Frankfurter Zeitung
Encyclopedia
The Frankfurter Zeitung was a German language
newspaper
that appeared from 1856 to 1943. It emerged from a market letter that was published in Frankfurt
. In Nazi Germany
it was considered the only mass publication not completely controlled by the Propagandaministerium under Joseph Goebbels
.
in 1871, the Frankfurter Zeitung became an important mouthpiece of the liberal bourgeois extra-parliamentary opposition. It advocated peace in Europe before 1914 and during World War I
.
During the period of the Weimar Republic
, the paper was treated with hostility by nationalist circles because it had pronounced itself in favour of the Treaty of Versailles
in 1918. At that time it no longer stood in opposition to the government and supported Gustav Stresemann
's policy of reconciliation.
The Frankfurter Zeitung was one of the few democratic
papers of that time. It was known in particular for its feuilleton
, edited by Benno Reifenberg, in which works of most of the great minds of the Weimar Republic were published.
After the 1933 seizure of power
by the Nazis
, several Jewish contributors had to leave the Frankfurter Zeitung, such as Siegfried Kracauer
and Walter Benjamin
. Because it was convenient for propaganda abroad, the paper was initially protected by Propaganda Minister Goebbels. The dictator Adolf Hitler
banned the newspaper in 1943.
The Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
considers itself somewhat as a successor organisation to the Zeitung, as many former journalists of the Frankfurter Zeitung helped to launch it after 1946.
German language
German is a West Germanic language, related to and classified alongside English and Dutch. With an estimated 90 – 98 million native speakers, German is one of the world's major languages and is the most widely-spoken first language in the European Union....
newspaper
Newspaper
A newspaper is a scheduled publication containing news of current events, informative articles, diverse features and advertising. It usually is printed on relatively inexpensive, low-grade paper such as newsprint. By 2007, there were 6580 daily newspapers in the world selling 395 million copies a...
that appeared from 1856 to 1943. It emerged from a market letter that was published in Frankfurt
Frankfurt
Frankfurt am Main , commonly known simply as Frankfurt, is the largest city in the German state of Hesse and the fifth-largest city in Germany, with a 2010 population of 688,249. The urban area had an estimated population of 2,300,000 in 2010...
. In Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany , also known as the Third Reich , but officially called German Reich from 1933 to 1943 and Greater German Reich from 26 June 1943 onward, is the name commonly used to refer to the state of Germany from 1933 to 1945, when it was a totalitarian dictatorship ruled by...
it was considered the only mass publication not completely controlled by the Propagandaministerium under Joseph Goebbels
Joseph Goebbels
Paul Joseph Goebbels was a German politician and Reich Minister of Propaganda in Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. As one of Adolf Hitler's closest associates and most devout followers, he was known for his zealous oratory and anti-Semitism...
.
History
After the foundation of the German EmpireGerman Empire
The German Empire refers to Germany during the "Second Reich" period from the unification of Germany and proclamation of Wilhelm I as German Emperor on 18 January 1871, to 1918, when it became a federal republic after defeat in World War I and the abdication of the Emperor, Wilhelm II.The German...
in 1871, the Frankfurter Zeitung became an important mouthpiece of the liberal bourgeois extra-parliamentary opposition. It advocated peace in Europe before 1914 and during World War I
World War I
World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...
.
During the period of the Weimar Republic
Weimar Republic
The Weimar Republic is the name given by historians to the parliamentary republic established in 1919 in Germany to replace the imperial form of government...
, the paper was treated with hostility by nationalist circles because it had pronounced itself in favour of the Treaty of Versailles
Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The other Central Powers on the German side of...
in 1918. At that time it no longer stood in opposition to the government and supported Gustav Stresemann
Gustav Stresemann
was a German politician and statesman who served as Chancellor and Foreign Minister during the Weimar Republic. He was co-laureate of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1926.Stresemann's politics defy easy categorization...
's policy of reconciliation.
The Frankfurter Zeitung was one of the few democratic
Democracy
Democracy is generally defined as a form of government in which all adult citizens have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives. Ideally, this includes equal participation in the proposal, development and passage of legislation into law...
papers of that time. It was known in particular for its feuilleton
Feuilleton
Feuilleton was originally a kind of supplement attached to the political portion of French newspapers, consisting chiefly of non-political news and gossip, literature and art criticism, a chronicle of the latest fashions, and epigrams, charades and other literary trifles...
, edited by Benno Reifenberg, in which works of most of the great minds of the Weimar Republic were published.
After the 1933 seizure of power
Machtergreifung
Machtergreifung is a German word meaning "seizure of power". It is normally used specifically to refer to the Nazi takeover of power in the democratic Weimar Republic on 30 January 1933, the day Hitler was sworn in as Chancellor of Germany, turning it into the Nazi German dictatorship.-Term:The...
by the Nazis
Nazism
Nazism, the common short form name of National Socialism was the ideology and practice of the Nazi Party and of Nazi Germany...
, several Jewish contributors had to leave the Frankfurter Zeitung, such as Siegfried Kracauer
Siegfried Kracauer
Siegfried Kracauer was a German-Jewish writer, journalist, sociologist, cultural critic, and film theorist...
and Walter Benjamin
Walter Benjamin
Walter Bendix Schönflies Benjamin was a German-Jewish intellectual, who functioned variously as a literary critic, philosopher, sociologist, translator, radio broadcaster and essayist...
. Because it was convenient for propaganda abroad, the paper was initially protected by Propaganda Minister Goebbels. The dictator Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party , commonly referred to as the Nazi Party). He was Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and head of state from 1934 to 1945...
banned the newspaper in 1943.
The Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
The Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , short F.A.Z., also known as the FAZ, is a national German newspaper, founded in 1949. It is published daily in Frankfurt am Main. The Sunday edition is the Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung .F.A.Z...
considers itself somewhat as a successor organisation to the Zeitung, as many former journalists of the Frankfurter Zeitung helped to launch it after 1946.
Notable contributors to the Frankfurter Zeitung
- Theodor Adorno
- Muhammad AsadMuhammad AsadMuhammad Asad , was an Austrian Polish Jew who converted to Islam, and a 20th century journalist, traveler, writer, social critic, linguist, thinker, reformer, diplomat, political theorist, translator and scholar...
as Leopold Weiss - Walter BenjaminWalter BenjaminWalter Bendix Schönflies Benjamin was a German-Jewish intellectual, who functioned variously as a literary critic, philosopher, sociologist, translator, radio broadcaster and essayist...
- Franz BleiFranz BleiFranz Blei was an essayist, playwright and translator from Vienna...
- Margret BoveriMargret BoveriMargret Antonie Boveri was one of the best-known German journalists and writers of the post-WW2 period.-Life:Margret Boveri was born in Würzburg, Germany, the daughter of German biologist Theodor Boveri and American biologist Marcella O'Grady Boveri. Her father died in 1915 and her mother returned...
- Alfred DöblinAlfred DöblinAlfred Döblin was a German expressionist novelist, best known for the novel Berlin Alexanderplatz .- 1878–1918:...
- Lion FeuchtwangerLion FeuchtwangerLion Feuchtwanger was a German-Jewish novelist and playwright. A prominent figure in the literary world of Weimar Germany, he influenced contemporaries including playwright Bertolt Brecht....
- Erich KästnerErich KästnerEmil Erich Kästner was a German author, poet, screenwriter and satirist, known for his humorous, socially astute poetry and children's literature.-Dresden 1899–1919:...
- Editha Klipstein
- Annette KolbAnnette KolbAnnette Kolb was the working name of German author and pacifist Anna Mathilde Kolb. She became active in pacifist causes during World War I and this caused her political difficulties from then on. She left Germany in the 1920s and her works were banned during the Third Reich...
- Siegfried KracauerSiegfried KracauerSiegfried Kracauer was a German-Jewish writer, journalist, sociologist, cultural critic, and film theorist...
- Ernst Kreuder
- Heinrich MannHeinrich MannLuiz Heinrich Mann was a German novelist who wrote works with strong social themes. His attacks on the authoritarian and increasingly militaristic nature of pre-World War II German society led to his exile in 1933.-Life and work:Born in Lübeck as the oldest child of Thomas Johann Heinrich Mann...
- Thomas MannThomas MannThomas Mann was a German novelist, short story writer, social critic, philanthropist, essayist, and 1929 Nobel Prize laureate, known for his series of highly symbolic and ironic epic novels and novellas, noted for their insight into the psychology of the artist and the intellectual...
- Sándor MáraiSándor MáraiSándor Márai was a Hungarian writer and journalist.-Biography:...
- Franz MehringFranz MehringFranz Erdmann Mehring , was a German publicist, politician and historian.-Early years:Franz Mehring was born 27 February 1846 in Schlawe, Pomerania, the son of a bourgeois family.-Political career:...
- Soma MorgensternSoma MorgensternSoma Morgenstern was a Jewish-Austrian writer and journalist.- Biography :Soma Morgenstern spent his childhood in various villages in Galicia...
- Peretz NaftaliPeretz NaftaliPeretz Naftali was a Zionist activist and Israeli politician who served in several ministerial portfolios in the 1950s.-Biography:Born in Berlin in Germany, Naftali joined the Social Democratic Party in 1911...
- Kurt Offenburg
- Alfred PolgarAlfred PolgarAlfred Polgar was an Austrian-born journalist, one of the renowned wits of the Vienna coffeehouses. He left Austria in 1938, and later worked in Hollywood.He was known as a drama critic, in Berlin 1925 to 1933, and an essayist...
- Joseph RothJoseph RothJoseph Roth, born Moses Joseph Roth , was an Austrian journalist and novelist, best known for his family saga Radetzky March about the decline and fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and for his novel of Jewish life, Job as well as the seminal essay 'Juden auf Wanderschaft' translated in...
- Richard Scorge
- Friedrich SchraderFriedrich SchraderFriedrich Schrader was a German philologist of oriental languages, orientalist, art historian, writer, social democrat, translator and journalist. He also used the pseudonym Ischtiraki...
- Anna SeghersAnna SeghersAnna Seghers was a German writer famous for depicting the moral experience of the Second World War.- Life :...
- Heinrich Schirmbeck
- Walter SchmieleWalter SchmieleWalter Schmiele was a German writer and translator.- Life :Schmiele grew up in Frankfurt am Main. He studied German literature, philosophy and history at the universities of Frankfurt, Heidelberg, Vienna and Rostock. Ph.D. in Frankfurt...
- Dolf SternbergerDolf SternbergerDolf Sternberger was a German philosopher and political scientist at the University of Heidelberg. Dolf Sternberger is known for his Concept of Citizenship in German Political Contemporary Thought and for coining the term "constitutional patriotism".- External links :* *...
- Max WeberMax WeberKarl Emil Maximilian "Max" Weber was a German sociologist and political economist who profoundly influenced social theory, social research, and the discipline of sociology itself...
- Carl ZuckmayerCarl ZuckmayerCarl Zuckmayer was a German writer and playwright.-Biography:Born in Nackenheim in Rheinhessen, he was four years old when his family moved to Mainz. With the outbreak of World War I, he finished school with a facilitated "emergency"-Abitur and volunteered for military service...
- Stefan ZweigStefan ZweigStefan Zweig was an Austrian novelist, playwright, journalist and biographer. At the height of his literary career, in the 1920s and 1930s, he was one of the most famous writers in the world.- Biography :...
Sources
- Günther Gillessen: Auf verlorenem Posten. Die Frankfurter Zeitung im Dritten Reich. Siedler Verlag, Berlin 1986, 1987. ISBN 388680223X