is the largest city in the US state of Illinois. With nearly 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the Midwestern United States and the third most populous in the US, after New York City and Los Angeles...
, which drew a crowd of nearly 30,000 spectators and a record gate of $87,000. The rematch is one of the most controversial and talked about matches in wrestling history, as Hackenschmidt injured his knee against Roller, his chief training partner. Years later, wrestler Ad Santel
Ad Santel
Ad Santel, , was a practitioner of catch wrestling. Ad Santel fought one of the early clash-of-the-styles matches in modern martial arts history against Tokugoro Ito, a 5th degree black belt in Judo from Japan. Santel defeated Ito when a slamming takedown rendered the Judoka unable to continue the...
told Lou Thesz
Lou Thesz
Aloysius Martin "Lou" Thesz was a United States professional wrestler and 18-time world heavyweight champion, most notably holding the NWA World Heavyweight Championship three times. Combined, he held the NWA Championship for 10 years, three months and nine days , longer than anyone else in history...
that he was paid $5000 by Gotch's backers to cripple Hackenschmidt in training, and make it look like an accident. However, according to Hackenschmidt himself, the injury was accidentally inflicted by his sparring partner, Roller, when trying to hold Hackenschmidt down onto his knees in the down position. Roller's right foot struck Hackenschmidt's right knee, which in 1904 had developed "Housemaid's Knee," requiring treatment, and had acted up again in 1907. According to Hackenschmidt, his sparring partners for this match were Americus
Americus
Americus may mean:Places in the United States*Americus, Georgia, a city with a population of around 17,000*Americus, Indiana, a small town in Washington Township*Americus, Kansas, a city with a population of around 900People...
, Jacobus Koch, Wladek Zbyszko
Wladek Zbyszko
Wladek Zbyszko , real name Wladyslaw Cyganiewicz, was a Polish professional wrestler and strongman. He is the brother of Stanislaus Zbyszko...
and Dr. Roller. Ad Santel is not mentioned in any account of Hackehschmidt's training by either Hackenschmidt or Roller, both of whom offered their insights and accounts.
Whatever the case may be, Dr. Roller did not consider the injury to be serious and referee Ed Smith dismissed it as inconsequential. Hackenschmidt himself ignored it completely in declaring, the day before the match, that he was "fit to wrestle for my life" and was "satisfied with my condition and confident of the outcome." However, Gotch, tearing into Hackenschmidt with a vengeance, discovered the weakness quickly and took advantage of it. The Russian Lion was easy prey for the champion, losing in straight falls in only 20 minutes. Gotch clinched the match with his feared Toe Hold, which forced Hackenschmidt to quit.
Post-wrestling
Following his second defeat at the hands of Gotch, upon returning to England Hackenschmidt was preparing for a match with Stanislaus ZbyszkoStanislaus Zbyszko
Stanislaus Zbyszko was a Polish strongman and professional wrestler popular in the United States during the 1920s. He was one of the most influential European grapplers of all-time, he was also among the sport’s great pioneer champions...
to take place the following June, but when he began working out he felt such pain in his right knee that it was painful even to walk. It necessitated surgery, but Hackenschmidt decided at that point to retire and pursue his other interests in philosophy, physical culture and gardening.
Hackenschmidt was a pioneer in the field of weightlifting. He invented the exercise known as the hack squat
Squat (exercise)
In strength training, the squat is a compound, full body exercise that trains primarily the muscles of the thighs, hips and buttocks, quads , hamstrings, as well as strengthening the bones, ligaments and insertion of the tendons throughout the lower body...
, whose name is a reference to his own. Hackenschmidt also helped to popularize many other types of lifts common within the modern training regimen, such as the bench press
Bench press
The bench press is an exercise of the upper body. For bodybuilding purposes, it is used to stimulate the pectorals, deltoids, and triceps. While on his or her back, the person performing the bench press lowers a weight to the level of the chest, then pushes it back up until the arm is straight...
. During his career, he held numerous weightlifting records, all of which have since been broken.
He was a tremendously educated and cultured man who spoke seven languages. He went on to write several books, including Complete Science of Wrestling (1909), Fitness and Your Self (1937), Consciousness and Character: True Definitions of Entity, Individuality, Personality, Nonentity (1937), The Way To Live In Health and Physical Fitness (1941), and The Three Memories and Forgetfulness: What They Are and What Their True Significance is in Human Life. He also taught physical education to members of the House of Lords and served as a judge at the 1948 Mr. Universe show in London won by John Grimek.
Throughout his life Hackenschmidt paid strict attention to his diet. While a meat-eater earlier in life, he later consumed huge quantities of fruit, nuts and raw vegetables, as well as drinking 11 pints of milk a day. He also remained physically fit. At 56 he could jump over a 4-foot, 6-inche high board 10 times. Even through his mid-80's he would jump 50 times over a chair once a week, bench press 150 pounds and run seven miles in 45 minutes.
Hackenschmidt was already hospitalized at St. Francis Hospital in Dulwich, a suburb of London, when he died on February 19, 1968. He was 90 years old. He was cremated at West Norwood Cemetery
West Norwood Cemetery
West Norwood Cemetery is a cemetery in West Norwood in London, England. It was also known as the South Metropolitan Cemetery.One of the first private landscaped cemeteries in London, it is one of the Magnificent Seven cemeteries of London, and is a site of major historical, architectural and...
, where his memorial plaque records him as George Hackenschmidt.
Personal life
Hackenschmidt became a naturalized French citizen in 1939, and then became a British subject in 1946.He lived with his French wife Rachel in South Norwood, London.
He was a great friend with famous magician
Magic (illusion)
Magic is a performing art that entertains audiences by staging tricks or creating illusions of seemingly impossible or supernatural feats using natural means...
Harry Houdini
Harry Houdini
Harry Houdini was a Hungarian-born American magician and escapologist, stunt performer, actor and film producer noted for his sensational escape acts...
and George Bernard Shaw
George Bernard Shaw
George Bernard Shaw was an Irish playwright and a co-founder of the London School of Economics. Although his first profitable writing was music and literary criticism, in which capacity he wrote many highly articulate pieces of journalism, his main talent was for drama, and he wrote more than 60...
. As he aged, Hackenschmidt also expressed a high regard for his old opponent, Tom Jenkins
Tom Jenkins
Thomas Wayne Jenkins is an American golfer.Jenkins was born in Houston, Texas. He attended the University of Houston, where he was a member of the winning 1970 NCAA Division I golf team. He graduated in 1971 and turned professional. His only PGA Tour victory was the 1975 IVB-Philadelphia Golf...
, by then the wrestling coach at the United States Military Academy at West Point. Hack visited Jenkins in 1939 and the two got along splendidly, Hackenschmidt accommodating Hack in his home and giving him a tour of the West Point training facilities. In their mutual admiration society, they never publically expressed any credit to Frank Gotch
Frank Gotch
Frank Alvin Gotch was an American professional wrestler of German ancestry, the first American to win the world heavyweight free-style championship, and credited for popularizing professional wrestling in the United States...
, and Hack spent the rest of his life complaining about Gotch's foul tactics and his knee injury in explaining his inexplicable losses.
Wrestler
In his entire professional wrestling career, Hackenschmidt engaged in about 3,000 matches, losing only two. He remains among the top four men continually rated as the four greatest wrestlers of all time, they being 1) Frank GotchFrank Gotch
Frank Alvin Gotch was an American professional wrestler of German ancestry, the first American to win the world heavyweight free-style championship, and credited for popularizing professional wrestling in the United States...
, 2) George Hackenschmidt, 3) Stanislaus Zbyszko
Stanislaus Zbyszko
Stanislaus Zbyszko was a Polish strongman and professional wrestler popular in the United States during the 1920s. He was one of the most influential European grapplers of all-time, he was also among the sport’s great pioneer champions...
and 4) the Great Gama.
Powerfully built, Hackenschmidt's measurements for his 1905 match with Alexander Munro were: Age - 28; Weight - 204 pounds; Height - 5', 9 1/2"; Reach - 75"; Biceps - 19"; Forearm – 15 1/2"; Neck - 22"; Chest – 52"; Waist - 34"; Thigh – 26 3/4"; Calf - 18". He also rose to prominence when the governing style of wrestling was the slower, more ponderous Greco-Roman style that emphasized muscle power more than speed, agility and ring generalship, and involved holds only above the waist. Being bulkier of build than his sleeker opponents, and slower of movement, Hack’s style and temperament were not geared as much to the newly popular catch-as-catch-can style.
Nor was he a natural showman. Honest, straightforward and serious, he would finish off his opponents quickly. His manager, C. B. Cochran, had to convince him to extend his matches and put on a show, which in turn ensured more bookings and sold-out shows. This did not mean the matches were fake. Excluding exhibitions, his matches were all on the level. But he might allow a local wrestler to last ten minutes and collect his £25 prize, and set up a highly publicized match for later in the week, where he would naturally defeat his foe handily.
Which reveals one of Hackenschmidt's finest qualities. Unlike many other wrestlers, including Frank Gotch
Frank Gotch
Frank Alvin Gotch was an American professional wrestler of German ancestry, the first American to win the world heavyweight free-style championship, and credited for popularizing professional wrestling in the United States...
, Hackenschmidt was neither mean, vindictive nor unnecessarily rough in the ring, “contrasting his physical prowess and fighting skills with a quietness of spirit,” David Gentle explained. “George Hackenschmidt was the epitome of calm, self-assurance and inner peace, with full awareness of his own capabilities and thus like all masters of combat found NO NEED FOR MACHOISM or outward aggression. His tactic to win was skill and speed, born of confidence in his own ability and fighting prowess.”.
He had, however, three weaknesses. Against a first-class opponent, of which he faced extremely few, he could be slow to adapt. Gotch reported after their first match that “every move the Russian made he telegraphed me in advance, which shows that he thinks too slowly.”
Hack was also given to Slavic depression and irascibility. When he came to Chicago to train for his first match with Gotch, promoter Jack Curley had arranged for Hack to work out every day before a paying public, which Hack refused to do. Barred from the athletic club, he spent his time before the match either exercising in his room or taking morning and evening walks along Lake Michigan, but no serious workouts. The more depressed he got, the more difficult he was to work with. This all worked against him because, for the first time in his professional career, Hackenschmidt faced a foe fully capable of defeating him.
Finally, and worst of all, in both matches with Gotch, Hackenschmidt was accused of lack of heart. Referee Ed Smith, following the 1908 match, said that “deep down in my own mind, I decided that George Hackenschmidt had quit – quit quite cold, as a matter of fact – because there was nothing about Gotch’s treatment of him in that first encounter that could by a stretch of the imagination call for a disqualification. There was some face-mauling, just as there always is…but at no time did the vaunted Hackenschmidt ever make a serious move toward slapping down his opponent, never showed much in the wrestling line during the entire two hours… Again, I say, that as the referee of that match, I thought that the ‘Russian Lion’ quit.”
Following the 1911 rematch, one newspaper described Gotch’s easy victory and then added that “In the parlance of the sporting world, Hackenschmidt is yellow… He quit when his position became dangerous.”
Perhaps the most frustrated was Hackenschmidt’s second, Dr. Benjamin Roller, who himself had lost several times to Gotch but had displayed the utmost gameness and courage. “Hack did not get started,” Roller explained. “That’s largely a matter of gameness.” Hack’s injuries had not been serious enough, Roller felt. “I have tried my best to make a winner out of him and put him into the ring in the best possible condition, but…gameness is something you can not put into a man.”
Legacy
The years spanning Hackenschmidt’s professional career are called the Golden Age of Wrestling. Not only were professional wrestling matches mostly honestly contested, but wrestling was the most popular sport on every continent. But it was Hackenschmidt who brought wrestling its great popularity in the United Kingdom, and it was he and Gotch together who brought it to entirely new heights around the world. "The Hackenshmidt-Gotch matches were the pinnacle of professional wrestling during the time period and received much attention from media, fans, and celebrities," Andrew Malnoske observed. "They were even described in the 1937 book Fall Guys-The Barnums of Bounce by famed writer Marcus Griffen. To this day, the Chicago Public Library receives requests to view the newspaper accounts and files on the bouts.As Mark Palmer pointed out, “For starters, George Hackenschmidt and Frank Gotch were major sports superstars of the early 20th century. Fans of all ages collected cabinet cards and postcards with their images, read their books, and devoured articles about them in newspapers. Their epic matches were front-page news around the world -- akin to today's Super Bowl or soccer's World Cup in terms of garnering global attention -- and helped to launch organized amateur wrestling in the United States in the early part of the 20th century. In fact, a large number of high school and college wrestling programs can trace their roots back to the 1910s and 1920s -- the era when Hackenschmidt and Gotch were still household names, and highly respected athletes.”.
Having already made his mark in body-building, Hackenschmidt caused the major surge in the popularity of wrestling in England, and he was considered unbeatable. But Hackenschmidt probably would not be so well remembered today were it not for two things: 1) His enormous standing in the world of physical culture, and 2) his two defeats at the hands of Frank Gotch
Frank Gotch
Frank Alvin Gotch was an American professional wrestler of German ancestry, the first American to win the world heavyweight free-style championship, and credited for popularizing professional wrestling in the United States...
.
Hackenschmidt’s name remained in the public eye because he had become an icon in the world of physical culture, a legendary body-builder as well as health addict, and a world champion wrestler central to a movement that was now increasingly popular. He spoke and published widely on a wide range of subjects, but most notably on health and fitness. His most popular book was the classic The Way To Live, the last words of which befit this warrior: "Throughout my whole career I have never bothered as to whether I was a Champion or not a Champion; The only title I have desired to be known by is simply my name - George Hackenschmidt.”
But it was his matches with Gotch that ensured the growing popularity of catch-as-catch-can wrestling over the more laborious Greco-Roman that had previously dominated, and this is the style that enjoys popularity at all scholastic levels, private clubs and the Olympics to this day. Hackenschmidt was a major reason for this.
The H. J. Lutcher Stark Center for Physical Culture and Sports at the Todd-McLean Library and Special Collections in Austin, Texas, has a digitized version of a nearly 600-page scrapbook owned for decades by Hackenschmidt and bequeathed to them by his widow, Rachel.
In wrestling
- Finishing moves
- Bear hug – innovated
Championships and accomplishments
- Greco-Roman wrestlingGreco-Roman wrestlingGreco-Roman wrestling is a style of wrestling that is practised worldwide. It was contested at the first modern Olympic Games in 1896 and has been included in every edition of the summer Olympics held since 1908. Two wrestlers are scored for their performance in three two-minute periods, which can...
- European Greco-Roman Heavyweight ChampionshipEuropean Greco-Roman Heavyweight ChampionshipThe European Greco-Roman Heavyweight Championship was a Greco-Roman professional wrestling championship contested for throughout the continent of Europe...
(1 time)
- European Greco-Roman Heavyweight Championship
- Professional wrestlingProfessional wrestlingProfessional wrestling is a mode of spectacle, combining athletics and theatrical performance.Roland Barthes, "The World of Wrestling", Mythologies, 1957 It takes the form of events, held by touring companies, which mimic a title match combat sport...
- French Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
- World Heavyweight Championship (original version) (1 time, first)
- Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum
- Class of 2002
- Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards
- Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of FameWrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of FameThe Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame is a professional wrestling hall of fame that recognizes people who make significant contributions to the sport. It was founded in 1996 by Dave Meltzer, editor of the Wrestling Observer Newsletter. The Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame is not...
(Class of 1996)
- Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame