Enaptin
Encyclopedia
Enaptin is a nuclear envelope
protein
found in human
myocyte
s and synapse
s, which is made up of 8,797 amino acid
s. Post-translational amino acid modifications can be possible. Enaptin is involved in the maintenance of nuclear
organization and structural integrity, tethering the cell nucleus to the cytoskeleton
by interacting with the nuclear envelope and with F-actin in the cytoplasm
. Enaptin has a remarkable structure with a coiled alpha-helical region and a large beta-sheet region in the upper part and at least four alpha-helices spliced together, indicating the similarity with collagen
. The structural integrity of Enaptin can be shown by determining whether the protein forms a condensed supramolecule.
The molecular weight of the mature protein is approximately 1,011,041.95 Da, and it has a theoretical pI
of 5.38 http://us.expasy.org/cgi-bin/pi_tool1?Q8NF91@noft@. The following results do not take into account any annotated post-translational modification. The protein's chemical formula
is C44189H71252N12428O14007S321. It has a theoretical Instability Index
(II) of 51.63, indicating that it would be unstable in a test tube
. The protein's in vivo
half-life
, the time it takes for half of the amount of protein in a cell to disappear after its synthesis in the cell, is predicted to be approximately 30 hours (in mammalian reticulocyte
s). http://us.expasy.org/cgi-bin/protparam1?Q8NF91@noft@
The protein is made up of three main parts, as can be seen in the diagram: cytoplasm
ic (1-8746), anchor for type IV membrane protein
(8747-8767), and the sequence for perinuclear space (8768-8797). The region in the perinuclear space contains a KASH domain
(Klarsicht, ANC-1, Syne Homology).
of the isolated amino acids).
Nuclear envelope
A nuclear envelope is a double lipid bilayer that encloses the genetic material in eukaryotic cells. The nuclear envelope also serves as the physical barrier, separating the contents of the nucleus from the cytosol...
protein
Protein
Proteins are biochemical compounds consisting of one or more polypeptides typically folded into a globular or fibrous form, facilitating a biological function. A polypeptide is a single linear polymer chain of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of...
found in human
Human
Humans are the only living species in the Homo genus...
myocyte
Myocyte
A myocyte is the type of cell found in muscles. They arise from myoblasts.Each myocyte contains myofibrils, which are long, long chains of sarcomeres, the contractile units of the cell....
s and synapse
Synapse
In the nervous system, a synapse is a structure that permits a neuron to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another cell...
s, which is made up of 8,797 amino acid
Amino acid
Amino acids are molecules containing an amine group, a carboxylic acid group and a side-chain that varies between different amino acids. The key elements of an amino acid are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen...
s. Post-translational amino acid modifications can be possible. Enaptin is involved in the maintenance of nuclear
Cell nucleus
In cell biology, the nucleus is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells. It contains most of the cell's genetic material, organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in complex with a large variety of proteins, such as histones, to form chromosomes. The genes within these...
organization and structural integrity, tethering the cell nucleus to the cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is a cellular "scaffolding" or "skeleton" contained within a cell's cytoplasm and is made out of protein. The cytoskeleton is present in all cells; it was once thought to be unique to eukaryotes, but recent research has identified the prokaryotic cytoskeleton...
by interacting with the nuclear envelope and with F-actin in the cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
The cytoplasm is a small gel-like substance residing between the cell membrane holding all the cell's internal sub-structures , except for the nucleus. All the contents of the cells of prokaryote organisms are contained within the cytoplasm...
. Enaptin has a remarkable structure with a coiled alpha-helical region and a large beta-sheet region in the upper part and at least four alpha-helices spliced together, indicating the similarity with collagen
Collagen
Collagen is a group of naturally occurring proteins found in animals, especially in the flesh and connective tissues of mammals. It is the main component of connective tissue, and is the most abundant protein in mammals, making up about 25% to 35% of the whole-body protein content...
. The structural integrity of Enaptin can be shown by determining whether the protein forms a condensed supramolecule.
The molecular weight of the mature protein is approximately 1,011,041.95 Da, and it has a theoretical pI
Isoelectric point
The isoelectric point , sometimes abbreviated to IEP, is the pH at which a particular molecule or surface carries no net electrical charge....
of 5.38 http://us.expasy.org/cgi-bin/pi_tool1?Q8NF91@noft@. The following results do not take into account any annotated post-translational modification. The protein's chemical formula
Chemical formula
A chemical formula or molecular formula is a way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound....
is C44189H71252N12428O14007S321. It has a theoretical Instability Index
Instability index
The Instability index is a measure of proteins, used to determine whether it will be stable in a test tube.If the index is less than 40, then it is probably stable in the test tube. If it is greater then it is probably not stable....
(II) of 51.63, indicating that it would be unstable in a test tube
Test tube
A test tube, also known as a culture tube or sample tube, is a common piece of laboratory glassware consisting of a finger-like length of glass or clear plastic tubing, open at the top, usually with a rounded U-shaped bottom....
. The protein's in vivo
In vivo
In vivo is experimentation using a whole, living organism as opposed to a partial or dead organism, or an in vitro controlled environment. Animal testing and clinical trials are two forms of in vivo research...
half-life
Half-life
Half-life, abbreviated t½, is the period of time it takes for the amount of a substance undergoing decay to decrease by half. The name was originally used to describe a characteristic of unstable atoms , but it may apply to any quantity which follows a set-rate decay.The original term, dating to...
, the time it takes for half of the amount of protein in a cell to disappear after its synthesis in the cell, is predicted to be approximately 30 hours (in mammalian reticulocyte
Reticulocyte
Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells, typically composing about 1% of the red cells in the human body.Reticulocytes develop and mature in the red bone marrow and then circulate for about a day in the blood stream before developing into mature red blood cells. Like mature red blood cells,...
s). http://us.expasy.org/cgi-bin/protparam1?Q8NF91@noft@
The protein is made up of three main parts, as can be seen in the diagram: cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
The cytoplasm is a small gel-like substance residing between the cell membrane holding all the cell's internal sub-structures , except for the nucleus. All the contents of the cells of prokaryote organisms are contained within the cytoplasm...
ic (1-8746), anchor for type IV membrane protein
Membrane protein
A membrane protein is a protein molecule that is attached to, or associated with the membrane of a cell or an organelle. More than half of all proteins interact with membranes.-Function:...
(8747-8767), and the sequence for perinuclear space (8768-8797). The region in the perinuclear space contains a KASH domain
KASH domain
KASH domains are conserved C-terminal protein regions less than ~30 amino acids. KASH is an acronym for Klarsicht, ANC-1, Syne Homology. KASH domains always follow a transmembrane domain. Most proteins containing KASH domains are thought to be involved in the positioning of the nucleus in the cell...
(Klarsicht, ANC-1, Syne Homology).
Amino acid composition
The following table lists the amino acids present in the protein in alphabetical order, along with a count of each, and its contribution to the total count (determined either by weight of the hydrosylate or by decompositionDecomposition
Decomposition is the process by which organic material is broken down into simpler forms of matter. The process is essential for recycling the finite matter that occupies physical space in the biome. Bodies of living organisms begin to decompose shortly after death...
of the isolated amino acids).
| Ala Alanine Alanine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula CH3CHCOOH. The L-isomer is one of the 20 amino acids encoded by the genetic code. Its codons are GCU, GCC, GCA, and GCG. It is classified as a nonpolar amino acid... |
(A) | 571 | 6.5% |
| Arg Arginine Arginine is an α-amino acid. The L-form is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids. At the level of molecular genetics, in the structure of the messenger ribonucleic acid mRNA, CGU, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA, and AGG, are the triplets of nucleotide bases or codons that codify for arginine during... |
(R) | 425 | 4.8% |
| Asn Asparagine Asparagine is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids on Earth. It has carboxamide as the side-chain's functional group. It is not an essential amino acid... |
(N) | 289 | 3.3% |
| Asp Aspartic acid Aspartic acid is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HOOCCHCH2COOH. The carboxylate anion, salt, or ester of aspartic acid is known as aspartate. The L-isomer of aspartate is one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the building blocks of proteins... |
(D) | 465 | 5.3% |
| Cys Cysteine Cysteine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCHCH2SH. It is a non-essential amino acid, which means that it is biosynthesized in humans. Its codons are UGU and UGC. The side chain on cysteine is thiol, which is polar and thus cysteine is usually classified as a hydrophilic amino acid... |
(C) | 117 | 1.3% |
| Gln Glutamine Glutamine is one of the 20 amino acids encoded by the standard genetic code. It is not recognized as an essential amino acid but may become conditionally essential in certain situations, including intensive athletic training or certain gastrointestinal disorders... |
(Q) | 763 | 8.7% |
| Glu Glutamic acid Glutamic acid is one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids, and its codons are GAA and GAG. It is a non-essential amino acid. The carboxylate anions and salts of glutamic acid are known as glutamates... |
(E) | 971 | 11.0% |
| Gly Glycine Glycine is an organic compound with the formula NH2CH2COOH. Having a hydrogen substituent as its 'side chain', glycine is the smallest of the 20 amino acids commonly found in proteins. Its codons are GGU, GGC, GGA, GGG cf. the genetic code.Glycine is a colourless, sweet-tasting crystalline solid... |
(G) | 290 | 3.3% |
| His Histidine Histidine Histidine, an essential amino acid, has a positively charged imidazole functional group. It is one of the 22 proteinogenic amino acids. Its codons are CAU and CAC. Histidine was first isolated by German physician Albrecht Kossel in 1896. Histidine is an essential amino acid in humans... |
(H) | 238 | 2.7% |
| Ile Isoleucine Isoleucine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCHCHCH2CH3. It is an essential amino acid, which means that humans cannot synthesize it, so it must be ingested. Its codons are AUU, AUC and AUA.... |
(I) | 391 | 4.4% |
| Leu Leucine Leucine is a branched-chain α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCHCH2CH2. Leucine is classified as a hydrophobic amino acid due to its aliphatic isobutyl side chain. It is encoded by six codons and is a major component of the subunits in ferritin, astacin and other 'buffer' proteins... |
(L) | 1148 | 13.0% |
| Lys Lysine Lysine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH4NH2. It is an essential amino acid, which means that the human body cannot synthesize it. Its codons are AAA and AAG.... |
(K) | 697 | 7.9% |
| Met Methionine Methionine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCHCH2CH2SCH3. This essential amino acid is classified as nonpolar. This amino-acid is coded by the codon AUG, also known as the initiation codon, since it indicates mRNA's coding region where translation into protein... |
(M) | 204 | 2.3% |
| Phe Phenylalanine Phenylalanine is an α-amino acid with the formula C6H5CH2CHCOOH. This essential amino acid is classified as nonpolar because of the hydrophobic nature of the benzyl side chain. L-Phenylalanine is an electrically neutral amino acid, one of the twenty common amino acids used to biochemically form... |
(F) | 206 | 2.3% |
| Pro Proline Proline is an α-amino acid, one of the twenty DNA-encoded amino acids. Its codons are CCU, CCC, CCA, and CCG. It is not an essential amino acid, which means that the human body can synthesize it. It is unique among the 20 protein-forming amino acids in that the α-amino group is secondary... |
(P) | 176 | 2.0% |
| Ser Serine Serine is an amino acid with the formula HO2CCHCH2OH. It is one of the proteinogenic amino acids. By virtue of the hydroxyl group, serine is classified as a polar amino acid.-Occurrence and biosynthesis:... |
(S) | 730 | 8.3% |
| Thr Threonine Threonine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCHCHCH3. Its codons are ACU, ACA, ACC, and ACG. This essential amino acid is classified as polar... |
(T) | 413 | 4.7% |
| Trp Tryptophan Tryptophan is one of the 20 standard amino acids, as well as an essential amino acid in the human diet. It is encoded in the standard genetic code as the codon UGG... |
(W) | 131 | 1.5% |
| Tyr Tyrosine Tyrosine or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine, is one of the 22 amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins. Its codons are UAC and UAU. It is a non-essential amino acid with a polar side group... |
(Y) | 142 | 1.6% |
| Val Valine Valine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCHCH2. L-Valine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids. Its codons are GUU, GUC, GUA, and GUG. This essential amino acid is classified as nonpolar... |
(V) | 430 | 4.9% |
| Source: http://us.expasy.org/cgi-bin/protparam1?Q8NF91@noft@ | |||
External links
See also
- Longest word in EnglishLongest word in EnglishThe identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared...
- ProteinProteinProteins are biochemical compounds consisting of one or more polypeptides typically folded into a globular or fibrous form, facilitating a biological function. A polypeptide is a single linear polymer chain of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of...
- TitinTitinTitin , also known as connectin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TTN gene. Titin is a giant protein that functions as a molecular spring which is responsible for the passive elasticity of muscle. It is composed of 244 individually folded protein domains connected by unstructured...
Also a long-named, large protein - Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine Another large, long-named protein