Directly struck idiophones
Encyclopedia
Directly stuck idiophones is one of the categories of musical instruments found in the Hornbostel-Sachs
system of musical instrument classification. The idiophones found in this category produce sound resulting from a direct action of the performer as opposed to the indirectly struck idiophones
. The player strikes the instrument with a direct action, either by hand or by mechanical intermediate devices, beaters, keyboards, or by pulling ropes, etc. It is definitive that the player can apply clearly defined individual strokes and that the instrument itself is equipped for this kind of percussion.
There are two main categories of directly struck idiophones, concussion idiophones (111.1) and percussion idiophones (111.2).
111.11 Concussion sticks or stick clappers.
111.12 Concussion plaques or plaque clappers.
111.13 Concussion troughs or trough clappers.
111.14 Concussion vessels or vessel clappers.
111.141 Castanets - Natural and hollowed-out vessel clappers
111.142 Cymbals - Vessel clappers with manufactured rim.
111.21 Percussion sticks.
111.211 Individual percussion sticks.
111.212 Sets of percussion sticks in a range of different pitches combined into one instrument. - All xylophones, as long as their sounding components are not in two different planes.
111.22 Percussion plaques.
111.221 Individual percussion plaques.
111.222 Sets of percussion plaques - Examples are the Lithophone
and also most Metallophone
s.
111.23 Percussion tubes.
111.231 Individual percussion tubes.
111.232 Sets of percussion tubes.
111.24 Percussion vessels.
111.241 Gongs - The vibration is strongest near the vertex.
111.241.1 Individual gongs.
111.241.2 Sets of gongs.
111.242 Bells - The vibration is weakest near the vertex.
111.242.1 Individual bells
111.242.11 Resting bells whose opening faces upward.
111.242.12 Hanging bells suspended from the apex.
111.242.121 Hanging bells without internal strikers.
111.242.122 Hanging bells with internal strikers.
111.242.2 Sets of bells or chimes.
111.242.11 Sets of resting bells whose opening faces upward.
111.242.12 Sets of hanging bells suspended from the apex.
111.242.121 Sets of hanging bells without internal strikers.
111.242.122 Sets of hanging bells with internal strikers.
Hornbostel-Sachs
Hornbostel–Sachs is a system of musical instrument classification devised by Erich Moritz von Hornbostel and Curt Sachs, and first published in the Zeitschrift für Ethnologie in 1914. An English translation was published in the Galpin Society Journal in 1961...
system of musical instrument classification. The idiophones found in this category produce sound resulting from a direct action of the performer as opposed to the indirectly struck idiophones
Indirectly struck idiophones
Indirectly stuck idiophones is one of the categories of musical instruments found in the Hornbostel-Sachs system of musical instrument classification. The idiophones found in this category produce sound resulting from an indirect action of the performer as opposed to the directly struck idiophones...
. The player strikes the instrument with a direct action, either by hand or by mechanical intermediate devices, beaters, keyboards, or by pulling ropes, etc. It is definitive that the player can apply clearly defined individual strokes and that the instrument itself is equipped for this kind of percussion.
There are two main categories of directly struck idiophones, concussion idiophones (111.1) and percussion idiophones (111.2).
Concussion idiophones or clappers (111.1)
Two or more complementary sonorous parts are struck against each other.111.11 Concussion sticks or stick clappers.
- Clapsticks
- ClavesClavesClaves are a percussion instrument , consisting of a pair of short Claves (Anglicized pronunciation: clah-vays, IPA:[ˈklαves]) are a percussion instrument (idiophone), consisting of a pair of short Claves (Anglicized pronunciation: clah-vays, IPA:[ˈklαves]) are a percussion instrument (idiophone),...
111.12 Concussion plaques or plaque clappers.
- ClapperClapper (musical instrument)A clapper is a basic form of percussion instrument. It consists of two long solid pieces that are clapped together producing sound. A straightforward instrument to produce and play, they exist in many forms in many different cultures around the world. Clappers can take a number of forms and be made...
- GubanGuban (instrument)The term guban refers collectively to a small drum and paiban , which are played simultaneously, by a single player, in traditional Chinese music....
- PaibanPaibanThe paiban is a clapper made from several flat pieces of hardwood or bamboo, which is used in many different forms of Chinese music. There are many different types of paiban, and the instrument is also referred to as bǎn , tánbǎn , mùbǎn , or shūbǎn...
- Pak
- Slapstick
111.13 Concussion troughs or trough clappers.
111.14 Concussion vessels or vessel clappers.
- SpoonsSpoon (musical instrument)Spoons can be played as a makeshift percussion instrument, or more specifically, an idiophone related to the castanets. "Playing the spoons" originated in Ireland as "playing the bones," in which the convex sides of a pair of sheep rib bones were rattled in the same way.- Techniques :# A pair of...
111.141 Castanets - Natural and hollowed-out vessel clappers
- Castanets
- Krap
111.142 Cymbals - Vessel clappers with manufactured rim.
- Chap
- Ching
- Clash CymbalsClash cymbalsClash cymbals or hand cymbals are cymbals played in identical pairs by holding one cymbal in each hand and striking the two together.-Terminology:The technical term clash cymbal is rarely used...
Percussion idiophones (111.2)
The instrument is struck either with a non-sonorous object (hand, stick, striker) or against a non-sonorous object (human body, the ground).111.21 Percussion sticks.
111.211 Individual percussion sticks.
- DhantalDhantalThe dhantal is a long steel rod which was adapted from the axle used to connect the yokes of the bullocks that transported the cane-filled carts on the estates in Trinidad and Tobago. The metal horseshoe used on the estate's horses and mules was used to strike the dhantal. In this way the dhantal...
- TriangleTriangle (instrument)The triangle is an idiophone type of musical instrument in the percussion family. It is a bar of metal, usually steel but sometimes other metals like beryllium copper, bent into a triangle shape. The instrument is usually held by a loop of some form of thread or wire at the top curve...
111.212 Sets of percussion sticks in a range of different pitches combined into one instrument. - All xylophones, as long as their sounding components are not in two different planes.
- BalafonBalafonThe balafon is a resonated frame, wooden keyed percussion idiophone of West Africa; part of the idiophone family of tuned percussion instruments that includes the xylophone, marimba, glockenspiel, and the vibraphone...
- Gandingan a kayoGandingan a KayoThe gandingan a kayo is a Philippine xylophone and considered the wooden version of the real gandingan...
- GlasschordGlasschordThe glasschord is a crystallophone that resembles the celesta but uses keyboard-driven hammers to strike glass bars instead of metal bars.-External links:** at The Metropolitan Museum of Art*...
- Glass MarimbaGlass marimbaThe glass marimba is a type of idiophone also known as a vitrephone or crystallophone.Marimba translates to "a xylophone like instrument" from an African language, probably Bantu. The glass keys are made of either hard glass or soft glass...
- Kulintang a kayoKulintang a KayoThe kulintang a kayo is a Philippine xylophone of the Maguindanaon people with eight tuned slabs arranged horizontally atop a wooden antangan . Made of soft wood such as bayug, the kulintang a kayo is a common found among Maguindanaon households with a musical background...
- LuntangLuntangAlso called kwintangan kayo The luntang is a type of Philippine xylophone of the Maguindanaon people, strung vertically, with five horizontal logs hung in ascending order arranged by pitch. The Maguindanaon refer to this instrument as a luntang while the Yakan call it a kwintangan kayo...
or kwintangan kayo - MarimbaMarimbaThe marimba is a musical instrument in the percussion family. It consists of a set of wooden keys or bars with resonators. The bars are struck with mallets to produce musical tones. The keys are arranged as those of a piano, with the accidentals raised vertically and overlapping the natural keys ...
- MarimbaphoneMarimbaphoneThe marimbaphone is an obsolete tuned percussion instrument, developed by the Deagan company of Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. in the early 20th century.The marimbaphone had shallow steel bars arranged chromatically with a tube resonator under each bar...
(also bowed) - XylophoneXylophoneThe xylophone is a musical instrument in the percussion family that consists of wooden bars struck by mallets...
- XylorimbaXylorimbaThe xylorimba is a pitched percussion instrument corresponding to a xylophone with an extended range ....
111.22 Percussion plaques.
111.221 Individual percussion plaques.
111.222 Sets of percussion plaques - Examples are the Lithophone
Lithophone
A lithophone is a musical instrument consisting of a rock or pieces of rock which are struck to produce musical notes. Notes may be sounded in combination or in succession...
and also most Metallophone
Metallophone
A metallophone is any musical instrument consisting of tuned metal bars which are struck to make sound, usually with a mallet.Metallophones have been used in music for hundreds of years. There are several different types used in Balinese and Javanese gamelan ensembles, including the gendér, gangsa...
s.
- CrotalesCrotalesthumb|right|Crotales are often used with other mallet percussionCrotales , sometimes called antique cymbals, are percussion instruments consisting of small, tuned bronze or brass disks. Each is about 4 inches in diameter with a flat top surface and a nipple on the base. They are commonly...
- LithophoneLithophoneA lithophone is a musical instrument consisting of a rock or pieces of rock which are struck to produce musical notes. Notes may be sounded in combination or in succession...
- CelestaCelestaThe celesta or celeste is a struck idiophone operated by a keyboard. Its appearance is similar to that of an upright piano or of a large wooden music box . The keys are connected to hammers which strike a graduated set of metal plates suspended over wooden resonators...
- FangxiangFangxiangThe fangxiang is an ancient Chinese metallophone. The instrument consists of 16 tuned rectangular iron slabs laid in a frame in two rows. The slabs are struck with a hammer and played melodically...
- GangsaGangsaA gangsa is a type of metallophone which is used mainly in Balinese and Javanese Gamelan music. In Balinese gong kebyar styles, there are two types of gangsa typically used: the smaller, higher pitched kantilan and the larger pemade. Each instrument consists of several tuned metal bars each placed...
- GendérGendérA gendér is a type of metallophone used in Balinese and Javanese gamelan music. It consists of 10 to 14 tuned metal bars suspended over a tuned resonator of bamboo or metal, which are tapped with a mallet made of wooden disks or a padded wooden disk . Each key is a note of a different pitch, often...
- GlockenspielGlockenspielA glockenspiel is a percussion instrument composed of a set of tuned keys arranged in the fashion of the keyboard of a piano. In this way, it is similar to the xylophone; however, the xylophone's bars are made of wood, while the glockenspiel's are metal plates or tubes, and making it a metallophone...
- Kulintang a tiniokKulintang a TiniokAlso called kulintang a putao , sarunay, salunay, salonay, saronai, sarunai The kulintang a tiniok is a type of Philippine metallophone with eight tuned knobbed metal plates strung together via string atop a wooden antangan...
, kulintang a putao or sarunay - MetallophoneMetallophoneA metallophone is any musical instrument consisting of tuned metal bars which are struck to make sound, usually with a mallet.Metallophones have been used in music for hundreds of years. There are several different types used in Balinese and Javanese gamelan ensembles, including the gendér, gangsa...
- Ranat ek lekRanat ek lekThe ranad ek lek is a metallophone used in the classical music of Thailand. It is the smaller of the two sizes of Thai metallophone; the larger one is called ranad thum lek....
- Ranat thum lekRanat thum lekThe ranad thum lek is a metallophone used in the classical music of Thailand. It is the larger of the two sizes of Thai metallophone; the smaller one is called ranat ek lek....
- Toy pianoToy pianoThe toy piano, also known as the kinderklavier , is a small piano-like musical instrument. The present form of the toy piano was invented in Philadelphia by a 17-year-old German immigrant named Albert Schoenhut. He worked as a repairman at Wanamaker's department store, repairing broken glass...
- UgalUgalAn ugal is an instrument in an Indonesian gamelan orchestra. It is a bronze metallophone played one handed with a small hammer, often in a dance-like manner. There are usually ten keys, giving a range spanning about two octaves...
- VibraphoneVibraphoneThe vibraphone, sometimes called the vibraharp or simply the vibes, is a musical instrument in the struck idiophone subfamily of the percussion family....
111.23 Percussion tubes.
111.231 Individual percussion tubes.
- Agung a tamlangAgung a TamlangThe Agung a Tamlang is a type of Philippine slit drum made of hollowed out bamboo in imitation of the real agung. Pitch is determined by the length and depth of the slit...
- Alimba
- Huari
- HuiringuaHuiringuaThe huiringua, kuiringua, kiringua, quiringua, cuiringua is a percussion instrument of the group of slit drums. It consists of a hollow log with closed ends with a slit along the instrument....
- KagulKagulAlso called tagutok , bantula or tagungtung and kuratung .The kagul is a type of Philippine bamboo scraper gong/slit drum of the Maguindanaon and Visayans with a jagged edge on one side, played with two beaters, one scarping the jagged edge and the other one making a beat...
- Krin or Kolokolos
- Mondo
- Mukoko
- Slit drumSlit drumA slit drum is a hollow percussion instrument, usually a log drum of bamboo or wood, that is made with one or more slits in it. Most slit drums have three slits, cut into the shape of an "H". If, as is usual, the resultant tongues are different lengths or thicknesses, the drum will produce two...
- TeponaztliTeponaztliA teponaztli is a type of slit drum used in central Mexico by the Aztecs and related cultures.-Structure:Teponaztli are made of hollow hardwood logs, often fire-hardened. Like most slit drums, teponaztli have three slits on their topside, cut into the shape of an "H". The resultant tongues are then...
- Tubular Wood blockWood blockA woodblock is essentially a small piece of slit drum made from a single piece of wood and used as a percussion instrument. It is struck with a stick, making a characteristically percussive sound....
111.232 Sets of percussion tubes.
- Tubular bellTubular bellTubular bells are musical instruments in the percussion family. Each bell is a metal tube, 30–38 mm in diameter, tuned by altering its length. Its standard range is from C4-F5, though many professional instruments reach G5 . Tubular bells are often replaced by studio chimes, which are a smaller...
s or chimes
111.24 Percussion vessels.
- Boungu
- Chuk
- CymbalCymbalCymbals are a common percussion instrument. Cymbals consist of thin, normally round plates of various alloys; see cymbal making for a discussion of their manufacture. The greater majority of cymbals are of indefinite pitch, although small disc-shaped cymbals based on ancient designs sound a...
s - Crash cymbalCrash cymbalA crash cymbal is a type of cymbal that produces a loud, sharp "crash" and is used mainly for occasional accents, as opposed to in ostinato. The term "crash" may have been first used by Zildjian in 1928....
- Hank drumHank drumA tank drum or hank drum is a round steel slit/tongue drum originally fashioned from a propane tank.-Description:Strictly speaking a tank drum is made from an empty propane tank. The tank is flipped over, the base cut/knocked off; and seven to ten tongues are cut radially into the 'bottom' of the...
- Hi-hat cymbal
- HangHang (musical instrument)A Hang is a musical instrument in the idiophone class created by PANArt in Switzerland. The Hang is made from two deep drawn, nitrided steel sheets that are attached together creating the recognizable 'UFO shape'. There is nothing inside the Hang but air. The top side has a center 'note'...
- KagulKagulAlso called tagutok , bantula or tagungtung and kuratung .The kagul is a type of Philippine bamboo scraper gong/slit drum of the Maguindanaon and Visayans with a jagged edge on one side, played with two beaters, one scarping the jagged edge and the other one making a beat...
or tagutok - Ride cymbalRide cymbalThe ride cymbal is a standard cymbal in most drum kits. It maintains a steady rhythmic pattern, sometimes called a ride pattern, rather than the accent of a crash...
- Slit drumSlit drumA slit drum is a hollow percussion instrument, usually a log drum of bamboo or wood, that is made with one or more slits in it. Most slit drums have three slits, cut into the shape of an "H". If, as is usual, the resultant tongues are different lengths or thicknesses, the drum will produce two...
s: - Slit gong
- Splash cymbalSplash cymbalIn a drum kit, splash cymbals are the smallest accent cymbals. Splash cymbals and china cymbals are the main types of effects cymbals.The most common sized splash has a diameter of 10", followed by 8"...
- SteelpanSteelpanSteelpans is a musical instrument originating from The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago...
or steel drum - UduUdufor other uses see Udu The udu is an African drum originated by the Igbo people of Nigeria. In the Igbo language, udu means vessel. Actually being a water jug with an additional hole, it was played by women for ceremonial uses. Usually the udu is made of clay...
(also an aerophoneAerophoneAn aerophone is any musical instrument which produces sound primarily by causing a body of air to vibrate, without the use of strings or membranes, and without the vibration of the instrument itself adding considerably to the sound...
) - Wood blockWood blockA woodblock is essentially a small piece of slit drum made from a single piece of wood and used as a percussion instrument. It is struck with a stick, making a characteristically percussive sound....
111.241 Gongs - The vibration is strongest near the vertex.
111.241.1 Individual gongs.
- BabendilBabendilThe babandil is a single, narrow-rimmed Philippine gongused primary as the “timekeeper” of the Maguindanao kulintang ensemble.-Description:The babandil usually has a diameter of roughly one foot making it larger than the largest kulintang gong and comparable to the diameter of the agung or gandingan...
111.241.2 Sets of gongs.
- AgungAgungThe agung is a set of two wide-rimmed, vertically-suspended gongs used by the Maguindanao, Maranao and Tausug people of the Philippines as a supportive instrument in kulintang ensembles...
or agong - Bock-a-da-bockBock-a-da-bockThe Bock-a-da-bock is an idiophone type of musical instrument in the percussion family. It is made up of two metal discs, usually steel, formed into a domed shape.- Origin :...
- GandinganGandinganThe gandingan is a Philippine set of four large, hanging gongs used by the Maguindanao as part of their kulintang ensemble. When integrated into the ensemble, it functions as a secondary melodic instrument after the main melodic instrument, the kulintang...
- KulintangKulintangKulintang is a modern term for an ancient instrumental form of music composed on a row of small, horizontally-laid gongs that function melodically, accompanied by larger, suspended gongs and drums...
or kolintang
111.242 Bells - The vibration is weakest near the vertex.
- Bell treeBell treeA bell tree is a percussion instrument, consisting of vertically nested inverted metal bowls. The bowls, placed on a vertical rod, are arranged in order of pitch . The number of bowls can vary between approximately 14 and 28...
111.242.1 Individual bells
111.242.11 Resting bells whose opening faces upward.
- Cowbell
111.242.12 Hanging bells suspended from the apex.
111.242.121 Hanging bells without internal strikers.
111.242.122 Hanging bells with internal strikers.
- BellBell (instrument)A bell is a simple sound-making device. The bell is a percussion instrument and an idiophone. Its form is usually a hollow, cup-shaped object, which resonates upon being struck...
111.242.2 Sets of bells or chimes.
111.242.11 Sets of resting bells whose opening faces upward.
111.242.12 Sets of hanging bells suspended from the apex.
111.242.121 Sets of hanging bells without internal strikers.
111.242.122 Sets of hanging bells with internal strikers.