Frank Shozo Baba
Encyclopedia
Frank Shōzō Baba was a Japanese American
Nisei
and worked for broadcasting during World War II
in United States
and post war in Japan. He spent twelve years in Japan, from the age of 6 months, 6 years from age 29, and 4 and half years from age 46. He was a member of Voice of America
under Office of War Information
in June 1942, and from 1952 and from 1960 three periods. He was well known for his contributions to the Japanese broadcasting industry after World War II at NHK
under Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers
(GHQ) and in initiating commercial broadcasting
in Japan. He also worked for Voice of America
(VOA) three periods.
worked for Asahi Shimbun
in Osaka
. In 1904 he immigrated to San Francisco seeking employment at the San Francisco Chronicle
and The San Francisco Examiner
. When he did not receive job offers at either newspaper, he returned to Japan and married Kiyo born in Ayauta District, Kagawa
then returned to California
. Frank Shozo was born on 3rd day of then named .
When he was 6 months old, Frank Shozo was sent to his mother Kiyos hometown Ayauta District, Kagawa
Japan. There he was raised and educated until the age of 12 and a half years old, before returning to California. Baba studied at Oakland Technical High School
and graduated business school
of University of California, Berkeley
. He also self studied Japanese literature
and competed in speech competition with Japanese. He lost the job by occurrence of Attack on Pearl Harbor
as the most Japanese American did, and possible Japanese American internment
. His parents were confined to the Gila River War Relocation Center
, and his father Tamotsu passed away there. The parents of his wife Fumie were assigned to Heart Mountain Relocation Center.
opened a Japanese language school at the University of California, Berkeley to helpcommissioned officers
learn Japanese language
. Baba was recommended as a language teacher by one of his university professors. He also obtained his translator license and became certified civil service
. Baba was assigned to section initially called "Coordinate Information", soon later changed to Office of War Information
(OWI). VOA started in 1942, Baba worked on news and comment of psychological warfare
for Japanese with radio shortwave
which was prohibited to listen in that time in Japan.
Baba appealed with these wording in Japanese, worked for VOA three years. His program titled "Japan versus Japan" is implicated "Japanese citizen versus militaristic power or government" that leading Japan to wrong direction.
When Japan accepted Potsdam Declaration
and agreed on Surrender of Japan
, he explained in plain language what this meant for ordinary Japanese citizens. Nazi Germany
surrendered on 7 May 1945, Baba broadcasted, by seeing incoming telex message, with Japanese without translation as the first voiced information to the world, whereas the other language took 30 minutes to broadcast after translate for each languages.
-GHQ
, and arrived Naval Air Facility Atsugi
by C-54 Skymaster
on 2 November 1945. On 5 September 1945, GHQ already in requisition NHK building in Uchisaiwaichō
Tokyo. He became a key person of CIE (Civil Information and Education Division) and deeply involved NHK radio program and its policy. GHQ deemed that radio broadcasting is the strongest weapon to bring up democracy
in post war Japan.
He also arranged and guided entertaining programs, popular one such as Information Please
, Twenty Questions
and Now It Can Be Told
, with Japanese programs naming, to lit.
Fountain
of talking (話の泉), Twenty doors (二十の扉) and True story is this (眞相はかうだ). He planned, offered and involved to NHK new prior election
program for 22nd Imperial Diet in 1946, and many other democratize and entertaining programs.
In spite of GHQ planning, Japanese government, ministry and NHK resisted strongly, whereas Baba persuaded news paper, advertising agency
and private sectors for the plan what is aiming with commercial broadcasting. At the end of 1949, GHQ got tired of waiting of promotion of commercial broadcasting by Japan, at last GHQ work to issue the letter from Douglas MacArthur
to Shigeru Yoshida
.
74 application for commercial broadcasting, and 18 station approved by the end of 1951. The first commercial stations, Chubu-Nippon Broadcasting
and Mainichi Broadcasting System
opened on 1 September 1951, and four more station opened by the time he return to California for VOA in February 1952.
Strategic Bombing Survey team left Japan after 2 months survey task, Baba, however, was solicited by Japanese broadcasting industry to stay in Japan until VOA repeated urge him back to VOA. He worked for VOA second time until again come to Japan as third time from 1961, assigned to United States Information Agency
of Embassy of the United States in Tokyo
.
He had been in Tokyo right after 1964 Summer Olympics
of Tokyo. He again worked for VOA third time as the chief of Japanese Service, until finishing Japanese language program with ending message by Baba on 28 February 1970. VOA judged that Japan is well informed from the world without VOA Japanese language.
Japanese American
are American people of Japanese heritage. Japanese Americans have historically been among the three largest Asian American communities, but in recent decades have become the sixth largest group at roughly 1,204,205, including those of mixed-race or mixed-ethnicity...
Nisei
Nisei
During the early years of World War II, Japanese Americans were forcibly relocated from their homes in the Pacific coast states because military leaders and public opinion combined to fan unproven fears of sabotage...
and worked for broadcasting during World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
in United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
and post war in Japan. He spent twelve years in Japan, from the age of 6 months, 6 years from age 29, and 4 and half years from age 46. He was a member of Voice of America
Voice of America
Voice of America is the official external broadcast institution of the United States federal government. It is one of five civilian U.S. international broadcasters working under the umbrella of the Broadcasting Board of Governors . VOA provides a wide range of programming for broadcast on radio...
under Office of War Information
United States Office of War Information
The United States Office of War Information was a U.S. government agency created during World War II to consolidate government information services. It operated from June 1942 until September 1945...
in June 1942, and from 1952 and from 1960 three periods. He was well known for his contributions to the Japanese broadcasting industry after World War II at NHK
NHK
NHK is Japan's national public broadcasting organization. NHK, which has always identified itself to its audiences by the English pronunciation of its initials, is a publicly owned corporation funded by viewers' payments of a television license fee....
under Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers
Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers
Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers was the title held by General Douglas MacArthur during the Occupation of Japan following World War II...
(GHQ) and in initiating commercial broadcasting
Commercial broadcasting
Commercial broadcasting is the broadcasting of television programs and radio programming by privately owned corporate media, as opposed to state sponsorship...
in Japan. He also worked for Voice of America
Voice of America
Voice of America is the official external broadcast institution of the United States federal government. It is one of five civilian U.S. international broadcasters working under the umbrella of the Broadcasting Board of Governors . VOA provides a wide range of programming for broadcast on radio...
(VOA) three periods.
Life until end of World War II
His father Tamotsu from Ayauta, KagawaAyauta, Kagawa
Ayauta was a town located in Ayauta District, Kagawa, Japan.On March 22, 2005 Ayauta, along with the town of Hanzan, also from Ayauta District, was merged into the expanded city of Marugame and no longer exists as an independent municipality....
worked for Asahi Shimbun
Asahi Shimbun
The is the second most circulated out of the five national newspapers in Japan. Its circulation, which was 7.96 million for its morning edition and 3.1 million for its evening edition as of June 2010, was second behind that of Yomiuri Shimbun...
in Osaka
Osaka
is a city in the Kansai region of Japan's main island of Honshu, a designated city under the Local Autonomy Law, the capital city of Osaka Prefecture and also the biggest part of Keihanshin area, which is represented by three major cities of Japan, Kyoto, Osaka and Kobe...
. In 1904 he immigrated to San Francisco seeking employment at the San Francisco Chronicle
San Francisco Chronicle
thumb|right|upright|The Chronicle Building following the [[1906 San Francisco earthquake|1906 earthquake]] and fireThe San Francisco Chronicle is a newspaper serving primarily the San Francisco Bay Area of the U.S. state of California, but distributed throughout Northern and Central California,...
and The San Francisco Examiner
The San Francisco Examiner
The San Francisco Examiner is a U.S. daily newspaper. It has been published continuously in San Francisco, California, since the late 19th century.-19th century:...
. When he did not receive job offers at either newspaper, he returned to Japan and married Kiyo born in Ayauta District, Kagawa
Ayauta District, Kagawa
is a district located in Kagawa, Japan.As of the Takamatsu merger but using 2000 population data, the district has an estimated population of 41,598 and a density of 353 persons per km²...
then returned to California
California
California is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is by far the most populous U.S. state, and the third-largest by land area...
. Frank Shozo was born on 3rd day of then named .
When he was 6 months old, Frank Shozo was sent to his mother Kiyos hometown Ayauta District, Kagawa
Ayauta District, Kagawa
is a district located in Kagawa, Japan.As of the Takamatsu merger but using 2000 population data, the district has an estimated population of 41,598 and a density of 353 persons per km²...
Japan. There he was raised and educated until the age of 12 and a half years old, before returning to California. Baba studied at Oakland Technical High School
Oakland Technical High School
Oakland Technical High School, known locally as Oakland Tech, or just simply "Tech", is a public high school in Oakland, California, and is operated under the jurisdiction of the Oakland Unified School District.-Background:...
and graduated business school
Business school
A business school is a university-level institution that confers degrees in Business Administration. It teaches topics such as accounting, administration, economics, entrepreneurship, finance, information systems, marketing, organizational behavior, public relations, strategy, human resource...
of University of California, Berkeley
University of California, Berkeley
The University of California, Berkeley , is a teaching and research university established in 1868 and located in Berkeley, California, USA...
. He also self studied Japanese literature
Japanese literature
Early works of Japanese literature were heavily influenced by cultural contact with China and Chinese literature, often written in Classical Chinese. Indian literature also had an influence through the diffusion of Buddhism in Japan...
and competed in speech competition with Japanese. He lost the job by occurrence of Attack on Pearl Harbor
Attack on Pearl Harbor
The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike conducted by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on the morning of December 7, 1941...
as the most Japanese American did, and possible Japanese American internment
Japanese American internment
Japanese-American internment was the relocation and internment by the United States government in 1942 of approximately 110,000 Japanese Americans and Japanese who lived along the Pacific coast of the United States to camps called "War Relocation Camps," in the wake of Imperial Japan's attack on...
. His parents were confined to the Gila River War Relocation Center
Gila River War Relocation Center
The Gila River War Relocation Center was an internment camp built by the War Relocation Authority for internment of Japanese Americans during the Second World War. It was located about southeast of Phoenix, Arizona....
, and his father Tamotsu passed away there. The parents of his wife Fumie were assigned to Heart Mountain Relocation Center.
During World War II
After World War II began, the United States NavyUnited States Navy
The United States Navy is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The U.S. Navy is the largest in the world; its battle fleet tonnage is greater than that of the next 13 largest navies combined. The U.S...
opened a Japanese language school at the University of California, Berkeley to helpcommissioned officers
Officer (armed forces)
An officer is a member of an armed force or uniformed service who holds a position of authority. Commissioned officers derive authority directly from a sovereign power and, as such, hold a commission charging them with the duties and responsibilities of a specific office or position...
learn Japanese language
Japanese language
is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities. It is a member of the Japonic language family, which has a number of proposed relationships with other languages, none of which has gained wide acceptance among historical linguists .Japanese is an...
. Baba was recommended as a language teacher by one of his university professors. He also obtained his translator license and became certified civil service
Civil service
The term civil service has two distinct meanings:* A branch of governmental service in which individuals are employed on the basis of professional merit as proven by competitive examinations....
. Baba was assigned to section initially called "Coordinate Information", soon later changed to Office of War Information
United States Office of War Information
The United States Office of War Information was a U.S. government agency created during World War II to consolidate government information services. It operated from June 1942 until September 1945...
(OWI). VOA started in 1942, Baba worked on news and comment of psychological warfare
Psychological warfare
Psychological warfare , or the basic aspects of modern psychological operations , have been known by many other names or terms, including Psy Ops, Political Warfare, “Hearts and Minds,” and Propaganda...
for Japanese with radio shortwave
Shortwave
Shortwave radio refers to the upper MF and all of the HF portion of the radio spectrum, between 1,800–30,000 kHz. Shortwave radio received its name because the wavelengths in this band are shorter than 200 m which marked the original upper limit of the medium frequency band first used...
which was prohibited to listen in that time in Japan.
- Immediately you are ought to cease the war
- You are maneuvered by militaristic power, and leaded to wrong way.
Baba appealed with these wording in Japanese, worked for VOA three years. His program titled "Japan versus Japan" is implicated "Japanese citizen versus militaristic power or government" that leading Japan to wrong direction.
When Japan accepted Potsdam Declaration
Potsdam Declaration
The Potsdam Declaration or the Proclamation Defining Terms for Japanese Surrender is a statement calling for the Surrender of Japan in World War II. On July 26, 1945, United States President Harry S...
and agreed on Surrender of Japan
Surrender of Japan
The surrender of Japan in 1945 brought hostilities of World War II to a close. By the end of July 1945, the Imperial Japanese Navy was incapable of conducting operations and an Allied invasion of Japan was imminent...
, he explained in plain language what this meant for ordinary Japanese citizens. Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany , also known as the Third Reich , but officially called German Reich from 1933 to 1943 and Greater German Reich from 26 June 1943 onward, is the name commonly used to refer to the state of Germany from 1933 to 1945, when it was a totalitarian dictatorship ruled by...
surrendered on 7 May 1945, Baba broadcasted, by seeing incoming telex message, with Japanese without translation as the first voiced information to the world, whereas the other language took 30 minutes to broadcast after translate for each languages.
Post World War II
Baba assigned a member of team Strategic Bombing SurveyStrategic bombing survey
The United States Strategic Bombing Survey was a board tasked with examination and analysis of the United States' involvement in the World War II. Its primary purpose was to determine the effectiveness of Allied, and more specifically American, strategic bombing campaigns in Europe and in Asia...
-GHQ
Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers
Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers was the title held by General Douglas MacArthur during the Occupation of Japan following World War II...
, and arrived Naval Air Facility Atsugi
Naval Air Facility Atsugi
is a naval air base located in the cities of Yamato and Ayase in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. It is the largest United States Navy air base in the Pacific Ocean and houses the squadrons of Carrier Air Wing 5, which deploys with the aircraft carrier...
by C-54 Skymaster
C-54 Skymaster
The Douglas C-54 Skymaster was a four-engined transport aircraft used by the United States Army Air Forces and British forces in World War II and the Korean War. Besides transport of cargo, it also carried presidents, British heads of government, and military staff...
on 2 November 1945. On 5 September 1945, GHQ already in requisition NHK building in Uchisaiwaichō
Uchisaiwaichō
is a neighborhood in Chiyoda, Tokyo, at the south-east corner of the ward bordering with Chūō and Minato. Its postal code is 100-0011.Uchisaiwaichō Station on the Toei Mita Line is located in the area.-Businesses in Uchisaiwaichō:*Kroll Inc...
Tokyo. He became a key person of CIE (Civil Information and Education Division) and deeply involved NHK radio program and its policy. GHQ deemed that radio broadcasting is the strongest weapon to bring up democracy
Democracy
Democracy is generally defined as a form of government in which all adult citizens have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives. Ideally, this includes equal participation in the proposal, development and passage of legislation into law...
in post war Japan.
He also arranged and guided entertaining programs, popular one such as Information Please
Information Please
Information Please was an American radio quiz show, created by Dan Golenpaul, which aired on NBC from May 17, 1938 to April 22, 1951. The title was the contemporary phrase used to request from telephone operators what was then called "information" but is now called "directory assistance".The series...
, Twenty Questions
Twenty Questions
Twenty Questions is a spoken parlor game which encourages deductive reasoning and creativity. It originated in the United States and escalated in popularity during the late 1940s when it became the format for a successful weekly radio quiz program....
and Now It Can Be Told
Now it Can Be Told
"Now it Can Be Told" is a popular song written by Irving Berlin for the 1938 film Alexander's Ragtime Band, where it was introduced by Alice Faye and Don Ameche.-Notable recordings:*Tony Bennett - Bennett/Berlin...
, with Japanese programs naming, to lit.
Literal translation
Literal translation, or direct translation, is the rendering of text from one language to another "word-for-word" rather than conveying the sense of the original...
Fountain
Fountain
A fountain is a piece of architecture which pours water into a basin or jets it into the air either to supply drinking water or for decorative or dramatic effect....
of talking (話の泉), Twenty doors (二十の扉) and True story is this (眞相はかうだ). He planned, offered and involved to NHK new prior election
Election
An election is a formal decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold public office. Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern representative democracy operates since the 17th century. Elections may fill offices in the legislature, sometimes in the...
program for 22nd Imperial Diet in 1946, and many other democratize and entertaining programs.
Commercial broadcasting in Japan
At the same time, he worried about whether the democracy among Japanese people is maintained after GHQ left Japan, they might turn back to none-democratic in a week if NHK and news paper were be under the control of some remaining power. So that he thought about to establish the commercial broadcasting system in parallel with monopoly by NHK, and persuade with his proposal through his boss of radio section, then further brought up the proposal to CIE, top level of GHQ. On 16 October 1947, GHQ noticed the strategic plan to establish commercial broadcasting station in Japan.In spite of GHQ planning, Japanese government, ministry and NHK resisted strongly, whereas Baba persuaded news paper, advertising agency
Advertising agency
An advertising agency or ad agency is a service business dedicated to creating, planning and handling advertising for its clients. An ad agency is independent from the client and provides an outside point of view to the effort of selling the client's products or services...
and private sectors for the plan what is aiming with commercial broadcasting. At the end of 1949, GHQ got tired of waiting of promotion of commercial broadcasting by Japan, at last GHQ work to issue the letter from Douglas MacArthur
Douglas MacArthur
General of the Army Douglas MacArthur was an American general and field marshal of the Philippine Army. He was a Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the 1930s and played a prominent role in the Pacific theater during World War II. He received the Medal of Honor for his service in the...
to Shigeru Yoshida
Shigeru Yoshida
, KCVO was a Japanese diplomat and politician who served as Prime Minister of Japan from 1946 to 1947 and from 1948 to 1954.-Early life:...
.
74 application for commercial broadcasting, and 18 station approved by the end of 1951. The first commercial stations, Chubu-Nippon Broadcasting
Chubu-Nippon Broadcasting
is a regional radio and television service serving Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan. Its radio service is affiliated with the Japan Radio Network and its television service affiliated with the Japan News Network and the TBS Network.-Radio:Frequency...
and Mainichi Broadcasting System
Mainichi Broadcasting System
is a broadcasting station in Osaka, Japan, affiliated with Japan Radio Network , National Radio Network , Japan News Network and TBS Network, serving in the Kansai region. MBS is also one of the major stockholders of Tokyo Broadcasting System Holdings, Inc...
opened on 1 September 1951, and four more station opened by the time he return to California for VOA in February 1952.
Strategic Bombing Survey team left Japan after 2 months survey task, Baba, however, was solicited by Japanese broadcasting industry to stay in Japan until VOA repeated urge him back to VOA. He worked for VOA second time until again come to Japan as third time from 1961, assigned to United States Information Agency
United States Information Agency
The United States Information Agency , which existed from 1953 to 1999, was a United States agency devoted to "public diplomacy". In 1999, USIA's broadcasting functions were moved to the newly created Broadcasting Board of Governors, and its exchange and non-broadcasting information functions were...
of Embassy of the United States in Tokyo
Embassy of the United States in Tokyo
The Embassy of the United States in Tokyo represents the United States to Japan. Along with consulates general in Osaka, Nagoya, Sapporo, Fukuoka, and Naha, the embassy provides assistance to American citizens and issues visas to foreign nationals who wish to visit or immigrate to the United...
.
He had been in Tokyo right after 1964 Summer Olympics
1964 Summer Olympics
The 1964 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XVIII Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event held in Tokyo, Japan in 1964. Tokyo had been awarded with the organization of the 1940 Summer Olympics, but this honor was subsequently passed to Helsinki because of Japan's...
of Tokyo. He again worked for VOA third time as the chief of Japanese Service, until finishing Japanese language program with ending message by Baba on 28 February 1970. VOA judged that Japan is well informed from the world without VOA Japanese language.
Other topics
- He took care of Japanese journalistJournalistA journalist collects and distributes news and other information. A journalist's work is referred to as journalism.A reporter is a type of journalist who researchs, writes, and reports on information to be presented in mass media, including print media , electronic media , and digital media A...
s in Washington, D.C.Washington, D.C.Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, "the District", or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States. On July 16, 1790, the United States Congress approved the creation of a permanent national capital as permitted by the U.S. Constitution....
during work for VOA second and third time such as arranging translator/ interpreter, took appointment with politician, bureaucratBureaucratA bureaucrat is a member of a bureaucracy and can comprise the administration of any organization of any size, though the term usually connotes someone within an institution of a government or corporation...
or others. - After VOA ended Japanese language program with his SayonaraSayonaraSayonara is a 1957 color American film starring Marlon Brando. It tells the story of an American Air Force flier who was an "ace" fighter pilot during the Korean War....
, he moved to United States Information AgencyUnited States Information AgencyThe United States Information Agency , which existed from 1953 to 1999, was a United States agency devoted to "public diplomacy". In 1999, USIA's broadcasting functions were moved to the newly created Broadcasting Board of Governors, and its exchange and non-broadcasting information functions were...
. - He arranged and in the presence when John F. KennedyJohn F. KennedyJohn Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy , often referred to by his initials JFK, was the 35th President of the United States, serving from 1961 until his assassination in 1963....
meet NHK vice CEOChief executive officerA chief executive officer , managing director , Executive Director for non-profit organizations, or chief executive is the highest-ranking corporate officer or administrator in charge of total management of an organization...
in White HouseWhite HouseThe White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the president of the United States. Located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C., the house was designed by Irish-born James Hoban, and built between 1792 and 1800 of white-painted Aquia sandstone in the Neoclassical...
on 25 March 1961. - He received 3rd class, Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon, Order of the Sacred TreasureOrder of the Sacred TreasureThe is a Japanese Order, established on January 4, 1888 by Emperor Meiji of Japan as the Order of Meiji. It is awarded in eight classes . It is generally awarded for long and/or meritorious service and considered to be the lowest of the Japanese orders of merit...
in 1986. His mother was very delighted for it at age of 100. - At the age of 80, Japanese journalists who were taken care of by him in Washington, D.C. celebrated his birthday with his wife in a hotel in Tokyo in 1995. Many people attended and thanked him for his past hospitality. People attended are; Masaru IbukaMasaru IbukaMasaru Ibuka was a Japanese electronics industrialist. He co-founded what is now Sony....
, Tsuneo WatanabeTsuneo Watanabeis a Japanese businessman. He leads Yomiuri Shimbun, and he has a great influence on Japanese sports and Japanese politics. Informally he's nicknamed as Nabetsune, although he hates it.-Controversies:...
, Tetsuya ChikushiTetsuya Chikushiwas a Japanese journalist, TV presenter and news anchor.- Career :Chikushi was born in Hita, Ōita Prefecture on 23 June 1935. He graduated from Waseda University's school of political science and economics, and joined the Asahi Shimbun newspaper in 1959 as a reporter.He worked for the Asahi...
, Nobuhiko Shima and many former foreign correspondents in Washington, D.C. - He moved Alhambra, CaliforniaAlhambra, CaliforniaAlhambra is a city located in the western San Gabriel Valley region of Los Angeles County, California, United States, which is approximately eight miles from the Downtown Los Angeles civic center. As of the 2010 census, the population was 83,089, down from 85,804 at the 2000 census. The city's...
after retirement where his son has apartment business in 1997.
See also
- Supreme Commander of the Allied PowersSupreme Commander of the Allied PowersSupreme Commander of the Allied Powers was the title held by General Douglas MacArthur during the Occupation of Japan following World War II...
- United States Office of War InformationUnited States Office of War InformationThe United States Office of War Information was a U.S. government agency created during World War II to consolidate government information services. It operated from June 1942 until September 1945...
- Voice of AmericaVoice of AmericaVoice of America is the official external broadcast institution of the United States federal government. It is one of five civilian U.S. international broadcasters working under the umbrella of the Broadcasting Board of Governors . VOA provides a wide range of programming for broadcast on radio...
External links
- Frank S. Baba-- "The man who helped establish the broadcast industry in Japan" Japanese American Veterans Association
- Japanese Americans Honored for Roles in WWII - 2003-05-07, Voice of AmericaVoice of AmericaVoice of America is the official external broadcast institution of the United States federal government. It is one of five civilian U.S. international broadcasters working under the umbrella of the Broadcasting Board of Governors . VOA provides a wide range of programming for broadcast on radio...
- BABA, Frank Shozo, San Francisco ChronicleSan Francisco Chroniclethumb|right|upright|The Chronicle Building following the [[1906 San Francisco earthquake|1906 earthquake]] and fireThe San Francisco Chronicle is a newspaper serving primarily the San Francisco Bay Area of the U.S. state of California, but distributed throughout Northern and Central California,...
- Death of Frank Baba, former chief of VOA Japanese Service.
- 日本の放送をつくった男’フランク・馬場 lit., A man who made Japanese broadcasting - Frank Baba His video and voice