Gautieria
Encyclopedia
Gautieria is a genus
of hypogeal fungus in the family Gomphaceae
. They form mycorrhizae with various tree species, mostly from the Pinaceae
family. Species are present over much of the world's temperate
and boreal forest habitats. It is well documented that species from this genera are an important part of the diet of the Northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus). Also, some Australian marsupials, especially the Rat-Kangaroos, feed very extensively on these fungi. The fungi also benefit from this relationship: not only do the squirrels help to disperse the spores and propagate the species, studies suggest that passage through the digestive tract of a mammal promotes germination of spores.
in 1831. for hypogeous (below-ground) gasteromycetes with chambers exposed to the surface and lined with a spore-bearing hymenium
, a basal rhizomorph
, and ovoid-fusiform, striate-grooved spores. Vittadini's original concept was based on two species he collected in Italy
, Gauteria morchellaeformis and Gautieria graveolens. In 1918, Zeller and Dodge examined various dried herbarium
collections of Gautieria, and recognized five species. Additional research led to them recognizing 34 species and expanding their generic concept to include species with a well-developed peridium of periclinal hypha
e at maturity. As of 2008, Gautieria is thought to contain 25 species.
. The columella (the central sterile portion of the sporangium
) are variable in size and shape. The peridium (the wall of the sporangium) is thin and short-lasting. The gleba
is initially white, but later becomes colored by the masses of spores. The basidia
are club-shaped, usually 2-spored, and with long filiform sterigmata. Spores are 12–26 µm
long, and ovoid to ellipsoid in shape.
Genus
In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia...
of hypogeal fungus in the family Gomphaceae
Gomphaceae
The Gomphaceae are a diverse family of fungi belonging in what is classically known as the Phallales or cladistically as the gomphoid-phalloid clade. The family has 13 genera and 287 species....
. They form mycorrhizae with various tree species, mostly from the Pinaceae
Pinaceae
Pinaceae are trees or shrubs, including many of the well-known conifers of commercial importance such as cedars, firs, hemlocks, larches, pines and spruces. The family is included in the order Pinales, formerly known as Coniferales. Pinaceae are supported as monophyletic by its protein-type sieve...
family. Species are present over much of the world's temperate
Temperate
In geography, temperate or tepid latitudes of the globe lie between the tropics and the polar circles. The changes in these regions between summer and winter are generally relatively moderate, rather than extreme hot or cold...
and boreal forest habitats. It is well documented that species from this genera are an important part of the diet of the Northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus). Also, some Australian marsupials, especially the Rat-Kangaroos, feed very extensively on these fungi. The fungi also benefit from this relationship: not only do the squirrels help to disperse the spores and propagate the species, studies suggest that passage through the digestive tract of a mammal promotes germination of spores.
Taxonomy
The genus was first described by Italian doctor and naturalist Carlo VittadiniCarlo Vittadini
Carlo Vittadini was an Italian doctor and mycologist.- Life :He studied in Milan and at the University of Pavia, where he attended the classes given by Giuseppe L. Moretti...
in 1831. for hypogeous (below-ground) gasteromycetes with chambers exposed to the surface and lined with a spore-bearing hymenium
Hymenium
The hymenium is the tissue layer on the hymenophore of a fungal fruiting body where the cells develop into basidia or asci, which produce spores. In some species all of the cells of the hymenium develop into basidia or asci, while in others some cells develop into sterile cells called cystidia or...
, a basal rhizomorph
Mycelial cord
Mycelial cords are linear aggregations of parallel-oriented hyphae. The mature cords are composed of wide, empty vessel hyphae surrounded by narrower sheathing hyphae...
, and ovoid-fusiform, striate-grooved spores. Vittadini's original concept was based on two species he collected in Italy
Italy
Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...
, Gauteria morchellaeformis and Gautieria graveolens. In 1918, Zeller and Dodge examined various dried herbarium
Herbarium
In botany, a herbarium – sometimes known by the Anglicized term herbar – is a collection of preserved plant specimens. These specimens may be whole plants or plant parts: these will usually be in a dried form, mounted on a sheet, but depending upon the material may also be kept in...
collections of Gautieria, and recognized five species. Additional research led to them recognizing 34 species and expanding their generic concept to include species with a well-developed peridium of periclinal hypha
Hypha
A hypha is a long, branching filamentous structure of a fungus, and also of unrelated Actinobacteria. In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium; yeasts are unicellular fungi that do not grow as hyphae.-Structure:A hypha consists of one or...
e at maturity. As of 2008, Gautieria is thought to contain 25 species.
Description
Fruit bodies (gasterocarps) are typically roughly spherical in shape, with a persisting single or branched rhizomorphMycelial cord
Mycelial cords are linear aggregations of parallel-oriented hyphae. The mature cords are composed of wide, empty vessel hyphae surrounded by narrower sheathing hyphae...
. The columella (the central sterile portion of the sporangium
Sporangium
A sporangium is an enclosure in which spores are formed. It can be composed of a single cell or can be multicellular. All plants, fungi, and many other lineages form sporangia at some point in their life cycle...
) are variable in size and shape. The peridium (the wall of the sporangium) is thin and short-lasting. The gleba
Gleba
Gleba is the fleshy spore-bearing inner mass of fungi such as the puffball or stinkhorn.The gleba is a solid mass of spores, generated within an enclosed area within the sporocarp. The continuous maturity of the sporogenous cells leave the spores behind as a powdery mass that can be easily blown away...
is initially white, but later becomes colored by the masses of spores. The basidia
Basidium
thumb|right|500px|Schematic showing a basidiomycete mushroom, gill structure, and spore-bearing basidia on the gill margins.A basidium is a microscopic, spore-producing structure found on the hymenophore of fruiting bodies of basidiomycete fungi. The presence of basidia is one of the main...
are club-shaped, usually 2-spored, and with long filiform sterigmata. Spores are 12–26 µm
Micrometre
A micrometer , is by definition 1×10-6 of a meter .In plain English, it means one-millionth of a meter . Its unit symbol in the International System of Units is μm...
long, and ovoid to ellipsoid in shape.
Species
- Gautieria caudata (Harkn.) Zeller & C.W. Dodge (1934)
- Gautieria chengdensis J.Z. Ying (1984)
- Gautieria chilensis Zeller & C.W. Dodge (1934)
- Gautieria clelandii G. Cunn. (1941)
- Gautieria costata G. Cunn. (1938)
- Gautieria crispa E.L. Stewart & Trappe (1984)
- Gautieria drummondii Cooke (1892)
- Gautieria fuegiana E. Horak (1964)
- Gautieria gautierioides (Lloyd) Zeller & C.W. Dodge (1934)
- Gautieria graveolensGautieria graveolensGautieria graveolens is a species of hypogeal fungus in the Gomphaceae family....
Vittad. (1831) - Gautieria graveolens f. graveolens Vittad. (1831)
- Gautieria graveolens f. inodora A.H. Sm. & Solheim (1953)
- Gautieria graveolens var. graveolens Vittad. (1831)
- Gautieria harknessii Zeller & C.W. Dodge (1934)
- Gautieria inapireGautieria inapireGautieria inapire is a species of hypogeal fungus in the Gomphaceae family....
Palfner & E. Horak (2001) - Gautieria macrospora G. Cunn. (1935)
- Gautieria magnicellaris (Pilát) E.L. Stewart & Trappe (1992)
- Gautieria mexicanaGautieria mexicanaGautieria mexicana is a species of hypogeal fungus in the Gomphaceae family....
(E. Fisch.) Zeller & C.W. Dodge (1934) - Gautieria microspora Rodway (1929)
- Gautieria monospora G.W. Beaton, Pegler & T.W.K. Young (1985)
- Gautieria monticolaGautieria monticolaGautieria monticola is a species of hypogeal fungus in the Gomphaceae family....
Harkn. (1884) - Gautieria morchelliformisGautieria morchelliformisGautieria morchelliformis is a species of hypogeal fungus in the Gomphaceae family....
Vittad. (1831) - Gautieria morchelliformis var. globispora Pilát (1958)
- Gautieria morchelliformis var. magnicellaris Pilát (1953)
- Gautieria morchelliformis var. microspora Wichanský (1962)
- Gautieria morchelliformis var. morchelliformis Vittad. (1831)
- Gautieria morchelliformis var. stenospora Pilát (1958)
- Gautieria novae-zelandiae G. Cunn. (1938)
- Gautieria otthiiGautieria otthiiGautieria otthii is a species of hypogeal fungus in the Gomphaceae family....
Trog (1857), [RSD] - Gautieria pallida Harkn. (1934)
- Gautieria parksiana Zeller & C.W. Dodge (1922)
- Gautieria plumbea Zeller & C.W. Dodge (1918)
- Gautieria pseudovestita Malençon (1976)
- Gautieria queenslandica J.W. Cribb (1958)
- Gautieria retirugosa Fr. (1909)
- Gautieria sinensisGautieria sinensisGautieria sinensis is a species of hypogeal fungus in the Gomphaceae family.Gautieria sinesis is typical found between paving slabs in Eastern Europe. Local traditions dictate the fungus, when digested, can cure impotency....
J.Z. Ying (1995) - Gautieria tasmanica Rodway (1929)
- Gautieria tasmanica G. Cunn. (1938)
- Gautieria trabutiiGautieria trabutiiGautieria trabutii is a species of hypogeal fungus in the Gomphaceae family....
(Chatin) Pat. (1897) - Gautieria villosa Quél. (1878)