Eye proptosis
Encyclopedia
Eye proptosis is a condition resulting in forward displacement and entrapment of the eye from behind by the eyelid
s. The condition is also known as eye dislocation and eye luxation. It is a common result of head trauma and pressure exerted on the front of the neck too hard in dog
s. Most commonly it occurs in brachycephalic
(short nosed) breeds. In cats, eye proptosis is uncommon and is often accompanied by facial fractures.
About 40 percent of proptosed eyes retain vision after being replaced in the orbit
, but in cats very few retain vision. Replacement of the eye requires general anesthesia
. The eyelids are pulled outward, and the eye is gently pushed back into place. The eyelids are sewn together in a procedure known as tarsorrhaphy
for about five days to keep the eye in place. Replaced eyes have a higher rate keratoconjunctivitis sicca
and keratitis
and often require lifelong treatment. If there is severe damage, the eye is removed in a relatively simple surgery
known as enucleation of the eye.
The prognosis
for a replaced eye is determined by the extent of damage to the cornea
and sclera
, the presence or absence of a pupillary light reflex, and the presence of ruptured rectus muscle
s. The rectus muscles normally help hold the eye in place and direct eye movement. Rupture of more than two rectus muscles usually requires that the eye be removed, because there is usually also significant blood vessel and nerve damage. Compared to brachycephalic breeds, dochilocephalic (long nosed) breeds usually have more trauma to the eye and its surrounding structures, so there is a worse prognosis.
, a form of hyperthyroidism.
Although Cláudio Paulo Pinto, who is the Brazil
ian record holder for eye-popping, can "pop" his out 7 millimetre (0.275590551181102 in), the current world record holder is Kim Goodman
of Chicago
who can extend her globes 11 millimetre (0.433070866141732 in) out of her sockets.
Eyelid
An eyelid is a thin fold of skin that covers and protects an eye. With the exception of the prepuce and the labia minora, it has the thinnest skin of the whole body. The levator palpebrae superioris muscle retracts the eyelid to "open" the eye. This can be either voluntarily or involuntarily...
s. The condition is also known as eye dislocation and eye luxation. It is a common result of head trauma and pressure exerted on the front of the neck too hard in dog
Dog
The domestic dog is a domesticated form of the gray wolf, a member of the Canidae family of the order Carnivora. The term is used for both feral and pet varieties. The dog may have been the first animal to be domesticated, and has been the most widely kept working, hunting, and companion animal in...
s. Most commonly it occurs in brachycephalic
Cephalic index
Cephalic index is the ratio of the maximum width of the head multiplied by 100 divided by its maximum length ....
(short nosed) breeds. In cats, eye proptosis is uncommon and is often accompanied by facial fractures.
About 40 percent of proptosed eyes retain vision after being replaced in the orbit
Orbit (anatomy)
In anatomy, the orbit is the cavity or socket of the skull in which the eye and its appendages are situated. "Orbit" can refer to the bony socket, or it can also be used to imply the contents...
, but in cats very few retain vision. Replacement of the eye requires general anesthesia
Anesthesia
Anesthesia, or anaesthesia , traditionally meant the condition of having sensation blocked or temporarily taken away...
. The eyelids are pulled outward, and the eye is gently pushed back into place. The eyelids are sewn together in a procedure known as tarsorrhaphy
Tarsorrhaphy
Tarsorrhaphy is a surgical procedure in which the eyelids are partially sewn together to narrow the opening .It may be done to protect the cornea in cases of corneal exposure or after corneal graft surgery.-External links:*...
for about five days to keep the eye in place. Replaced eyes have a higher rate keratoconjunctivitis sicca
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca , also called keratitis sicca, xerophthalmia or dry eye syndrome is an eye disease caused by eye dryness, which, in turn, is caused by either decreased tear production or increased tear film evaporation. It is found in humans and some animals...
and keratitis
Keratitis
Keratitis is a condition in which the eye's cornea, the front part of the eye, becomes inflamed. The condition is often marked by moderate to intense pain and usually involves impaired eyesight.-Types:...
and often require lifelong treatment. If there is severe damage, the eye is removed in a relatively simple surgery
Surgery
Surgery is an ancient medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate and/or treat a pathological condition such as disease or injury, or to help improve bodily function or appearance.An act of performing surgery may be called a surgical...
known as enucleation of the eye.
The prognosis
Prognosis
Prognosis is a medical term to describe the likely outcome of an illness.When applied to large statistical populations, prognostic estimates can be very accurate: for example the statement "45% of patients with severe septic shock will die within 28 days" can be made with some confidence, because...
for a replaced eye is determined by the extent of damage to the cornea
Cornea
The cornea is the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber. Together with the lens, the cornea refracts light, with the cornea accounting for approximately two-thirds of the eye's total optical power. In humans, the refractive power of the cornea is...
and sclera
Sclera
The sclera , also known as the white or white of the eye, is the opaque , fibrous, protective, outer layer of the eye containing collagen and elastic fiber. In the development of the embryo, the sclera is derived from the neural crest...
, the presence or absence of a pupillary light reflex, and the presence of ruptured rectus muscle
Muscles of orbit
The muscles of the orbit are a group of six muscles that control movement of the eye. Four of the muscles control the movement of the eye in the four cardinal directions: up, down, left and right...
s. The rectus muscles normally help hold the eye in place and direct eye movement. Rupture of more than two rectus muscles usually requires that the eye be removed, because there is usually also significant blood vessel and nerve damage. Compared to brachycephalic breeds, dochilocephalic (long nosed) breeds usually have more trauma to the eye and its surrounding structures, so there is a worse prognosis.
In humans
Although human eye proptosis or luxation is uncommon, both women and men have attempted the Guinness World Record for "eye-popping". Eye luxation is therefore not unique to dogs and can be acquired from natural causes at birth, rather than from head trauma. Proptosis is also seen in association with Graves' DiseaseGraves' disease
Graves' disease is an autoimmune disease where the thyroid is overactive, producing an excessive amount of thyroid hormones...
, a form of hyperthyroidism.
Although Cláudio Paulo Pinto, who is the Brazil
Brazil
Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...
ian record holder for eye-popping, can "pop" his out 7 millimetre (0.275590551181102 in), the current world record holder is Kim Goodman
Kim Goodman
Kim Goodman is a woman who is able to pop her eyes out of her eye sockets by 12 millimeters . She holds the world record for the farthest eyeball protrusion. She lives in Chicago, Illinois. She discovered her eyeball popping talent one day when she was hit on the head with a hockey mask...
of Chicago
Chicago
Chicago is the largest city in the US state of Illinois. With nearly 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the Midwestern United States and the third most populous in the US, after New York City and Los Angeles...
who can extend her globes 11 millimetre (0.433070866141732 in) out of her sockets.