ESDP missions
Encyclopedia
European Union
The European Union is an economic and political union of 27 independent member states which are located primarily in Europe. The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community and the European Economic Community , formed by six countries in 1958...
has become increasingly active abroad under the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). As of February 2008, it has engaged in nineteen operations, using civilian and military instruments in several countries in three continents (Europe
Europe
Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...
, Africa
Africa
Africa is the world's second largest and second most populous continent, after Asia. At about 30.2 million km² including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area...
and Asia
Asia
Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres. It covers 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area and with approximately 3.879 billion people, it hosts 60% of the world's current human population...
). Ten of these operations are currently ongoing; two more are planned.
A EUFOR Libya was planned during April 2011 to support the humanitarian effort in that country during the Libyan Civil War, including securing ports and aid corridors. However as of May 2011 the force was not launched.
Ongoing operations
Europe- European Union Police Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (EUPM), 1 January 2003–: Police mission in Bosnia and HerzegovinaBosnia and HerzegovinaBosnia and Herzegovina , sometimes called Bosnia-Herzegovina or simply Bosnia, is a country in Southern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula. Bordered by Croatia to the north, west and south, Serbia to the east, and Montenegro to the southeast, Bosnia and Herzegovina is almost landlocked, except for the...
. - European Union Military Operation in Bosnia and Herzegovina (EUFOR AltheaEUFOR AltheaEuropean Union Force Althea is a military deployment in Bosnia and Herzegovina to oversee the military implementation of the Dayton Agreement. It is the successor to NATO's SFOR and IFOR. The transition from SFOR to EUFOR was largely a change of name and commanders: 80% of the troops remained in...
), 2 December 2004–: This is an EU military operation in Bosnia and Herzegovina, a transition from the NATO-led SFORSFORThe Stabilisation Force was a NATO-led multinational peacekeeping force in Bosnia and Herzegovina which was tasked with upholding the Dayton Agreement. It replaced the previous force IFOR...
. Transfer of authority from SFOR to EUFOR happened on 2 December 2004. - European Union Border Assistance Mission to Moldova and Ukraine (EUBAMEuropean Union Border Assistance Mission to Moldova and UkraineThe European Union Border Assistance Mission to Moldova and Ukraine is a European Union structure, created to control the traffic on borders between Moldova and Ukraine....
), 1 December 2005–: A border assistance mission to prevent smugglingSmugglingSmuggling is the clandestine transportation of goods or persons, such as out of a building, into a prison, or across an international border, in violation of applicable laws or other regulations.There are various motivations to smuggle...
, traffickingTraffickingTrafficking may refer to:*Ad trafficking, the process of supplying campaign creative materials and tracking links to publishers through an ad serving platform*Arms trafficking, the smuggling of contraband weapons or ammunition...
, and customsCustomsCustoms is an authority or agency in a country responsible for collecting and safeguarding customs duties and for controlling the flow of goods including animals, transports, personal effects and hazardous items in and out of a country...
fraud on the TransnistriaTransnistriaTransnistria is a breakaway territory located mostly on a strip of land between the Dniester River and the eastern Moldovan border to Ukraine...
-section of the border. - European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX Kosovo), 9 December 2008–: Police and civilian mission to KosovoKosovoKosovo is a region in southeastern Europe. Part of the Ottoman Empire for more than five centuries, later the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija within Serbia...
following 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence2008 Kosovo declaration of independenceThe 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence was adopted on 17 February 2008 by individual members of the Assembly of Kosovo acting in personal capacity and not binding to the Assembly itself...
. - European Union Monitoring Mission in Georgia (EUMM Georgia), 1 October 2008–: Ceasefire monitoring mission after 2008 South Ossetia war2008 South Ossetia warThe 2008 South Ossetia War or Russo-Georgian War was an armed conflict in August 2008 between Georgia on one side, and Russia and separatist governments of South Ossetia and Abkhazia on the other....
.
Africa
- European Union Security Sector Reform Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (EUSEC RD Congo), 8 June 2005–: The European Union mission is to provide advice and assistance for security sector reform in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Among EUSEC DR Congo's projects was the 'Modernisation de l’Administration des Forces Armées de la RDC' (Modernisation of the Administration of the FARDC) underway in December 2008, under which, amongst other projects, information technologyInformation technologyInformation technology is the acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination of vocal, pictorial, textual and numerical information by a microelectronics-based combination of computing and telecommunications...
training was being delivered. It appears that in December 2009, Secretary-General/High RepresentativeHigh Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security PolicyThe High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy is the main co-ordinator and representative of the Common Foreign and Security Policy within the European Union...
Javier SolanaJavier SolanaFrancisco Javier Solana de Madariaga, KOGF is a Spanish physicist and Socialist politician. After serving in the Spanish government under Felipe González and Secretary General of NATO , he was appointed the European Union's High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy, Secretary...
issued a formal invitation for the United States government to offer a contribution to EUSEC RD Congo. EUSEC DR Congo was initially planned in 2005-06 to include eight EU advisors assigned to posts in the DRC's integrated military structure (Structure Militaire d'Integration (?)), the army general staff, the National Committee for Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (CONADER?), the Joint Operational Committee, and the Ministry of Defence. From 2007 to 2011 EUSEC personnel grew from 8 to 46, with about 30 locally employed staff. 34 locally employed staff were listed in 2011. In 2008 with 46 staff 26 were in Kinshasa and 20 in the eastern DRC. Two personnel have died due to illness. - EUPOL RD Congo, 1 July 2007–: Established as a successor to EUPOL Kinshasa with an initial mandate until 30 June 2008.
- European Union Naval Force Somalia EU Naval Operation Atalanta, in international watersInternational watersThe terms international waters or trans-boundary waters apply where any of the following types of bodies of water transcend international boundaries: oceans, large marine ecosystems, enclosed or semi-enclosed regional seas and estuaries, rivers, lakes, groundwater systems , and wetlands.Oceans,...
5 November 2008–: To combat piracy in SomaliaPiracy in SomaliaPiracy off the coast of Somalia has been a threat to international shipping since the second phase of the Somali Civil War in the early 21st century...
, initial mandate of twelve months. - European Union Somalia Training Mission EUTM Somalia, in UgandaUgandaUganda , officially the Republic of Uganda, is a landlocked country in East Africa. Uganda is also known as the "Pearl of Africa". It is bordered on the east by Kenya, on the north by South Sudan, on the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, on the southwest by Rwanda, and on the south by...
, May 2010-: To strengthen the Somalia security forcesMinistry of Defence (Somalia)The Ministry of Defense of the Transitional Federal Government of the Somali Republic is the government body in charge of the TFG armed forces-Established by Transitional Federal Charter:...
and to contribute to the stabilisation of Somalia.
Asia
- European Union Integrated Rule of Law Mission for Iraq (EUJUST LEX), 1 July 2005–: The objective of this judicial mission to Iraq is to train some 770 judges, investigating magistrates, and senior police and penitentiary officers.
- European Union Border Assistance Mission for the Rafah Crossing Point (EUBAM Rafah), 25 November 2005–: A border monitoring mission at the Rafah border-crossing between the Gaza and Egypt.
- European Union Coordinating Office for Palestinian Police Support (EUPOL COPPS), 1 January 2006–: EU support to the Palestinian civil police, security sector reform and criminal justice.
- European Union Police Mission to Afghanistan (EUPOL Afghanistan), 15 June 2007–: A police mission to Afghanistan, launched on 15 June 2007 and to last at least three years.
Completed operations
Europe- European Union Military Operation in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (EUFOR ConcordiaEUFOR ConcordiaEUFOR Concordia is the name of the peacekeeping mission of the European Union in the Republic of Macedonia. The EU took over from NATO's operation Allied Harmony and deployed around 300 troops to provide security to EU and OSCE monitors overseeing the implementation of the Ohrid Framework Agreement....
), 31 March 2003–15 December 2003: Launched in Macedonia following the request of President Boris TrajkovskiBoris TrajkovskiTrajkovski died on 26 February 2004 in a plane crash en route to an economic conference in Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The aircraft crashed in thick fog and heavy rain on a mountainside in southeastern Herzegovina, near the villages of Huskovici and Rotimlja some eight miles south-south-east...
. This operation made use of NATO assets and capabilities. This was the first mission (as per the December 1999 declaration of intent by EU members). During the operation, European Union troops watched over growing civil unrest2001 Macedonia conflictThe insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia was an armed conflict which began when the ethnic Albanian National Liberation Army militant group attacked the security forces of the Republic of Macedonia at the beginning of January 2001...
in Macedonia due to ethnic tensions between the Macedon majority and Albanian minority in the east of the country. These tensions have abated since the approval by the Macedonian Parliament of a set of legislative measures recognising the rights of the Albanian minority. In a sense the stirrings of nationalism in the Albanian community was a direct result of the 1999 Kosovo WarKosovo WarThe term Kosovo War or Kosovo conflict was two sequential, and at times parallel, armed conflicts in Kosovo province, then part of FR Yugoslav Republic of Serbia; from early 1998 to 1999, there was an armed conflict initiated by the ethnic Albanian "Kosovo Liberation Army" , who sought independence...
and the subsequent quasi-independence enjoyed by Kosovar Albanians. The force was acknowledged to have completed its mission successfully and a smaller follow-up mission which comprises assisting and training Macedonian police has recently begun. - European Union Police Mission in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (EUPOL Proxima), 15 December 2003–14 December 2005: This operation was launched on 15 December 2003 and covered an initial period of one year.
- European Union Rule of Law Mission in Georgia (EUJUST Themis), 16 July 2004–14 July 2005: his mission was launched on 16 July 2004 for a duration of 12 months, and was designed to support the Georgian authorities in challenges to the criminal justice system and reform process.
- European Union Police Advisory Team in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (EUPAT), 15 December 2005–14 June 2006: Launched on 15 December 2005 as a follow-on mission to EUPOL Proxima. The EU monitors and mentors the country's police on priority issues in the field of border police, public peace and order and accountability, the fight against corruption and organised crime. It finished its mandate in May 2006.
Africa
- European Union Military Operation in the Democratic Republic of Congo (Operation ArtemisOperation ArtemisOperation Artemis was a short-term European Union-led military mission to the Democratic Republic of the Congo.In the beginning of 2003 United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo, or MONUC, observer teams present in that country since 1999 monitored serious combats and human rights...
), 12 June 2003–1 September 2003: A military operation in the Democratic Republic of the CongoDemocratic Republic of the CongoThe Democratic Republic of the Congo is a state located in Central Africa. It is the second largest country in Africa by area and the eleventh largest in the world...
, conducted in accordance with United Nations Security Council Resolution 1484United Nations Security Council Resolution 1484United Nations Security Council Resolution 1484, adopted unanimously on May 30, 2003, after recalling previous resolutions on the situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Council authorised Operation Artemis in Bunia, the capital of Ituri Province, amid the deteriorating security...
of 30 May 2003, and adopted by the EU on 5 June 2003. The mission ended on 1 September 2003. This was the first time the EU conducted a military operation without NATO assistance. France was the "framework nation" and main contributor of forces. - European Union Police Mission in Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (EUPOL Kinshasa), 12 April 2005–30 June 2007: In October 2003, the Democratic Republic of Congo requested the EU for assistance in setting up an Integrated Police Unit. EUPOL Kinshasa monitored, mentored and advised the IPU once trained and operational under a Congolese chain of command, until the national elections in DRC held in 2005. The mission finished on 30 June 2007.
- AMIS EU Supporting Action, 18 July 2005–31 December 2007: European Union support for AMISAfrican Union Mission in SudanThe African Union Mission in Sudan was an African Union peacekeeping force operating primarily in the country's western region of Darfur with the aim of performing peacekeeping operations related to the Darfur conflict. Originally founded in 2004, with a force of 150 troops, by mid-2005, its...
, the mission of the African UnionAfrican UnionThe African Union is a union consisting of 54 African states. The only all-African state not in the AU is Morocco. Established on 9 July 2002, the AU was formed as a successor to the Organisation of African Unity...
in DarfurDarfurDarfur is a region in western Sudan. An independent sultanate for several hundred years, it was incorporated into Sudan by Anglo-Egyptian forces in 1916. The region is divided into three federal states: West Darfur, South Darfur, and North Darfur...
. It ended with the handover to UNAMID on 31 December 2007. - EUFOR RD CongoEUFOR RD CongoEUFOR RD Congo was a short European Union deployment in 2006 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. On 25 April 2006, the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 1671 , authorising the temporary deployment of a European Union force to support the United Nations Mission in the...
, 12 June 2006–30 November 2006: An EU military operation in support of the United Nations Organisation Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC) during the election process in DR Congo. - European Union Military Bridging Operation in Chad and the Central African Republic (EUFOR Tchad/RCAEUFOR Tchad/RCAEuropean Union Force Chad/CAR, also EUFOR Tchad/RCA after the French, was the European Union mission in Chad and the Central African Republic , authorized in late 2007. EUFOR Chad/CAR was authorized under the same United Nations Security Council resolution that mandated MINURCAT, a UN force tasked...
), 17 March 2008–15 March 2009: Deployment of 3000 troops as part of the joint EU-UN force MINURCAT in ChadChadChad , officially known as the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon and Nigeria to the southwest, and Niger to the west...
and the Central African RepublicCentral African RepublicThe Central African Republic , is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It borders Chad in the north, Sudan in the north east, South Sudan in the east, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo in the south, and Cameroon in the west. The CAR covers a land area of about ,...
to protect refugee camps; replaced by UN force. - European Union Mission in Support of Security Sector Reform in Guinea-Bissau (EU SSR Guinea-Bissau), 12 February 2008–30 September 2010: A mission for security sector reform in Guinea-BissauGuinea-BissauThe Republic of Guinea-Bissau is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Senegal to the north, and Guinea to the south and east, with the Atlantic Ocean to its west....
with an initial mandate until 31 May 2009. Ended due to concerns over cooperation by Guinea-Bissau.
Asia
- European Union Monitoring Mission in Aceh (Indonesia) (Aceh Monitoring MissionAceh monitoring missionThe Aceh Monitoring Mission , established by the European Union according to the Memorandum of Understanding between former Acehnese rebel movement GAM and the Government of Indonesia on 15 August 2005...
, AMM), 15 September 2005–15 December 2006: The European Union, together with contributing countries from ASEAN, as well as with Norway and Switzerland, has deployed in September 2005 a monitoring mission in Aceh (Indonesia), monitoring the implementation of the peace agreement between the Government of Indonesia and the Free Aceh Movement (GAM). The mission was finished in December 2006.
External links
- List of CSDP missions
- PhD Thesis on Civilian CSDP - EU Civilian crisis management (University of Geneva, 2008, 441 p. in French)
- Why Kosovo? Analysis and Opinion by Pierre Hassner, Daniel Keohane, editorial by Álvaro de Vasconcelos, March 2008 European Union Institute for Security StudiesEuropean Union Institute for Security StudiesThe European Union Institute for Security Studies is a Paris-based EU agency of the Common Foreign and Security Policy . Its goals are to find a common security culture for the EU, to help develop and project the CFSP, and to enrich Europe’s strategic debate.The EUISS is an autonomous agency with...