Gary Birch (electrical engineer)
Encyclopedia
Gary Birch, is a Canadian Paralympian, an expert in Brain-Computer Interface
(BCI) technology and Executive Director of the Neil Squire Society
. In 1975, Dr. Birch was involved in an automobile accident which resulted in injuries to the C6 and C7 area of his spine making him a low-level quadriplegic. He was one of the original players of Murderball (wheelchair rugby
), and won several medals in the 1980 Summer Paralympics
in the Netherlands
. In 2008, he was appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada
. He continues to champion accessibility through his Research and Development work in assistive technologies at the University of British Columbia
and with the Neil Squire Society
.
, Alberta. In high school, he was an A student and co-captain of his school football team. Dr. Birch was set to begin studying Engineering
at the University of Calgary
in 1975 when his life was changed forever by the motor vehicle accident that injured his spine making him a quadriplegic. It took 4 months of acute care and 4 months of rehabilitation at the G.F. Strong Centre in Vancouver
for Dr. Birch to begin adjusting to his new life in a wheelchair. In the autumn of 1976, he enrolled in the Pre-Engineering program at the University of Victoria
. He earned his B.A. Sc. in Electrical Engineering
in 1983, and in 1988 received a Doctorate
in Electrical Engineering
(Biomedical Signal Processing), from the University of British Columbia
in Vancouver
.
Dr. Birch competed in the 1980 Summer Paralympics
in the Netherlands
. There he won the silver medal in the 60m wheelchair race and two bronze medals in swimming, in the 25m backstroke and in the 3 x 25m freestyle relay. Gary was also one of the first participants in Wheelchair Rugby
.
In 1982, while attending a lecture at the University of British Columbia
, Dr. Birch met a man who would end up influencing the next 30 years of his life, Bill Cameron (Founder, Neil Squire Society)
. Mr. Cameron had been working with his relative, a high level quadriplegic named Neil Squire
, to develop a Morse code
based, sip-and-puff
communication system for people with severe physical disabilities. Dr. Birch was excited about the emerging technology and knew he wanted to be a part of it. He and another student taught Neil Squire
to communicate on the computer by using the sip-and-puff
technique. Upon Squire’s death in 1984, Cameron formally incorporated the Neil Squire Society
. Dr. Birch became its chair and joined the society on a full-time basis when he completed graduate school.
It was at that time that Dr. Birch began work on his Brain-Computer Interface
(BCI) project. He chose to research the use of Electroencephalography
(EEG) signals from the brain because he felt it would be the most direct type of signal and would be the best form of control for someone with a severe disability. He continues to be involved in Research and Development and is considered by many to be Canada’s foremost expert on Brain-Computer Interface
technology.
. Under his watch, the Society continues to empower Canadians with physical disabilities using technology, knowledge, and passion. He is also currently an Adjunct Professor at both the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department of the University of British Columbia
, and at the Gerontology Department of Simon Fraser University
.
Dr. Birch was inducted into the Terry Fox Hall of Fame
in 1998 by the Canadian Foundation for Physically Disabled Persons for extraordinary contributions to enriching the quality of life for people with physical disabilities. He was also awarded the British Columbia Paraplegic Association’s Leadership Award
The University of British Columbia Alumni Association honored Dr. Birch with a Global Citizen Award in 2009. The award recognizes UBC graduates who have made a significant contribution to the betterment of the global community through one or more of the following: research initiatives, teaching, social, cultural or artistic innovation, healthcare, economic development, human rights and environmental protection.
On October 23, 2008, Dr. Birch was appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada
, Canada’s highest civilian honor for lifetime achievement, for his work with the Neil Squire Society. Governor General Michaëlle Jean
invested him into the Order on April 7, 2010, at Rideau Hall
in Ottawa
.
He continues to live in Vancouver with his wife, daughter and son while furthering the cause of accessibility
for persons with disabilities.
Member of the Rick Hansen Institute Translational Research Advisory Committee (TRAC)
Member of the BC SCI Community Services Network Steering Committee
Member of the Advisory committee for the Bell Mobile Telecommunications Accessibility Initiative
Member of the Technical Advisory Committee for HRSDC on the Data Strategy on People
With Disabilities
Accessibility Discussion Group for the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission
Global Accessibility Initiative Steering Committee, Rick Hansen Foundation
Adjunct Professor at UBC
, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Adjunct Professor, SFU, Gerontology Research Program
Chair of the Minister’s National Advisory Committee for Industry Canada on Assistive Devices
Member of the Institute for Computing, Information & Cognitive Systems (ICICS) Faculty of Applied Science,
University of British Columbia
Member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)
Member of the Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of BC (APEGBC)
Member of the Executive Technical Committee on Assistive Technologies for Persons with Disabilities for the Canadian Standards Association
Member of the Research Advisory and Review Committee for GF Strong Rehabilitation Centre
Member of the Advisory Committee for the Disabilities Health Research Network in British Columbia
Member of the Task Force representing Disability Advocacy Groups and Telecommunication Companies on Accessible Telecommunications in response to the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission on Deferral Accounts
Member of the Sub-committee on Access to Technology for Council of Canadians with Disabilities
Persons with Disabilities Advisory Committee on employment issues for BC Region of the Federal Government and the Provincial Government of BC
People with Disabilities” In the Proceedings of the Festival of International Conferences on CAREGIVING, DISABILITY, AGING, AND TECHNOLOGY (FICCDAT), Toronto, ON, June 2011 with D. Leland and Harry Lew.
"A Simple Approach to Find the Best Wavelet Basis in Classification Problems," In the Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR), Istanbul, Turkey, August 2010, pp. 641-644. doi 10.1109/icpr2010.162. with Farhad Faradji and Rabab K. Ward.
“Online Removal of Eye Movement and Blink EEG Artifacts Using a High Speed Eye Tracker”, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng.,Jan.2011 with Noureddin, B., Lawrence, P.D..
“The Development of a Sensory Substitution System for the Sexual Rehabilitation of Men with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury.” Journal of Sexual Medicine. 2010 Aug No. 30. doi: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01997.x with J. Borisoff, S. Elliott and S. Hocaloski.
“Plausibility Assessment of a 2-State Self-Paced Mental Task-Based BCI Using the No-Control Performance Analysis,” Journal of Neuroscience Methods, Vol. 180, No. 2, pp. 330–339, June 2009 with F. Faradji and R.K. Ward.
“A self-paced brain interface system with a low false positive rate,” J. Neural Eng, Vol. 5, pp. 9-23, 2008 with M. Fatourechi and R.K. Ward
“Linear and nonlinear methods for brain-computer interfaces,” IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng., Vol. 11, pp. 165-169, 2003 with K.R. Muller and C.W. Anderson.
“Current trends in brain-computer interface research at the Neil Squire Foundation,” IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng., Vol. 11, pp. 123-126, 2003 with S.G. Mason and J. F. Borisoff
“Initial on-line evaluations of the LF-ASD brain-computer interface with able-bodied and spinal-cord subjects using imagined voluntary motor potentials,” IEEE Trans Neural Sys Reh Eng, Vol. 10, pp. 219-224, 2002 with Z. Bozorgzadeh and S.G. Mason.
“Brain-computer interface research at the Neil Squire Foundation,” IEEE Trans. Rehabil. Eng., Vol. 8, pp. 193-195, 2000 with S.G. Mason.
“An Assessment Methodology and its Application to a Robotic Vocational Device”, Technology and Disability 5 (1996), pp. 151-165, August, 1996 with M. Fengler, R. Gosine, K. Schroeder, M. Schroeder, and D. Johnson.
“Research and Development of Adaptive Equipment for Persons with Significant Disabilities and the Elderly: Activities Conducted by the Neil Squire Foundation,” Tech and Disability, Vol. 4, pp. 169-173, 1995 with J.R. Watzke and C. Bolduc.
“Single-trial processing of event-related potentials using outlier information,” IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., Vol. 40, pp. 59-73, Jan. 1993 with P.D. Lawrence and R.D. Hare.
“Development and Methodology for the Formal Evaluation of the Neil Squire Foundation Robotic Assistive Appliance,” Robotica, Vol. 11, pp. 529-534, 1993.
Brain-computer interface
A brain–computer interface , sometimes called a direct neural interface or a brain–machine interface , is a direct communication pathway between the brain and an external device...
(BCI) technology and Executive Director of the Neil Squire Society
Neil Squire Society
Neil Squire Society is a Canadian national not-for-profit organization that empowers Canadians with physical disabilities through advocacy, computer-based assistive technology, research and development, and various employment programs.- History :...
. In 1975, Dr. Birch was involved in an automobile accident which resulted in injuries to the C6 and C7 area of his spine making him a low-level quadriplegic. He was one of the original players of Murderball (wheelchair rugby
Wheelchair rugby
Wheelchair rugby, , is a team sport for athletes with a disability. It is currently practiced in over twenty countries around the world and is a Paralympic sport....
), and won several medals in the 1980 Summer Paralympics
1980 Summer Paralympics
The 1980 Summer Paralympics were the sixth Paralympic Games. They were held in Papendal, close to the host city of Arnhem, Netherlands, from June 21 to 30, 1980.- Sports :...
in the Netherlands
Netherlands
The Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders...
. In 2008, he was appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada
Order of Canada
The Order of Canada is a Canadian national order, admission into which is, within the system of orders, decorations, and medals of Canada, the second highest honour for merit...
. He continues to champion accessibility through his Research and Development work in assistive technologies at the University of British Columbia
University of British Columbia
The University of British Columbia is a public research university. UBC’s two main campuses are situated in Vancouver and in Kelowna in the Okanagan Valley...
and with the Neil Squire Society
Neil Squire Society
Neil Squire Society is a Canadian national not-for-profit organization that empowers Canadians with physical disabilities through advocacy, computer-based assistive technology, research and development, and various employment programs.- History :...
.
Early and academic life
Born October 20, 1957, Gary Birch grew up in CalgaryCalgary
Calgary is a city in the Province of Alberta, Canada. It is located in the south of the province, in an area of foothills and prairie, approximately east of the front ranges of the Canadian Rockies...
, Alberta. In high school, he was an A student and co-captain of his school football team. Dr. Birch was set to begin studying Engineering
Engineering
Engineering is the discipline, art, skill and profession of acquiring and applying scientific, mathematical, economic, social, and practical knowledge, in order to design and build structures, machines, devices, systems, materials and processes that safely realize improvements to the lives of...
at the University of Calgary
University of Calgary
The University of Calgary is a public research university located in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Founded in 1966 the U of C is composed of 14 faculties and more than 85 research institutes and centres.More than 25,000 undergraduate and 5,500 graduate students are currently...
in 1975 when his life was changed forever by the motor vehicle accident that injured his spine making him a quadriplegic. It took 4 months of acute care and 4 months of rehabilitation at the G.F. Strong Centre in Vancouver
Vancouver
Vancouver is a coastal seaport city on the mainland of British Columbia, Canada. It is the hub of Greater Vancouver, which, with over 2.3 million residents, is the third most populous metropolitan area in the country,...
for Dr. Birch to begin adjusting to his new life in a wheelchair. In the autumn of 1976, he enrolled in the Pre-Engineering program at the University of Victoria
University of Victoria
The University of Victoria, often referred to as UVic, is the second oldest public research university in British Columbia, Canada. It is a research intensive university located in Saanich and Oak Bay, about northeast of downtown Victoria. The University's annual enrollment is about 20,000 students...
. He earned his B.A. Sc. in Electrical Engineering
Electrical engineering
Electrical engineering is a field of engineering that generally deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics and electromagnetism. The field first became an identifiable occupation in the late nineteenth century after commercialization of the electric telegraph and electrical...
in 1983, and in 1988 received a Doctorate
Doctorate
A doctorate is an academic degree or professional degree that in most countries refers to a class of degrees which qualify the holder to teach in a specific field, A doctorate is an academic degree or professional degree that in most countries refers to a class of degrees which qualify the holder...
in Electrical Engineering
Electrical engineering
Electrical engineering is a field of engineering that generally deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics and electromagnetism. The field first became an identifiable occupation in the late nineteenth century after commercialization of the electric telegraph and electrical...
(Biomedical Signal Processing), from the University of British Columbia
University of British Columbia
The University of British Columbia is a public research university. UBC’s two main campuses are situated in Vancouver and in Kelowna in the Okanagan Valley...
in Vancouver
Vancouver
Vancouver is a coastal seaport city on the mainland of British Columbia, Canada. It is the hub of Greater Vancouver, which, with over 2.3 million residents, is the third most populous metropolitan area in the country,...
.
Dr. Birch competed in the 1980 Summer Paralympics
1980 Summer Paralympics
The 1980 Summer Paralympics were the sixth Paralympic Games. They were held in Papendal, close to the host city of Arnhem, Netherlands, from June 21 to 30, 1980.- Sports :...
in the Netherlands
Netherlands
The Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders...
. There he won the silver medal in the 60m wheelchair race and two bronze medals in swimming, in the 25m backstroke and in the 3 x 25m freestyle relay. Gary was also one of the first participants in Wheelchair Rugby
Wheelchair rugby
Wheelchair rugby, , is a team sport for athletes with a disability. It is currently practiced in over twenty countries around the world and is a Paralympic sport....
.
In 1982, while attending a lecture at the University of British Columbia
University of British Columbia
The University of British Columbia is a public research university. UBC’s two main campuses are situated in Vancouver and in Kelowna in the Okanagan Valley...
, Dr. Birch met a man who would end up influencing the next 30 years of his life, Bill Cameron (Founder, Neil Squire Society)
Bill Cameron (Founder, Neil Squire Society)
Bill Cameron, BFA, In. Dsn. was a prolific inventor, engineer and founder of the Neil Squire Society. Bill designed many devices to help people with disabilities including a Sip-and-puff communication system, and a robot arm called M.O.M...
. Mr. Cameron had been working with his relative, a high level quadriplegic named Neil Squire
Neil Squire
Neil Squire was an accounting student at the University of Victoria and a basketball player. After a car accident left him a high level tetraplegic, Neil’s tireless efforts to learn a new form of communication became the inspiration for the creation of the Neil Squire Society.Born December 24,...
, to develop a Morse code
Morse code
Morse code is a method of transmitting textual information as a series of on-off tones, lights, or clicks that can be directly understood by a skilled listener or observer without special equipment...
based, sip-and-puff
Sip-and-puff
Sip-and-Puff or Sip 'n' Puff ' technology is a method used to send signals to a device using air pressure by "sipping" or "puffing" on a straw, tube or "wand." It is primarily used by people who do not have the use of their hands...
communication system for people with severe physical disabilities. Dr. Birch was excited about the emerging technology and knew he wanted to be a part of it. He and another student taught Neil Squire
Neil Squire
Neil Squire was an accounting student at the University of Victoria and a basketball player. After a car accident left him a high level tetraplegic, Neil’s tireless efforts to learn a new form of communication became the inspiration for the creation of the Neil Squire Society.Born December 24,...
to communicate on the computer by using the sip-and-puff
Sip-and-puff
Sip-and-Puff or Sip 'n' Puff ' technology is a method used to send signals to a device using air pressure by "sipping" or "puffing" on a straw, tube or "wand." It is primarily used by people who do not have the use of their hands...
technique. Upon Squire’s death in 1984, Cameron formally incorporated the Neil Squire Society
Neil Squire Society
Neil Squire Society is a Canadian national not-for-profit organization that empowers Canadians with physical disabilities through advocacy, computer-based assistive technology, research and development, and various employment programs.- History :...
. Dr. Birch became its chair and joined the society on a full-time basis when he completed graduate school.
It was at that time that Dr. Birch began work on his Brain-Computer Interface
Brain-computer interface
A brain–computer interface , sometimes called a direct neural interface or a brain–machine interface , is a direct communication pathway between the brain and an external device...
(BCI) project. He chose to research the use of Electroencephalography
Electroencephalography
Electroencephalography is the recording of electrical activity along the scalp. EEG measures voltage fluctuations resulting from ionic current flows within the neurons of the brain...
(EEG) signals from the brain because he felt it would be the most direct type of signal and would be the best form of control for someone with a severe disability. He continues to be involved in Research and Development and is considered by many to be Canada’s foremost expert on Brain-Computer Interface
Brain-computer interface
A brain–computer interface , sometimes called a direct neural interface or a brain–machine interface , is a direct communication pathway between the brain and an external device...
technology.
Recent achievements
In 1994, Dr. Birch became the Executive Director of the Neil Squire SocietyNeil Squire Society
Neil Squire Society is a Canadian national not-for-profit organization that empowers Canadians with physical disabilities through advocacy, computer-based assistive technology, research and development, and various employment programs.- History :...
. Under his watch, the Society continues to empower Canadians with physical disabilities using technology, knowledge, and passion. He is also currently an Adjunct Professor at both the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department of the University of British Columbia
University of British Columbia
The University of British Columbia is a public research university. UBC’s two main campuses are situated in Vancouver and in Kelowna in the Okanagan Valley...
, and at the Gerontology Department of Simon Fraser University
Simon Fraser University
Simon Fraser University is a Canadian public research university in British Columbia with its main campus on Burnaby Mountain in Burnaby, and satellite campuses in Vancouver and Surrey. The main campus in Burnaby, located from downtown Vancouver, was established in 1965 and has more than 34,000...
.
Dr. Birch was inducted into the Terry Fox Hall of Fame
Terry Fox Hall of Fame
The Terry Fox Hall of Fame recognizes "outstanding Canadians who have made extraordinary contributions to enriching the quality of life for people with physical disabilities". It is run by the Canadian Paraplegic Association. The Hall is named after Terry Fox, a cancer research activist who...
in 1998 by the Canadian Foundation for Physically Disabled Persons for extraordinary contributions to enriching the quality of life for people with physical disabilities. He was also awarded the British Columbia Paraplegic Association’s Leadership Award
The University of British Columbia Alumni Association honored Dr. Birch with a Global Citizen Award in 2009. The award recognizes UBC graduates who have made a significant contribution to the betterment of the global community through one or more of the following: research initiatives, teaching, social, cultural or artistic innovation, healthcare, economic development, human rights and environmental protection.
On October 23, 2008, Dr. Birch was appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada
Order of Canada
The Order of Canada is a Canadian national order, admission into which is, within the system of orders, decorations, and medals of Canada, the second highest honour for merit...
, Canada’s highest civilian honor for lifetime achievement, for his work with the Neil Squire Society. Governor General Michaëlle Jean
Michaëlle Jean
Michaëlle Jean is a Canadian journalist and stateswoman who served as Governor General of Canada, the 27th since Canadian Confederation, from 2005 to 2010....
invested him into the Order on April 7, 2010, at Rideau Hall
Rideau Hall
Rideau Hall is, since 1867, the official residence in Ottawa of both the Canadian monarch and the Governor General of Canada. It stands in Canada's capital on a 0.36 km2 estate at 1 Sussex Drive, with the main building consisting of 170 rooms across 9,500 m2 , and 24 outbuildings around the...
in Ottawa
Ottawa
Ottawa is the capital of Canada, the second largest city in the Province of Ontario, and the fourth largest city in the country. The city is located on the south bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of Southern Ontario...
.
He continues to live in Vancouver with his wife, daughter and son while furthering the cause of accessibility
Accessibility
Accessibility is a general term used to describe the degree to which a product, device, service, or environment is available to as many people as possible. Accessibility can be viewed as the "ability to access" and benefit from some system or entity...
for persons with disabilities.
Professional affiliation and memberships
Secretary of the Board of the Rick Hansen InstituteRick Hansen Institute
The Rick Hansen Institute is an organization that raises funding for spinal cord research. Rick Hansen himself was hurt in an accident at 15 and then wheeled across Canada to raise money and started the Institute. They want to cooperate with all the Canadian Paraplegic Associations in each...
Member of the Rick Hansen Institute Translational Research Advisory Committee (TRAC)
Member of the BC SCI Community Services Network Steering Committee
Member of the Advisory committee for the Bell Mobile Telecommunications Accessibility Initiative
Member of the Technical Advisory Committee for HRSDC on the Data Strategy on People
With Disabilities
Accessibility Discussion Group for the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission
Global Accessibility Initiative Steering Committee, Rick Hansen Foundation
Adjunct Professor at UBC
UBC
- Universities :* University of British Columbia, a major Canadian university with its main campus in Greater Vancouver* UBC Okanagan, the campus in Kelowna, British Columbia* UBC Thunderbirds, the athletic program of the main campus- Athletics :...
, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Adjunct Professor, SFU, Gerontology Research Program
Chair of the Minister’s National Advisory Committee for Industry Canada on Assistive Devices
Member of the Institute for Computing, Information & Cognitive Systems (ICICS) Faculty of Applied Science,
University of British Columbia
Member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)
Member of the Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of BC (APEGBC)
Member of the Executive Technical Committee on Assistive Technologies for Persons with Disabilities for the Canadian Standards Association
Canadian Standards Association
The Canadian Standards Association, also known as the CSA, is a not-for-profit Standards organization with the stated aim of developing standards for use in 57 different areas of specialisation...
Member of the Research Advisory and Review Committee for GF Strong Rehabilitation Centre
Member of the Advisory Committee for the Disabilities Health Research Network in British Columbia
Member of the Task Force representing Disability Advocacy Groups and Telecommunication Companies on Accessible Telecommunications in response to the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission on Deferral Accounts
Member of the Sub-committee on Access to Technology for Council of Canadians with Disabilities
Persons with Disabilities Advisory Committee on employment issues for BC Region of the Federal Government and the Provincial Government of BC
Selected technical publications
“Preferences for Next Generation Emergency Services ForPeople with Disabilities” In the Proceedings of the Festival of International Conferences on CAREGIVING, DISABILITY, AGING, AND TECHNOLOGY (FICCDAT), Toronto, ON, June 2011 with D. Leland and Harry Lew.
"A Simple Approach to Find the Best Wavelet Basis in Classification Problems," In the Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR), Istanbul, Turkey, August 2010, pp. 641-644. doi 10.1109/icpr2010.162. with Farhad Faradji and Rabab K. Ward.
“Online Removal of Eye Movement and Blink EEG Artifacts Using a High Speed Eye Tracker”, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng.,Jan.2011 with Noureddin, B., Lawrence, P.D..
“The Development of a Sensory Substitution System for the Sexual Rehabilitation of Men with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury.” Journal of Sexual Medicine. 2010 Aug No. 30. doi: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01997.x with J. Borisoff, S. Elliott and S. Hocaloski.
“Plausibility Assessment of a 2-State Self-Paced Mental Task-Based BCI Using the No-Control Performance Analysis,” Journal of Neuroscience Methods, Vol. 180, No. 2, pp. 330–339, June 2009 with F. Faradji and R.K. Ward.
“A self-paced brain interface system with a low false positive rate,” J. Neural Eng, Vol. 5, pp. 9-23, 2008 with M. Fatourechi and R.K. Ward
“Linear and nonlinear methods for brain-computer interfaces,” IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng., Vol. 11, pp. 165-169, 2003 with K.R. Muller and C.W. Anderson.
“Current trends in brain-computer interface research at the Neil Squire Foundation,” IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng., Vol. 11, pp. 123-126, 2003 with S.G. Mason and J. F. Borisoff
“Initial on-line evaluations of the LF-ASD brain-computer interface with able-bodied and spinal-cord subjects using imagined voluntary motor potentials,” IEEE Trans Neural Sys Reh Eng, Vol. 10, pp. 219-224, 2002 with Z. Bozorgzadeh and S.G. Mason.
“Brain-computer interface research at the Neil Squire Foundation,” IEEE Trans. Rehabil. Eng., Vol. 8, pp. 193-195, 2000 with S.G. Mason.
“An Assessment Methodology and its Application to a Robotic Vocational Device”, Technology and Disability 5 (1996), pp. 151-165, August, 1996 with M. Fengler, R. Gosine, K. Schroeder, M. Schroeder, and D. Johnson.
“Research and Development of Adaptive Equipment for Persons with Significant Disabilities and the Elderly: Activities Conducted by the Neil Squire Foundation,” Tech and Disability, Vol. 4, pp. 169-173, 1995 with J.R. Watzke and C. Bolduc.
“Single-trial processing of event-related potentials using outlier information,” IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., Vol. 40, pp. 59-73, Jan. 1993 with P.D. Lawrence and R.D. Hare.
“Development and Methodology for the Formal Evaluation of the Neil Squire Foundation Robotic Assistive Appliance,” Robotica, Vol. 11, pp. 529-534, 1993.