DNA codon table
Encyclopedia
The genetic code
is traditionally represented as a RNA codon table due to the biochemical nature of the protein translation
process. However, with the rise of computational biology and genomics, proteins have become increasingly studied at a genomic level. As a result, the practice of representing the genetic code as a DNA codon table has become more popular. The DNA codons in such tables occur on the sense DNA strand
and are arranged in a 5' → 3' direction
.
Genetic code
The genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material is translated into proteins by living cells....
is traditionally represented as a RNA codon table due to the biochemical nature of the protein translation
Translation (genetics)
In molecular biology and genetics, translation is the third stage of protein biosynthesis . In translation, messenger RNA produced by transcription is decoded by the ribosome to produce a specific amino acid chain, or polypeptide, that will later fold into an active protein...
process. However, with the rise of computational biology and genomics, proteins have become increasingly studied at a genomic level. As a result, the practice of representing the genetic code as a DNA codon table has become more popular. The DNA codons in such tables occur on the sense DNA strand
Sense (molecular biology)
In molecular biology and genetics, sense is a concept used to compare the polarity of nucleic acid molecules, such as DNA or RNA, to other nucleic acid molecules...
and are arranged in a 5' → 3' direction
Directionality (molecular biology)
Directionality, in molecular biology and biochemistry, is the end-to-end chemical orientation of a single strand of nucleic acid. The chemical convention of naming carbon atoms in the nucleotide sugar-ring numerically gives rise to a 5′-end and a 3′-end...
.
| nonpolar | polar | basic | acidic | (stop codon) |
| 2nd base | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T | C | A | G | ||||||
| 1st base | T | TTT | (Phe/F) Phenylalanine Phenylalanine Phenylalanine is an α-amino acid with the formula C6H5CH2CHCOOH. This essential amino acid is classified as nonpolar because of the hydrophobic nature of the benzyl side chain. L-Phenylalanine is an electrically neutral amino acid, one of the twenty common amino acids used to biochemically form... |
TCT | (Ser/S) Serine Serine Serine is an amino acid with the formula HO2CCHCH2OH. It is one of the proteinogenic amino acids. By virtue of the hydroxyl group, serine is classified as a polar amino acid.-Occurrence and biosynthesis:... |
TAT | (Tyr/Y) Tyrosine Tyrosine Tyrosine or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine, is one of the 22 amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins. Its codons are UAC and UAU. It is a non-essential amino acid with a polar side group... |
TGT | (Cys/C) Cysteine Cysteine Cysteine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCHCH2SH. It is a non-essential amino acid, which means that it is biosynthesized in humans. Its codons are UGU and UGC. The side chain on cysteine is thiol, which is polar and thus cysteine is usually classified as a hydrophilic amino acid... |
| TTC | (Phe/F) Phenylalanine | TCC | (Ser/S) Serine | TAC | (Tyr/Y) Tyrosine | TGC | (Cys/C) Cysteine | ||
| TTA | (Leu/L) Leucine Leucine Leucine is a branched-chain α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCHCH2CH2. Leucine is classified as a hydrophobic amino acid due to its aliphatic isobutyl side chain. It is encoded by six codons and is a major component of the subunits in ferritin, astacin and other 'buffer' proteins... |
TCA | (Ser/S) Serine | TAA | Stop Stop codon In the genetic code, a stop codon is a nucleotide triplet within messenger RNA that signals a termination of translation. Proteins are based on polypeptides, which are unique sequences of amino acids. Most codons in messenger RNA correspond to the addition of an amino acid to a growing polypeptide... (Ochre) |
TGA | Stop (Opal) | ||
| TTG | (Leu/L) Leucine | TCG | (Ser/S) Serine | TAG | Stop (Amber) | TGG | (Trp/W) Tryptophan Tryptophan Tryptophan is one of the 20 standard amino acids, as well as an essential amino acid in the human diet. It is encoded in the standard genetic code as the codon UGG... |
||
| C | CTT | (Leu/L) Leucine | CCT | (Pro/P) Proline Proline Proline is an α-amino acid, one of the twenty DNA-encoded amino acids. Its codons are CCU, CCC, CCA, and CCG. It is not an essential amino acid, which means that the human body can synthesize it. It is unique among the 20 protein-forming amino acids in that the α-amino group is secondary... |
CAT | (His/H) Histidine Histidine Histidine Histidine, an essential amino acid, has a positively charged imidazole functional group. It is one of the 22 proteinogenic amino acids. Its codons are CAU and CAC. Histidine was first isolated by German physician Albrecht Kossel in 1896. Histidine is an essential amino acid in humans... |
CGT | (Arg/R) Arginine Arginine Arginine is an α-amino acid. The L-form is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids. At the level of molecular genetics, in the structure of the messenger ribonucleic acid mRNA, CGU, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA, and AGG, are the triplets of nucleotide bases or codons that codify for arginine during... |
|
| CTC | (Leu/L) Leucine | CCC | (Pro/P) Proline | CAC | (His/H) Histidine | CGC | (Arg/R) Arginine | ||
| CTA | (Leu/L) Leucine | CCA | (Pro/P) Proline | CAA | (Gln/Q) Glutamine Glutamine Glutamine is one of the 20 amino acids encoded by the standard genetic code. It is not recognized as an essential amino acid but may become conditionally essential in certain situations, including intensive athletic training or certain gastrointestinal disorders... |
CGA | (Arg/R) Arginine | ||
| CTG | (Leu/L) Leucine | CCG | (Pro/P) Proline | CAG | (Gln/Q) Glutamine | CGG | (Arg/R) Arginine | ||
| A | ATT | (Ile/I) Isoleucine Isoleucine Isoleucine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCHCHCH2CH3. It is an essential amino acid, which means that humans cannot synthesize it, so it must be ingested. Its codons are AUU, AUC and AUA.... |
ACT | (Thr/T) Threonine Threonine Threonine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCHCHCH3. Its codons are ACU, ACA, ACC, and ACG. This essential amino acid is classified as polar... |
AAT | (Asn/N) Asparagine Asparagine Asparagine is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids on Earth. It has carboxamide as the side-chain's functional group. It is not an essential amino acid... |
AGT | (Ser/S) Serine | |
| ATC | (Ile/I) Isoleucine | ACC | (Thr/T) Threonine | AAC | (Asn/N) Asparagine | AGC | (Ser/S) Serine | ||
| ATA | (Ile/I) Isoleucine | ACA | (Thr/T) Threonine | AAA | (Lys/K) Lysine Lysine Lysine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH4NH2. It is an essential amino acid, which means that the human body cannot synthesize it. Its codons are AAA and AAG.... |
AGA | (Arg/R) Arginine | ||
| ATG | (Met/M) Methionine Methionine Methionine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCHCH2CH2SCH3. This essential amino acid is classified as nonpolar. This amino-acid is coded by the codon AUG, also known as the initiation codon, since it indicates mRNA's coding region where translation into protein... |
ACG | (Thr/T) Threonine | AAG | (Lys/K) Lysine | AGG | (Arg/R) Arginine | ||
| G | GTT | (Val/V) Valine Valine Valine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCHCH2. L-Valine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids. Its codons are GUU, GUC, GUA, and GUG. This essential amino acid is classified as nonpolar... |
GCT | (Ala/A) Alanine Alanine Alanine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula CH3CHCOOH. The L-isomer is one of the 20 amino acids encoded by the genetic code. Its codons are GCU, GCC, GCA, and GCG. It is classified as a nonpolar amino acid... |
GAT | (Asp/D) Aspartic acid Aspartic acid Aspartic acid is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HOOCCHCH2COOH. The carboxylate anion, salt, or ester of aspartic acid is known as aspartate. The L-isomer of aspartate is one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the building blocks of proteins... |
GGT | (Gly/G) Glycine Glycine Glycine is an organic compound with the formula NH2CH2COOH. Having a hydrogen substituent as its 'side chain', glycine is the smallest of the 20 amino acids commonly found in proteins. Its codons are GGU, GGC, GGA, GGG cf. the genetic code.Glycine is a colourless, sweet-tasting crystalline solid... |
|
| GTC | (Val/V) Valine | GCC | (Ala/A) Alanine | GAC | (Asp/D) Aspartic acid | GGC | (Gly/G) Glycine | ||
| GTA | (Val/V) Valine | GCA | (Ala/A) Alanine | GAA | (Glu/E) Glutamic acid Glutamic acid Glutamic acid is one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids, and its codons are GAA and GAG. It is a non-essential amino acid. The carboxylate anions and salts of glutamic acid are known as glutamates... |
GGA | (Gly/G) Glycine | ||
| GTG | (Val/V) Valine | GCG | (Ala/A) Alanine | GAG | (Glu/E) Glutamic acid | GGG | (Gly/G) Glycine | ||
- The first ATG in a coding sequence both codes for methionine and indicates where translation into protein will begin in the corresponding mRNA.
| Amino Acid/Signal | Codons | Amino Acid/Signal | Codons |
|---|---|---|---|
| A | GCT, GCC, GCA, GCG | C | TGT, TGC |
| D | GAT, GAC | E | GAA, GAG |
| F | TTT, TTC | G | GGT, GGC, GGA, GGG |
| H | CAT, CAC | I | ATT, ATC, ATA |
| K | AAA, AAG | L | TTA, TTG, CTT, CTC, CTA, CTG |
| M | ATG | N | AAT, AAC |
| P | CCT, CCC, CCA, CCG | Q | CAA, CAG |
| R | CGT, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA, AGG | S | TCT, TCC, TCA, TCG, AGT, AGC |
| T | ACT, ACC, ACA, ACG | V | GTT, GTC, GTA, GTG |
| W | TGG | Y | TAT, TAC |
| START | ATG | STOP | TAA, TGA, TAG |