Dickinson School of Law
Encyclopedia
Penn State University Dickinson School of Law (also known as Penn State Law or The Dickinson School of Law of the Pennsylvania State University) is the law school of The Pennsylvania State University
Pennsylvania State University
The Pennsylvania State University, commonly referred to as Penn State or PSU, is a public research university with campuses and facilities throughout the state of Pennsylvania, United States. Founded in 1855, the university has a threefold mission of teaching, research, and public service...

. Penn State Law, one of the professional graduate schools of Penn State, operates as a unified two-location operation with facilities in both University Park, Pennsylvania
University Park, Pennsylvania
University Park, Pennsylvania is an unincorporated community in Centre County, Pennsylvania, United States, and is the location of the flagship campus of the Pennsylvania State University....

 and Carlisle, Pennsylvania
Carlisle, Pennsylvania
Carlisle is a borough in and the county seat of Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, United States. The name is traditionally pronounced with emphasis on the second syllable. Carlisle is located within the Cumberland Valley, a highly productive agricultural region. As of the 2010 census, the borough...

. The two campuses operate meaningfully as a single enterprise, with a single identity, single reputation and single stature. The University Park Campus is Penn State's main campus, and it maintains over 40,000 undergraduate and graduate
Graduate school
A graduate school is a school that awards advanced academic degrees with the general requirement that students must have earned a previous undergraduate degree...

 students. Carlisle, approximately 80 miles (128.7 km) southeast of University Park, is the original home of the law school.

The law school was founded by John Reed in 1834, making it the fifth oldest law school in the United States
Law school in the United States
In the United States, a law school is an institution where students obtain a professional education in law after first obtaining an undergraduate degree.Law schools in the U.S...

 and the oldest law school in Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania is a U.S. state that is located in the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The state borders Delaware and Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, New York and Ontario, Canada, to the north, and New Jersey to...

. It is home to over 600 law students, most of whom are earning the degrees of Juris Doctor
Juris Doctor
Juris Doctor is a professional doctorate and first professional graduate degree in law.The degree was first awarded by Harvard University in the United States in the late 19th century and was created as a modern version of the old European doctor of law degree Juris Doctor (see etymology and...

 (J.D.) or Master of Laws
Master of Laws
The Master of Laws is an advanced academic degree, pursued by those holding a professional law degree, and is commonly abbreviated LL.M. from its Latin name, Legum Magister. The University of Oxford names its taught masters of laws B.C.L...

 (LLM). Penn State Dickinson has a faculty and staff of over 100.

U.S. News and World Report, in its 2012 edition of America's Best Graduate Schools, ranked Penn State Dickinson 60th among the nation's top 218 law schools.

In June 2007 Penn State established the School of International Affairs
School of International Affairs
The School of International Affairs was officially launched on July 1, 2007, having been approved by Pennsylvania State University's Board of Trustees in January 2007. The school is administratively part of the Dickinson School of Law at its University Park campus location...

 that is intimately linked with the law school. The School of International Affairs, which offers a professional master's degree in International Affairs with several specialty concentrations, is housed administratively within the law school. The two schools share similar educational objectives and outstanding faculty including Randall Robinson
Randall Robinson
Randall Robinson is an African-American lawyer, author and activist, noted as the founder of TransAfrica. He is known particularly for his impassioned opposition to South African apartheid, and for his advocacy on behalf of Haitian immigrants and Haitian president Jean-Bertrand Aristide.-Early...

.

Dual-Campus System

In 2005 a dispute over whether to move the Dickinson School of Law to Penn State's University Park campus in State College, Pennsylvania
State College, Pennsylvania
State College is the largest borough in Centre County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. It is the principal city of the State College, Pennsylvania Metropolitan Statistical Area which encompasses all of Centre County. As of the 2010 census, the borough population was 42,034, and roughly double...

 led to a dual-campus proposal. Under this proposal, Penn State has invested over $130 million in a law school that operates out of both locations. The proposal was approved by the law school's board of trustees before the 2005-2006 academic year.

The law school has now fully merged with Penn State, and has been integrated into the University's system. Starting in the fall of 2006, the law school began offering classes at its University Park location. Ground was broken for the Lewis Katz Building on January 18, 2007. The building opened for classes in January 2009.

In January 2010, students in the Carlisle location began attending classes in the new Lewis Katz Hall and the renovated Trickett Hall. The new facilities are the designs of Polshek Partnership Architects.

Lewis Katz Building

The Lewis Katz Building in University Park, Pennsylvania
University Park, Pennsylvania
University Park, Pennsylvania is an unincorporated community in Centre County, Pennsylvania, United States, and is the location of the flagship campus of the Pennsylvania State University....

, opened for classes on January 9, 2009. The $60 million, 114000 square feet (10,590.9 m²) building is the first academic facility to be built on the west side of Park Avenue, opposite from Penn State's main campus. It is adjacent to the Penn State Arboretum.

The Lewis Katz Building is LEED certified and equipped with advanced high definition digital audiovisual telecommunications capacity that enables the real-time delivery of classes and programs between the law school's Carlisle and University Park campuses and other collaborative projects and programs with schools and institutions worldwide. The second floor includes the glass-enclosed library, with a two-story information commons, four group study rooms and 11 offices among the features. Library spaces comprise about 50 percent of the building.

In 2009, Judge D. Brooks Smith used the Lewis Katz Building's courtroom to hear an oral argument to the Third Circuit Court of Appeals. In addition to the courtroom, the Katz Building includes a 250-seat auditorium, four specially designed 75-person classrooms, several seminar rooms, and a highly advanced "board room" permitting electronic "face-to-face" contact with meeting participants worldwide.

Lewis Katz Hall

The centerpiece of the Carlisle building project is the addition of a new, signature Lewis Katz Hall, named in honor of the principal donor to the project, philanthropist and businessman, Lewis Katz, for his $15 million gift to the Law School. Completed in January 2010, the transition marks the end of a two-year, $50 million construction project which included the addition of the elegant, new Lewis Katz Hall which is completely interconnected with the University Park campus via the most advanced high-definition, digital audiovisual telecommunications system available.

The project included an extensive renovation of historic Trickett Hall, the Law School's home since 1918, which houses the Law School's library, named in honor of H. Laddie Montague, Jr., a prominent Philadelphia lawyer and trial attorney who has committed $4 million to the school. As a design companion to the Lewis Katz Building the Carlisle campus is renovated and rebuilt to comply with LEED standards, the facilities feature state-of-the-art classrooms, a new courtroom/auditorium, an exterior courtyard, and an environmentally friendly vegetated green roof.

Curriculum

Like many law schools, the first year program consists of required courses that include two semesters of research and writing. During their first year, 1Ls must complete courses in Civil Procedure
Civil procedure
Civil procedure is the body of law that sets out the rules and standards that courts follow when adjudicating civil lawsuits...

, Constitutional Law
Constitutional law
Constitutional law is the body of law which defines the relationship of different entities within a state, namely, the executive, the legislature and the judiciary....

, Contracts, Criminal Law
Criminal law
Criminal law, is the body of law that relates to crime. It might be defined as the body of rules that defines conduct that is not allowed because it is held to threaten, harm or endanger the safety and welfare of people, and that sets out the punishment to be imposed on people who do not obey...

, Property
Property
Property is any physical or intangible entity that is owned by a person or jointly by a group of people or a legal entity like a corporation...

, Criminal Procedure
Criminal procedure
Criminal procedure refers to the legal process for adjudicating claims that someone has violated criminal law.-Basic rights:Currently, in many countries with a democratic system and the rule of law, criminal procedure puts the burden of proof on the prosecution – that is, it is up to the...

 and Torts. Only two courses are required after completion of the first year: Professional Responsibility and a Seminar. Students' remaining credits are to be filled with electives.

The law school is nationally recognized for its Alternative Dispute Resolution
Alternative dispute resolution
Alternative Dispute Resolution includes dispute resolution processes and techniques that act as a means for disagreeing parties to come to an agreement short of litigation. ADR basically is an alternative to a formal court hearing or litigation...

 (ADR) Program.

Center for the Study of Mergers & Acquisitions

Headed by Samuel C. Thompson Jr., former director of the UCLA Center for the Study of Mergers and Acquisitions, the center examines corporate, securities, tax
Tax
To tax is to impose a financial charge or other levy upon a taxpayer by a state or the functional equivalent of a state such that failure to pay is punishable by law. Taxes are also imposed by many subnational entities...

, antitrust
Antitrust
The United States antitrust law is a body of laws that prohibits anti-competitive behavior and unfair business practices. Antitrust laws are intended to encourage competition in the marketplace. These competition laws make illegal certain practices deemed to hurt businesses or consumers or both,...

, and other legal and economic issues that arise in mergers and acquisitions
Mergers and acquisitions
Mergers and acquisitions refers to the aspect of corporate strategy, corporate finance and management dealing with the buying, selling, dividing and combining of different companies and similar entities that can help an enterprise grow rapidly in its sector or location of origin, or a new field or...

. An important part of the Center's mission is to sponsor continuing legal education programs addressing these issues.

Penn State Law and the New York City Bar co-sponsor the Institute on Corporate, Securities, and Related Aspects of Mergers and Acquisitions. The Institute, which has been co-chaired by Professor Thompson and H. Rodgin Cohen
H. Rodgin Cohen
Henry Rodgin Cohen is a prominent corporate lawyer whose practice focuses on commercial banking and financial institutions. Following graduation from Harvard College , Harvard Law School and two years in the U.S. Army, Cohen joined Sullivan & Cromwell LLP in 1970. Cohen served as Sullivan &...

 of Sullivan & Cromwell
Sullivan & Cromwell
Sullivan & Cromwell LLP is an international law firm headquartered in New York. The firm has approximately 800 lawyers in 12 offices, located in financial centers in the United States, Asia, Australia and Europe. Sullivan & Cromwell was founded by Algernon Sydney Sullivan and William Nelson...

 LLP for a number of years, is held at the Bar's facility in New York City
New York City
New York is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York Metropolitan Area, one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. New York exerts a significant impact upon global commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and...

. Sessions provide penetrating analyses of recent developments in this very dynamic area; speakers at the Institute included some of the world's leading M&A attorneys, investment bankers, and governmental officials.

Institute for Sports Law, Policy & Research

Directed by Professor Stephen Ross, one of the nation's leading sports law scholars, the Penn State Institute for Sports Law Policy and Research is designed to:
  • promote dialogue between students of sport and major industry participants
  • aid scholars in policy-oriented research and facilitate the dissemination of this research to policy makers and industry participants, and
  • serve as resource for journalists, lawyers and others connected about sports and public policy


The Institute is aided by an advisory board of prominent industry leaders, sports scholars from around the world, and Penn State faculty and alumni, all dedicated to advancing the study of sports. The Institute works closely with a faculty and staff from another of other disciplines on the Penn State campus, including the John Curley Center for Sports and Journalism, the Center for Sports Business Research in the Smeal College of Business
Smeal College of Business
The Smeal College of Business is the business school of Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania. It was founded in 1953, and is named after Mary Jean and Frank Smeal. The College offers undergraduate, graduate, doctoral degrees, including a Master of Business Administration Program,...

, and the Departments of Kinesiology and Statistics. In addition, the Institute facilitates inter-disciplinary work with a variety of sports-interested faculty on the Penn State campus, sponsoring faculty colloquia and faculty/student reading groups. The Institute intends to feature programs that are of utmost importance to the field, including a speaker series featuring prominent industry leaders, private conferences to explore consensus approaches to difficult sports policy issues, and ongoing lectures to faculty and students.

Institute of Arbitration Law & Practice

The Penn State Institute of Arbitration Law and Practice was established in August 2005 to promote the study and scholarship of arbitration law and practice. Professor Thomas E. Carbonneau, the Samuel P. Orlando Distinguished Professor of Law, serves as faculty director and is widely considered to be one of the world's foremost authorities on international and domestic arbitration.

The Institute's publications include the World Arbitration and Mediation Review, the Smit-Carbonneau-Mistelis Guides to International Commercial Arbitration and the student publication Beyond Litigation. The Institute also sponsors student participation in moot court competitions, including the prestigious annual Willem C. Vis International Commercial Arbitration Moot in Vienna, Austria, and hosts the Montreal Summer Study Program in Arbitration at the McGill University Faculty of Law in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Affiliated Penn State faculty include William E. Butler, John Edward Fowler Professor of Law and member of the Russia International Court of Commercial Arbitration; Tiyanjana Maluwa, H. Laddie and Linda P. Montague Professor of Law; Philip J. McConnaughay, dean and Donald J. Farage Professor of Law; Panagiotis Takis Tridimas, professor of law and Sir John Lubbock Professor of Banking Law at Queen Mary College, University of London.

Other Penn State Law Programs

  • Washington, D.C.
    Washington, D.C.
    Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, "the District", or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States. On July 16, 1790, the United States Congress approved the creation of a permanent national capital as permitted by the U.S. Constitution....

     Semester Program
  • International Justice Program at the Hague, Netherlands
  • Miller Center for Public Interest Advocacy
  • Agricultural Law Resource and Reference Center
  • Arts, Sports, and Entertainment Law Clinic
  • Center for Immigrants' Rights
  • Children's Advocacy Clinic

  • Civil Rights Appellate Clinic
  • Disability Law Clinic
  • Family Law Clinic
  • Elder and Consumer Protection Clinic
  • Study Abroad


Law Journals

The Law School also features three scholarly journals, including the Penn State Law Review
Penn State Law Review
The Penn State Law Review is a legal periodical. It was founded in 1897 as The Forum and was later renamed the Dickinson Law Review. When the Dickinson Law School merged with Penn State University in 2003, the name of the periodical was changed to the Penn State Law Review.The Penn State Law...

, formerly the Dickinson Law Review. The Law Review was founded in 1897, and is one of the oldest continually published law school journals in the country.

Student organizations

The Law School maintains an extensive roster of student organizations, including:



The school also participates in a number of moot court competitions including the prestigious Willem C. Vis Moot
Willem C. Vis Moot
The Willem C. Vis International Commercial Arbitration Moot is a prestigious international moot court competition for law students. Since 1994, it is annually being held in Vienna, Austria....

 Commercial Arbitration Moot Court, held each year in Vienna, Austria and the National Environmental Law Moot Court held at Pace University
Pace University
Pace University is an American private, co-educational, and comprehensive multi-campus university in the New York metropolitan area with campuses in New York City and Westchester County, New York.-Programs:...

 in White Plains, New York
White Plains, New York
White Plains is a city and the county seat of Westchester County, New York, United States. It is located in south-central Westchester, about east of the Hudson River and northwest of Long Island Sound...

.

Students at Penn State Law are active in intramural sports program. Current intramural sports include floor hockey, indoor soccer, flag football, volleyball, basketball and bowling.

Several students are also members of rugby and softball teams. Each spring, the school sends a softball team to participate in the University of Virginia Law School Softball Tournament.

Notable alumni

  • Christopher F. Burne
    Christopher F. Burne
    Christopher F. Burne is a Brigadier General in the United States Air Force.-Biography:A native of Dunmore, Pennsylvania, Burne's father was a decorated pilot in World War II. Burne attended the University of Scranton and The Pennsylvania State University — Dickinson School of Law.-Career:Burne...

    , U.S. Air Force Brigadier General
  • Christopher Conner, Judge on the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
  • Pedro Cortés, former Secretary of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
    Secretary of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
    The Secretary of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania administers the Pennsylvania Department of State of the U.S. state of Pennsylvania...

  • Andrew Curtin, Civil War Governor of Pennsylvania
    Pennsylvania
    The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania is a U.S. state that is located in the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The state borders Delaware and Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, New York and Ontario, Canada, to the north, and New Jersey to...

     (1861–1867)
  • J. Steward Davis
    J. Steward Davis
    J. Steward Davis was an Afro-American lawyer and political activist in Baltimore, Maryland. During the 1920s, Davis worked as a highly respected trial lawyer as well as a campaign organizer for W. Ashbie Hawkins, Al Smith, Herbert O'Conor and the Democratic Party in Maryland...

    , Baltimore trial lawyer and first Afro-American valedictorian at Dickinson
  • J. Michael Eakin
    J. Michael Eakin
    J. Michael Eakin is an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. He was elected to the State’s Supreme Court on 2001 and is up for retention in 2011. -Early life and career:Justice Eakin was born in Mechanicsburg, PA in 1948...

    , Justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court
  • John Sydney Fine, former Pennsylvania Governor (1951–1955)
  • Jim Gerlach
    Jim Gerlach
    James "Jim" Gerlach is the U.S. Representative for , serving since 2003. He is a member of the Republican Party.- Early life, education and career :...

    , United States Congressman from Pennsylvania
  • Kim Gibson, Judge on the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania
  • Milton W. Glenn
    Milton W. Glenn
    Milton Willits Glenn was an American Republican Party politician who represented New Jersey's 2nd congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1957-1965.-Biography:Glenn attended the schools of the Atlantic City School District...

     (1903–1967), represented New Jersey's 2nd congressional district
    New Jersey's 2nd congressional district
    New Jersey's Second Congressional District is currently represented by Republican Frank LoBiondo.-Counties and municipalities in the district:...

     from 1957-1965
  • Rick Gray
    Rick Gray
    J. Richard "Rick" Gray is a lawyer and politician who has been mayor of Lancaster, Pennsylvania since January 3, 2006.-Personal life:Born in Pottsville, Pennsylvania his father's profession took his family to Harrisburg at a young age, where he attended school and graduated high school. His father...

    , current mayor of Lancaster, PA
  • T. Millet Hand
    T. Millet Hand
    Thomas Millet Hand was an American Republican Party politician who represented New Jersey's 2nd congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1945-1957.-Biography:Hand was born in Cape May, New Jersey on July 7, 1902, and attended the local public schools...

     (1902–1956), represented New Jersey's 2nd congressional district
    New Jersey's 2nd congressional district
    New Jersey's Second Congressional District is currently represented by Republican Frank LoBiondo.-Counties and municipalities in the district:...

     in the United States House of Representatives
    United States House of Representatives
    The United States House of Representatives is one of the two Houses of the United States Congress, the bicameral legislature which also includes the Senate.The composition and powers of the House are established in Article One of the Constitution...

     from 1945-1957
  • Arthur Horace James, former Pennsylvania Governor (1939–1943)
  • John E. Jones III
    John E. Jones III
    John Edward Jones III is an American lawyer and jurist from the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. A Republican, Jones was appointed by President George W. Bush as federal judge on the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania in February 2002 and was unanimously confirmed by...

    , U.S. District Judge for United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
    United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
    The United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania is district level federal court with jurisdiction over approximately one half of Pennsylvania...

    , who presided over the ruling in Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District
    Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District
    Tammy Kitzmiller, et al. v. Dover Area School District, et al. was the first direct challenge brought in the United States federal courts testing a public school district policy that required the teaching of intelligent design...

     which states that the teaching of Intelligent design
    Intelligent design
    Intelligent design is the proposition that "certain features of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause, not an undirected process such as natural selection." It is a form of creationism and a contemporary adaptation of the traditional teleological argument for...

     in public classrooms violates the Establishment Clause of the U.S. Constitution
  • Paul E. Kanjorski
    Paul E. Kanjorski
    Paul E. Kanjorski is the former U.S. Representative for , serving from 1985 until 2011. He is a member of the Democratic Party.The district includes the cities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, and Hazleton, as well as most of the Poconos....

    , United States Congressman from Pennsylvania
  • Lewis Katz, owner of the New Jersey Nets
    New Jersey Nets
    The New Jersey Nets are a professional basketball team based in Newark, New Jersey. They are members of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference in the National Basketball Association...

     Basketball Team
  • Jack Keeney
    Jack Keeney
    John C. "Jack" Keeney" was an American prosecutor who retired in 2010 as U.S. deputy United States Assistant Attorney General. At age 88, he was at the time the DOJ's oldest employee, and one of the longest-serving career employees in the history of the United States government...

    , career U.S. Department of Justice attorney
  • Tom Marino
    Tom Marino
    Thomas Anthony Marino is the U.S. Representative for . He is a member of the Republican Party.The district, located in Northeastern Pennsylvania, includes Lackawanna and Luzerne Counties outside of Scranton and Wilkes-Barre as well as all or most of...

    , United States Congressman representing Pennsylvania's Tenth Congressional District and former United States Attorney for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
  • Sylvia H. Rambo
    Sylvia H. Rambo
    Sylvia H. Rambo is a United States federal judge.Born in Royersford, Pennsylvania, Rambo received a B.A. from Dickinson College in 1958 and a J.D. from Dickinson School of Law in 1962. She was an attorney for the Trust Department of the Bank of Delaware in Wilmington, Delaware from 1962 to 1963...

    , first woman to serve as Chief Judge of the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
  • Tom Ridge
    Tom Ridge
    Thomas Joseph "Tom" Ridge is an American politician who served as a member of the United States House of Representatives , the 43rd Governor of Pennsylvania , Assistant to the President for Homeland Security , and the first United States Secretary of Homeland Security...

    , former Pennsylvania Governor (1995–2001), former Assistant to the President for Homeland Security (2001–2003), first United States Secretary of Homeland Security
    United States Secretary of Homeland Security
    The United States Secretary of Homeland Security is the head of the United States Department of Homeland Security, the body concerned with protecting the American homeland and the safety of American citizens. The Secretary is a member of the President's Cabinet. The position was created by the...

     (2003–2005)
  • Rick Santorum
    Rick Santorum
    Richard John "Rick" Santorum is a lawyer and a former United States Senator from the commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Santorum was the chairman of the Senate Republican Conference -making him the third-ranking Senate Republican from 2001 until his leave in 2007. Santorum is considered both a social...

    , former U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania (1995–2007)
  • Lansdale Sasscer
    Lansdale Sasscer
    Lansdale Ghiselin Sasscer represented the fifth district of the state of Maryland in the United States House of Representatives for seven terms from 1939–1953....

    , 1914, U.S. Congressman for Maryland's 5th District
    Maryland's 5th congressional district
    Maryland's 5th congressional district comprises all of Charles, St. Mary's, and Calvert Counties, as well as portions of Prince George's and Anne Arundel Counties. The district is currently represented by Democrat Steny Hoyer, the House Minority Whip....

  • D. Brooks Smith
    D. Brooks Smith
    David Brookman Smith , known professionally as D. Brooks Smith, is a federal judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit.- Federal Service :...

    , class of 1976, Judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
  • Donald William Snyder (LLM, Commerce and Taxation), Member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
    Pennsylvania House of Representatives
    The Pennsylvania House of Representatives is the lower house of the bicameral Pennsylvania General Assembly, the legislature of the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. There are 203 members, elected for two year terms from single member districts....

     1981-2000 and Majority Whip
  • Thomas I. Vanaskie
    Thomas I. Vanaskie
    Thomas Ignatius Vanaskie is a United States circuit judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. From February 10, 1994 to April 26, 2010, he served as a United States district judge on the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania...

    , class of 1978, former chief judge of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
    United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
    The United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania is district level federal court with jurisdiction over approximately one half of Pennsylvania...

     and current judge on the Third Circuit Court of Appeals

External links

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