Disputed status of Transnistria
Encyclopedia
The political status of Transnistria, an unrecognized state on the internationally recognized territory of the Republic of Moldova
, has been disputed since the Transnistrian declaration of independence
on September 2, 1990. This declaration established a Soviet Socialist Republic
separate from the Moldavian SSR
, while still part of the Soviet Union
. Following the breakup of the Soviet Union and Moldova's own declaration of independence in 1991, the PMSSR was transformed into the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR), commonly referred to as Transnistria
. No United Nations
member country recognizes
the PMR's bid to sovereignty.
Moldova lost de facto control of Transnistria in 1992, in the wake of the War of Transnistria
. Since that time, the PMR has received diplomatic recognition
only from Abkhazia
and South Ossetia
, two post-Soviet states with minimal recognition themselves.
The two main political parties in Transnistria, the Republican Party
(Respublikanskaya Partiya Pridnestroviya) and Renewal (Obnovleniye) oppose any rapprochement with Chişinău
. The Social Democratic Party headed by former local MP Alexander Radchenko
is the only functioning party in the region to favor reintegration. Negotiations under OSCE auspices have been ongoing since 1997 based on the premise that better relations are desirable, and that the restrictions on communications, movement of people, and trade flows must be removed.
Although ethnic Moldavians have historically made up a large minority of the population, the area was never considered part of the traditional lands of Moldavian settlement. The territory east of the Dniester
river belonged to Kievan Rus'
and the kingdom of Halych-Volhynia
from the ninth to the fourteenth centuries, passing to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
, and then into the hands of Russia in the eighteenth century.
By this time, the Principality of Moldavia had been in existence for almost five hundred years with the Dniester marking its eastern boundary for all this time.
Even with the rise of Romania
n irredentism in the nineteenth century, the far reaches of Transylvania
were considered the western boundary of the Greater Romanian lands
while the Dniester formed the eastern.
The national poet Mihai Eminescu
, in his famous poem Doina
, spoke of a Romania stretching "from the Dniester
to the Tisza
".
The Soviet Union in the 1930s had an autonomous region of Transnistria inside Ukraine, called the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (MASSR), where nearly half of the population were neolatin speaking people
.
Indeed, between 1929 and 1940, Tiraspol
was the capital of the Moldavian ASSR, an autonomous republic within Ukrainian SSR
, which existed from 1924 to 1940.
During World War II
, when Romania, aided by Nazi Germany
, for the first time in history took control of Transnistria
, it made no attempts to annex the occupied territory and considered it a temporary buffer zone between Greater Romania
and the Soviet front line.
in a political maneuver of the USSR to become a seed of the Moldavian SSR
(in a manner similar to the creation of the Karelo-Finnish SSR). In 1990, the Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR
was proclaimed in the region by a number of conservative local Soviet officials opposed to perestroika
. This action was immediately declared void by the then president of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev
.
At the dissolution of the Soviet Union
in 1991, Moldova became independent. The Moldovan Declaration of Independence denounced the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
and declared the 2 August 1940 "Law of the USSR on the establishment of the Moldavian SSR" null and void. The PMR side argues that, since this law was the only legislative document binding Transnistria to Moldova, there is neither historical nor legal basis for Moldova's claims over the territories on the left bank of the Dniester.
from the Soviet Union under the last version of Soviet Constitution
). By the principle of territorial integrity
, Moldova claims that any form of secession from the state without the consent of the central Moldovan government is illegal.
It considers the current Transnistria-based PMR government to be illegitimate and not the rightful representative of the region's population, which has an Moldovan
plurality (39.9% as of 1989). The Moldovan side insists that Transnistria cannot exist as an independent political entity and must be reintegrated into Moldova.
According to Moldovan sources, the political climate in Transnistria does not allow the free expression of the will of the people of the region and supporters of reintegration of Transnistria in Moldova are subjected to harassment, arbitrary arrests and other types of intimidation from separatist authorities.
Despite the self-proclaimed independence of the region, the majority of the population (400,000 out of 542,000) took Moldovan citizenship, which Moldova considers to be a sign that the majority of the population opposes separatism.
some villages in the central part of Transnistria which geographically are situated on the eastern bank of Dniester
, rebelled against the new separatist Transnistria
(PMR) authorities and since then have been under effective Moldovan control. These localities are: commune Cocieri
(including village Vasilievca), commune Molovata Nouă
(including village Roghi), commune Corjova (including village Mahala), commune Coşniţa
(including village Pohrebea), commune Pîrîta
, and commune Doroţcaia
. The village of Corjova is in fact divided between PMR and Moldovan central government areas of control. Roghi is also controlled by the PMR authorities.
At the same time, some areas which are situated on the right bank of the Dniester are under PMR control. These areas consist of the city of Bender
with its suburb Proteagailovca
, the communes Gîsca
, Chiţcani
(including villages Mereneşti and Zahorna), and the commune of Cremenciug
, formally in the Căuşeni District, situated south of the city of Bender.
The breakaway PMR authorities also claim the communes of Varniţa
, in the Anenii Noi District, a northern suburb of Bender, and Copanca
, in the Căuşeni District, south of Chiţcani, but these villages remain under Moldovan control.
and Rîbniţa
, but withdrew after a few days. In 2006 there were tensions around Varniţa. In 2007 there was a confrontation between Moldovan and PMR forces in the Dubăsari-Cocieri area; however, there were no casualties.
The mayor of the village of Corjova, which is under Moldovan control, was arrested by the PMR militsia (police) together with a councillor of Moldovan-controlled part of the Dubăsari district
on 13 May 2007.
Moldova
Moldova , officially the Republic of Moldova is a landlocked state in Eastern Europe, located between Romania to the West and Ukraine to the North, East and South. It declared itself an independent state with the same boundaries as the preceding Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1991, as part...
, has been disputed since the Transnistrian declaration of independence
Declaration of independence
A declaration of independence is an assertion of the independence of an aspiring state or states. Such places are usually declared from part or all of the territory of another nation or failed nation, or are breakaway territories from within the larger state...
on September 2, 1990. This declaration established a Soviet Socialist Republic
Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic
The Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic was created on the eastern periphery of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1990 by pro-Soviet separatists who hoped to remain within the Soviet Union when it became clear that the MSSR would achieve independence from the USSR...
separate from the Moldavian SSR
Moldavian SSR
The Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic , commonly abbreviated to Moldavian SSR or MSSR, was one of the 15 republics of the Soviet Union...
, while still part of the Soviet Union
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....
. Following the breakup of the Soviet Union and Moldova's own declaration of independence in 1991, the PMSSR was transformed into the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR), commonly referred to as Transnistria
Transnistria
Transnistria is a breakaway territory located mostly on a strip of land between the Dniester River and the eastern Moldovan border to Ukraine...
. No United Nations
United Nations
The United Nations is an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace...
member country recognizes
Diplomatic recognition
Diplomatic recognition in international law is a unilateral political act with domestic and international legal consequences, whereby a state acknowledges an act or status of another state or government in control of a state...
the PMR's bid to sovereignty.
Moldova lost de facto control of Transnistria in 1992, in the wake of the War of Transnistria
War of Transnistria
The War of Transnistria was a limited conflict that broke out in November 1990 at Dubăsari between pro-Transnistria forces, including the Transnistrian Republican Guard, militia and Cossack units, and supported by elements of the Russian 14th army, and pro-Moldovan forces, including Moldovan...
. Since that time, the PMR has received diplomatic recognition
Diplomatic recognition
Diplomatic recognition in international law is a unilateral political act with domestic and international legal consequences, whereby a state acknowledges an act or status of another state or government in control of a state...
only from Abkhazia
Abkhazia
Abkhazia is a disputed political entity on the eastern coast of the Black Sea and the south-western flank of the Caucasus.Abkhazia considers itself an independent state, called the Republic of Abkhazia or Apsny...
and South Ossetia
South Ossetia
South Ossetia or Tskhinvali Region is a disputed region and partly recognized state in the South Caucasus, located in the territory of the South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast within the former Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic....
, two post-Soviet states with minimal recognition themselves.
The two main political parties in Transnistria, the Republican Party
Republic (Transnistria)
Republic is a political party in Transnistria. Although formerly the majority party in parliament, at the legislative elections of 11 December 2005 the party won 13 of the 43 seats and found itself in the minority for the first time since the founding of the country on September 2, 1990. The...
(Respublikanskaya Partiya Pridnestroviya) and Renewal (Obnovleniye) oppose any rapprochement with Chişinău
Chisinau
Chișinău is the capital and largest municipality of Moldova. It is also its main industrial and commercial centre and is located in the middle of the country, on the river Bîc...
. The Social Democratic Party headed by former local MP Alexander Radchenko
Alexander Radchenko
Alexander Radchenko , an ethnic Ukrainian, is a politician and human rights activist in Transnistria. A former Soviet military officer, he is today the editor of a small opposition newspaper in Tiraspol called Man and His Rights...
is the only functioning party in the region to favor reintegration. Negotiations under OSCE auspices have been ongoing since 1997 based on the premise that better relations are desirable, and that the restrictions on communications, movement of people, and trade flows must be removed.
States that recognise Transnistria
Historical status of Transnistria
Dniester
The Dniester is a river in Eastern Europe. It runs through Ukraine and Moldova and separates most of Moldova's territory from the breakaway de facto state of Transnistria.-Names:...
river belonged to Kievan Rus'
Kievan Rus'
Kievan Rus was a medieval polity in Eastern Europe, from the late 9th to the mid 13th century, when it disintegrated under the pressure of the Mongol invasion of 1237–1240....
and the kingdom of Halych-Volhynia
Halych-Volhynia
The Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia or Kingdom of Rus or Galicia–Vladimir was a Ruthenian state in the regions of Galicia and Volhynia during 1199–1349. Along with Novgorod and Vladimir-Suzdal, it was one of the three most important powers to emerge from the collapse of Kievan Rus'...
from the ninth to the fourteenth centuries, passing to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was a dualistic state of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch. It was the largest and one of the most populous countries of 16th- and 17th‑century Europe with some and a multi-ethnic population of 11 million at its peak in the early 17th century...
, and then into the hands of Russia in the eighteenth century.
By this time, the Principality of Moldavia had been in existence for almost five hundred years with the Dniester marking its eastern boundary for all this time.
Even with the rise of Romania
Romania
Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea...
n irredentism in the nineteenth century, the far reaches of Transylvania
Transylvania
Transylvania is a historical region in the central part of Romania. Bounded on the east and south by the Carpathian mountain range, historical Transylvania extended in the west to the Apuseni Mountains; however, the term sometimes encompasses not only Transylvania proper, but also the historical...
were considered the western boundary of the Greater Romanian lands
Greater Romania
The Greater Romania generally refers to the territory of Romania in the years between the First World War and the Second World War, the largest geographical extent of Romania up to that time and its largest peacetime extent ever ; more precisely, it refers to the territory of the Kingdom of...
while the Dniester formed the eastern.
Mihai Eminescu
Mihai Eminescu was a Romantic poet, novelist and journalist, often regarded as the most famous and influential Romanian poet. Eminescu was an active member of the Junimea literary society and he worked as an editor for the newspaper Timpul , the official newspaper of the Conservative Party...
, in his famous poem Doina
Doina
The Doina is a Romanian musical tune style, with Middle Eastern roots, that can be found in Romanian peasant music, as well as in Lăutărească and Klezmer music.-Origins and characteristics:...
, spoke of a Romania stretching "from the Dniester
Dniester
The Dniester is a river in Eastern Europe. It runs through Ukraine and Moldova and separates most of Moldova's territory from the breakaway de facto state of Transnistria.-Names:...
to the Tisza
Tisza
The Tisza or Tisa is one of the main rivers of Central Europe. It rises in Ukraine, and is formed near Rakhiv by the junction of headwaters White Tisa, whose source is in the Chornohora mountains and Black Tisa, which springs in the Gorgany range...
".
The Soviet Union in the 1930s had an autonomous region of Transnistria inside Ukraine, called the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (MASSR), where nearly half of the population were neolatin speaking people
Controversy over linguistic and ethnic identity in Moldova
A controversy exists over the national identity and name of the native language of the main ethnic group in the Republic of Moldova. The issue more frequently disputed is whether Moldovans constitute a subgroup of Romanians or a separate ethnic group...
.
Indeed, between 1929 and 1940, Tiraspol
Tiraspol
Tiraspol is the second largest city in Moldova and is the capital and administrative centre of the unrecognized Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic . The city is located on the eastern bank of the Dniester River...
was the capital of the Moldavian ASSR, an autonomous republic within Ukrainian SSR
Ukrainian SSR
The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic or in short, the Ukrainian SSR was a sovereign Soviet Socialist state and one of the fifteen constituent republics of the Soviet Union lasting from its inception in 1922 to the breakup in 1991...
, which existed from 1924 to 1940.
During World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
, when Romania, aided by Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany , also known as the Third Reich , but officially called German Reich from 1933 to 1943 and Greater German Reich from 26 June 1943 onward, is the name commonly used to refer to the state of Germany from 1933 to 1945, when it was a totalitarian dictatorship ruled by...
, for the first time in history took control of Transnistria
Transnistria (World War II)
Transnistria Governorate was a Romanian administered territory, conquered by the Axis Powers from the Soviet Union during Operation Barbarossa, and occupied from 19 August 1941 to 29 January 1944...
, it made no attempts to annex the occupied territory and considered it a temporary buffer zone between Greater Romania
Greater Romania
The Greater Romania generally refers to the territory of Romania in the years between the First World War and the Second World War, the largest geographical extent of Romania up to that time and its largest peacetime extent ever ; more precisely, it refers to the territory of the Kingdom of...
and the Soviet front line.
Position of the PMR government advocates
According to PMR advocates, the territory to the East of the Dniester River never belonged either to Romania, nor to its predecessors, such as the Principality of Moldavia. This territory was split off from the Ukrainian SSRUkrainian SSR
The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic or in short, the Ukrainian SSR was a sovereign Soviet Socialist state and one of the fifteen constituent republics of the Soviet Union lasting from its inception in 1922 to the breakup in 1991...
in a political maneuver of the USSR to become a seed of the Moldavian SSR
Moldavian SSR
The Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic , commonly abbreviated to Moldavian SSR or MSSR, was one of the 15 republics of the Soviet Union...
(in a manner similar to the creation of the Karelo-Finnish SSR). In 1990, the Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR
Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic
The Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic was created on the eastern periphery of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1990 by pro-Soviet separatists who hoped to remain within the Soviet Union when it became clear that the MSSR would achieve independence from the USSR...
was proclaimed in the region by a number of conservative local Soviet officials opposed to perestroika
Perestroika
Perestroika was a political movement within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during 1980s, widely associated with the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev...
. This action was immediately declared void by the then president of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev
Mikhail Gorbachev
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev is a former Soviet statesman, having served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991, and as the last head of state of the USSR, having served from 1988 until its dissolution in 1991...
.
At the dissolution of the Soviet Union
Dissolution of the Soviet Union
The dissolution of the Soviet Union was the disintegration of the federal political structures and central government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , resulting in the independence of all fifteen republics of the Soviet Union between March 11, 1990 and December 25, 1991...
in 1991, Moldova became independent. The Moldovan Declaration of Independence denounced the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, named after the Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov and the German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop, was an agreement officially titled the Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Soviet Union and signed in Moscow in the late hours of 23 August 1939...
and declared the 2 August 1940 "Law of the USSR on the establishment of the Moldavian SSR" null and void. The PMR side argues that, since this law was the only legislative document binding Transnistria to Moldova, there is neither historical nor legal basis for Moldova's claims over the territories on the left bank of the Dniester.
Moldovan position
The Republic of Moldova considers itself the rightful successor state to the Moldavian SSR (which was guaranteed the right to secessionSecession
Secession is the act of withdrawing from an organization, union, or especially a political entity. Threats of secession also can be a strategy for achieving more limited goals.-Secession theory:...
from the Soviet Union under the last version of Soviet Constitution
1977 Soviet Constitution
At the Seventh Session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR Ninth Convocation on October 7, 1977, the third and last Soviet Constitution, also known as the "Brezhnev Constitution", was unanimously adopted...
). By the principle of territorial integrity
Territorial integrity
Territorial integrity is the principle under international law that nation-states should not attempt to promote secessionist movements or to promote border changes in other nation-states...
, Moldova claims that any form of secession from the state without the consent of the central Moldovan government is illegal.
It considers the current Transnistria-based PMR government to be illegitimate and not the rightful representative of the region's population, which has an Moldovan
Moldovans
Moldovans or Moldavians are the largest population group of Moldova...
plurality (39.9% as of 1989). The Moldovan side insists that Transnistria cannot exist as an independent political entity and must be reintegrated into Moldova.
According to Moldovan sources, the political climate in Transnistria does not allow the free expression of the will of the people of the region and supporters of reintegration of Transnistria in Moldova are subjected to harassment, arbitrary arrests and other types of intimidation from separatist authorities.
Despite the self-proclaimed independence of the region, the majority of the population (400,000 out of 542,000) took Moldovan citizenship, which Moldova considers to be a sign that the majority of the population opposes separatism.
Territorial issues
During the 1992 War of TransnistriaWar of Transnistria
The War of Transnistria was a limited conflict that broke out in November 1990 at Dubăsari between pro-Transnistria forces, including the Transnistrian Republican Guard, militia and Cossack units, and supported by elements of the Russian 14th army, and pro-Moldovan forces, including Moldovan...
some villages in the central part of Transnistria which geographically are situated on the eastern bank of Dniester
Dniester
The Dniester is a river in Eastern Europe. It runs through Ukraine and Moldova and separates most of Moldova's territory from the breakaway de facto state of Transnistria.-Names:...
, rebelled against the new separatist Transnistria
Transnistria
Transnistria is a breakaway territory located mostly on a strip of land between the Dniester River and the eastern Moldovan border to Ukraine...
(PMR) authorities and since then have been under effective Moldovan control. These localities are: commune Cocieri
Cocieri
Cocieri is a commune in the Republic of Moldova, and the administrative center of Dubăsari District. It is located on the eastern bank of the Dniester River, consisting of two villages, Cocieri and Vasilievca....
(including village Vasilievca), commune Molovata Nouă
Molovata Noua
Molovata Nouă is a commune located in Dubăsari district of the Republic of Moldova, on the eastern bank of the River Dniester. It consists of two villages, Molovata Nouă and Roghi....
(including village Roghi), commune Corjova (including village Mahala), commune Coşniţa
Cosnita
Coşniţa is a commune located in Dubăsari district of the Republic of Moldova, on the eastern bank of the River Dniester. It consists of two villages, Coşniţa and Pohrebea ....
(including village Pohrebea), commune Pîrîta
Pîrîta
Pîrîta is a commune in Dubăsari district, Moldova. It is composed of a single village, Pîrîta....
, and commune Doroţcaia
Dorotcaia
Doroţcaia is a commune in the Republic of Moldova, situated on the eastern bank of the River Dniester. It is composed of a single village, Doroţcaia.The village was a place of fighting during 1992 War of Transnistria...
. The village of Corjova is in fact divided between PMR and Moldovan central government areas of control. Roghi is also controlled by the PMR authorities.
At the same time, some areas which are situated on the right bank of the Dniester are under PMR control. These areas consist of the city of Bender
Bender, Moldova
Bender or Bendery, also known as Tighina is a city within the internationally recognized borders of Moldova under de facto control of the unrecognized Transnistria Republic since 1992...
with its suburb Proteagailovca
Proteagailovca
Proteagailovca is a commune in the municipality of Tighina , Moldova. It is composed of a single village, Proteagailovca, and had a population of 3,142 at the 2004 Census. The locality, although situated on the right bank of the river Dniester, is under the control of the breakaway Transnistrian...
, the communes Gîsca
Gîsca
Gîsca is a commune near in Căuşeni district, Moldova, composed of a single village with the same name, population 4,841 at the 2004 Census...
, Chiţcani
Chitcani, Moldova
Chiţcani is a commune in Căuşeni district, Moldova. It consists of the village Chiţcani and two small villages , Mereneşti and Zahorna. Chiţcani is situated to the south-east of the city of Tighina...
(including villages Mereneşti and Zahorna), and the commune of Cremenciug
Cremenciug
Cremenciug may refer to several places in Moldova:*Cremenciug, a commune in Căuşeni district*Cremenciug, a commune in Soroca districtCremenciug may refer to several places in Ukraine:*Kremenchuk - an industrial city in Poltava oblast...
, formally in the Căuşeni District, situated south of the city of Bender.
The breakaway PMR authorities also claim the communes of Varniţa
Varnita
Varniţa may refer to several villages in Romania:* Varniţa, a village in Şiştarovăţ Commune, Arad County* Varniţa, a village in Şirna Commune, Prahova County* Varniţa, a village in Răcoasa Commune, Vrancea Countyand to a commune in Moldova:...
, in the Anenii Noi District, a northern suburb of Bender, and Copanca
Copanca
Copanca is a commune in Căuşeni district, Moldova. It is composed of a single village, Copanca....
, in the Căuşeni District, south of Chiţcani, but these villages remain under Moldovan control.
Incidents
These territorial disputes led to tense situations several times. In 2005 PMR Militia entered Vasilievca, which is located over the strategic road linking TiraspolTiraspol
Tiraspol is the second largest city in Moldova and is the capital and administrative centre of the unrecognized Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic . The city is located on the eastern bank of the Dniester River...
and Rîbniţa
Rîbnita
Rîbnița, also spelled Râbnița is a city in Moldova. The city is under the administration of the breakaway government of the Transnistria. According to the 2004 Census in Transnistria, it has a population of 53,648. Rîbniţa is situated in the northern half of Transnistria, on the left bank of the...
, but withdrew after a few days. In 2006 there were tensions around Varniţa. In 2007 there was a confrontation between Moldovan and PMR forces in the Dubăsari-Cocieri area; however, there were no casualties.
The mayor of the village of Corjova, which is under Moldovan control, was arrested by the PMR militsia (police) together with a councillor of Moldovan-controlled part of the Dubăsari district
Dubasari district
Dubăsari district is a district in the east of Moldova, with the administrative center at Cocieri. As of January 1, 2011, its population was 35,200.This does not include the 715 people that live in the village of Roghi, which is controlled by the breakaway Tiraspol authorities.-History:The...
on 13 May 2007.
See also
- Four Pillars of TransnistriaFour Pillars of TransnistriaTransnistria's September 2, 1990, declaration of independence rests upon the following Four Pillars:# Self-determination# Transnistria's separate history from Moldova# Actual distinctiveness# Reversal of Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact...
- War of TransnistriaWar of TransnistriaThe War of Transnistria was a limited conflict that broke out in November 1990 at Dubăsari between pro-Transnistria forces, including the Transnistrian Republican Guard, militia and Cossack units, and supported by elements of the Russian 14th army, and pro-Moldovan forces, including Moldovan...
- Ukraine-Transnistria border customs conflictUkraine-Transnistria border customs conflictThe Transnistria border customs issue started on March 3, 2006, when Ukraine imposed new customs regulations on its border with Moldova on the Transnistrian region by declaring that it will only import goods from Transnistria with documents processed by Moldovan customs offices, as part of the...
- List of diplomatic missions in Transnistria
- Foreign relations of TransnistriaForeign relations of TransnistriaThe Transnistrian republic is currently recognized by three states with limited recognition, and is member of one international organization, the Community for Democracy and Human Rights, that was established by these four states.- Diplomatic relations :...
Transnistrian side
- Pridnestrovie.net's Independence category
- History of creation and development of the Parliament of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR)
Moldovan side
- EuroJournal.org's Transnistria category
- Trilateral Plan for Solving the Transnistrian Issue (developed by Moldova-Ukraine-Romania expert group)
International organizations
- OSCE Mission to Moldova: Conflict resolution and negotiation category
- Marius Vahl and Michael Emerson, "Moldova and the Transnistrian Conflict" (pdf) in "Europeanization and Conflict Resolution: Case Studies from the European Periphery", JEMIE - Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe, 1/2004, Ghent, Belgium
- Research on the European Union and the conflict in Transnistria
- New York City Bar: Russia’s Activities in Moldova Violate International Law