Diatrizoic acid
Encyclopedia
Diatrizoic acid also known as amidotrizoic acid, or 3,5-diacetamido-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid, is a radiocontrast
agent containing iodine
. Trade names include Hypaque, Gastrografin and Urografin, the latter being a combination of the sodium
and meglumine
salts.
Diatrizoate is considered a high-osmolality contrast agent. Its osmolality ranges from approximately 1500 mOsm
/kg (50% solution) to over 2000 mOsm/kg (76% solution).
for medical imaging
of the gastrointestinal tract
. It is indicated for use in patients who are allergic to barium, or in cases where the barium might leak into the abdominal cavity. It does not coat the stomach/bowel lining as well as barium, thus it is not used commonly for this purpose.
Under the trade name Urografin it is used for intravenous pyelography.
It is also used to kill tapeworms
.
may be preferable.
Gastrografin is contraindicated to use along with certain medications that can cause lactic acidosis
, such as metformin
. Concurrent use may lead to renal failure and lactic acidosis, and a clinician may need to space the agents apart over a number of days to prevent an interaction.
Gastrografin is a hypertonic solution, and therefore it should be avoided in imaging studies of the upper gastrointestinal tract in patients who are at risk of aspiration, as it will cause prompt pulmonary edema if accidentally introduced into the tracheobronchial tree.
Also it may cause inflammation of the subarachnoid space if used in myelography.
Radiocontrast
Radiocontrast agents are a type of medical contrast medium used to improve the visibility of internal bodily structures in an X-ray based imaging techniques such as computed tomography or radiography...
agent containing iodine
Iodine
Iodine is a chemical element with the symbol I and atomic number 53. The name is pronounced , , or . The name is from the , meaning violet or purple, due to the color of elemental iodine vapor....
. Trade names include Hypaque, Gastrografin and Urografin, the latter being a combination of the sodium
Sodium
Sodium is a chemical element with the symbol Na and atomic number 11. It is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal and is a member of the alkali metals; its only stable isotope is 23Na. It is an abundant element that exists in numerous minerals, most commonly as sodium chloride...
and meglumine
Meglumine
Meglumine is an amino sugar derived from sorbitol. It is often used as an excipient in pharmaceuticals and in conjunction with iodinated compounds in contrast media such as diatrizoate meglumine and iodipamide meglumine....
salts.
Diatrizoate is considered a high-osmolality contrast agent. Its osmolality ranges from approximately 1500 mOsm
Osmole (unit)
Osmolarity is the measure of solute concentration, defined as the number of osmoles of solute per litre of solution . The osmolarity of a solution is usually expressed as Osm/L , in the same way that the molarity of a solution is expressed as "M"...
/kg (50% solution) to over 2000 mOsm/kg (76% solution).
Indications
Diatrizoic acid may be used as an alternative to barium sulfateBarium sulfate
Barium sulfate is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula BaSO4. It is a white crystalline solid that is odorless and insoluble in water. It occurs as the mineral barite, which is the main commercial source of barium and materials prepared from it...
for medical imaging
Medical imaging
Medical imaging is the technique and process used to create images of the human body for clinical purposes or medical science...
of the gastrointestinal tract
Gastrointestinal tract
The human gastrointestinal tract refers to the stomach and intestine, and sometimes to all the structures from the mouth to the anus. ....
. It is indicated for use in patients who are allergic to barium, or in cases where the barium might leak into the abdominal cavity. It does not coat the stomach/bowel lining as well as barium, thus it is not used commonly for this purpose.
Under the trade name Urografin it is used for intravenous pyelography.
It is also used to kill tapeworms
Taeniacide
A taeniacide is a substance that kills tapeworms. This makes it a class of antihelminthic agent.It gets its name from the genus Taenia.-Examples:Natural taeniacides include pumpkin seed, cucumber and pomegranate....
.
Administration
- It is given intravenously (under brand name Hypaque, GE HealthcareGE HealthcareGE Healthcare is a division of GE Technology Infrastructure, which is itself a division of General Electric . It employs more than 46,000 people worldwide and is headquartered in Little Chalfont, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom. GE Healthcare is the first GE business segment to be headquartered...
) to enhance contrast in computed tomographyComputed tomographyX-ray computed tomography or Computer tomography , is a medical imaging method employing tomography created by computer processing...
, to image the kidneyKidneyThe kidneys, organs with several functions, serve essential regulatory roles in most animals, including vertebrates and some invertebrates. They are essential in the urinary system and also serve homeostatic functions such as the regulation of electrolytes, maintenance of acid–base balance, and...
s and related structures, and to image blood vessels. - It is given orally or by enemaEnemaAn enema is the procedure of introducing liquids into the rectum and colon via the anus. The increasing volume of the liquid causes rapid expansion of the lower intestinal tract, often resulting in very uncomfortable bloating, cramping, powerful peristalsis, a feeling of extreme urgency and...
(Gastrografin, Gastrovist, Gastrovision, MD-Gastroview) to image the gastrointestinal tractGastrointestinal tractThe human gastrointestinal tract refers to the stomach and intestine, and sometimes to all the structures from the mouth to the anus. ....
. The taste is foul, even when mixed and diluted with fruit juice. - It is given by Foley catheterFoley catheterA Foley catheter is a flexible tube that is often passed through the urethra and into the bladder. The tube has two separated channels, or lumens, running down its length. One lumen is open at both ends, and allows urine to drain out into a collection bag...
(Cystografin) to image the urinary tract
Contraindications
A history of sensitivity to iodine is not a contraindication to using diatrizoate, although it suggests caution in use of the agent. In this case, a regimen of oral or intravenous corticosteroids may be given as prophylaxis, or an alternative such as barium sulfateBarium sulfate
Barium sulfate is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula BaSO4. It is a white crystalline solid that is odorless and insoluble in water. It occurs as the mineral barite, which is the main commercial source of barium and materials prepared from it...
may be preferable.
Gastrografin is contraindicated to use along with certain medications that can cause lactic acidosis
Lactic acidosis
Lactic acidosis is a physiological condition characterized by low pH in body tissues and blood accompanied by the buildup of lactate especially D-lactate, and is considered a distinct form of metabolic acidosis. The condition typically occurs when cells receive too little oxygen , for example...
, such as metformin
Metformin
Metformin is an oral antidiabetic drug in the biguanide class. It is the first-line drug of choice for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, in particular, in overweight and obese people and those with normal kidney function. Its use in gestational diabetes has been limited by safety concerns...
. Concurrent use may lead to renal failure and lactic acidosis, and a clinician may need to space the agents apart over a number of days to prevent an interaction.
Gastrografin is a hypertonic solution, and therefore it should be avoided in imaging studies of the upper gastrointestinal tract in patients who are at risk of aspiration, as it will cause prompt pulmonary edema if accidentally introduced into the tracheobronchial tree.
Also it may cause inflammation of the subarachnoid space if used in myelography.