The Common Yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas) is a New World warbler

New World warbler

The New World warblers or wood-warblers are a group of small, often colorful, passerine birds restricted to the New World. They are not related to the Old World warblers or the Australian warblers....

. They are abundant breeders in North America

North America

North America is a continent wholly within the Northern Hemisphere and almost wholly within the Western Hemisphere. It is also considered a northern subcontinent of the Americas...

, ranging from southern Canada

Canada

Canada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean...

 to central Mexico

Mexico

The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of...

.
Northern races are migratory

Bird migration

Bird migration is the regular seasonal journey undertaken by many species of birds. Bird movements include those made in response to changes in food availability, habitat or weather. Sometimes, journeys are not termed "true migration" because they are irregular or in only one direction...

, wintering in the southern parts of the breeding range, Central America

Central America

Central America is the central geographic region of the Americas. It is the southernmost, isthmian portion of the North American continent, which connects with South America on the southeast. When considered part of the unified continental model, it is considered a subcontinent...

 and the West Indies. Southern forms are largely resident. This species is a very rare vagrant to western Europe

Europe

Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...

.

Common Yellowthroats are small songbirds that have olive backs, wings and tails, yellow throats and chests, and white bellies. Adult males have black face masks which stretch from the sides of the neck across the eyes and forehead, which are bordered above with white or gray. Females are similar in appearance, but have paler underparts and lack the black mask. Immature birds are similar in appearance to the adult female. First-year males have a faint black mask which darkens completely by spring.

There are 13 races of this bird. These races differ mainly in the males' facial patterns and the brightness of the yellow underparts. The southwestern forms of this bird are the brightest and the yellowest below.

The breeding habitats of these birds are marsh

Marsh

In geography, a marsh, or morass, is a type of wetland that is subject to frequent or continuous flood. Typically the water is shallow and features grasses, rushes, reeds, typhas, sedges, other herbaceous plants, and moss....

es and other wet areas with dense low vegetation, and may also be found in other areas with dense shrub. However, these birds are less common in dry areas. Females appear to prefer males with larger masks. Common Yellowthroats nest in low areas of the vegetation, laying 3–5 eggs in a cup-shaped nest. Both parents feed the young.

These birds feed on insect

Insect

Insects are a class of living creatures within the arthropods that have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body , three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes, and two antennae...

s, which are usually captured in dense vegetation, but sometimes caught in midair.

The Common Yellowthroat's song is a loud twichety twichety twichety twich. Its call is a soft jip.

Despite a decline in numbers in some areas, which is due to loss of favoured habitat, this species is still very common.

Books

• Guzy, M. J., and G. Ritchison. 1999. Common Yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas). In The Birds of North America, No. 448 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.

Thesis

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• Boarman WI. Ph.D. (1992). The evolution of avian song: A study of the impact of sound propagation on animal communication. Rutgers The State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick, United States, New Jersey.

• Brown BT. Ph.D. (1987). Ecology of riparian breeding birds along the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, Arizona. The University of Arizona, United States, Arizona.

• Chmielewski A. M.S. (1992). The effects of right-of-way construction through forest interior habitat on bird and small mammal populations and rates of nest predation. State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, United States, New York.

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• Garvin JC. Ph.D. (2006). Male ornaments, extra-pair mating, and immunocompetence in the common yellowthroat. The University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, United States, Wisconsin.

• Hofslund PB. Ph.D. (1954). A LIFE HISTORY STUDY OF THE YELLOW-THROAT, GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS. University of Michigan, United States, Michigan.

• Hull SD. Ph.D. (2002). The relationships among vegetative structure, arthropod populations, and grassland bird abundance and reproductive success on wildlife production areas in Ohio. The Ohio State University, United States, Ohio.

• Klicka JT. M.S. (1994). The biological and taxonomic status of the Brownsville yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas insperata). Texas A&M University - Kingsville, United States, Texas.

• Klimstra JD. M.S. (2003). Using banding data to assess the use of 100-meter-wide habitat corridors by breeding landbirds, in an intensively managed pine landscape. North Carolina State University, United States, North Carolina.

• McCoy TD. Ph.D. (2000). Effects of landscape composition and multi-scale habitat characteristics on the grassland bird community. University of Missouri - Columbia, United States, Missouri.

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• Morimoto DC. Ph.D. (1989). Avian community structure and habitat relationships in the southeastern Massachusetts pine barrens. Boston University, United States, Massachusetts.

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• Witt JW. Ph.D. (2005). Shrub and grassland birds at Occoquan Bay National Wildlife Refuge in northern Virginia and the influence burning and mowing has had upon their distribution and abundance. George Mason University, United States, Virginia.

• Woodrey MS. Ph.D. (1995). Stopover behavior and age-specific ecology of neotropical passerine migrant landbirds during autumn along the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico. The University of Southern Mississippi, United States, Mississippi.

Articles

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• Bledsoe AH. (1988). A Hybrid Oporornis-Philadelphia X Geothlypis-Trichas with Comments on the Taxonomic Interpretation and Evolutionary Significance of Intergeneric Hybridization. Wilson Bulletin. vol 100, no 1. pp. 1–8.

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• Hutto RL. (1981). Seasonal Variation in the Foraging Behavior of Some Migratory Western Wood Warblers. Auk. vol 98, no 4. pp. 765–777.

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• Kinsey AA, Durden LA & Oliver JH, Jr. (2000). Tick infestations of birds in coastal Georgia and Alabama. Journal of Parasitology. vol 86, no 2. pp. 251–254.

• Klich M, Lankester MW & Wu KW. (1996). Spring migratory birds (Aves) extend the northern occurrence of blacklegged tick (Acari: Ixodidae). Journal of Medical Entomology. vol 33, no 4. pp. 581–585.

• Kolodziejski S & Skinner PCJ. (1986). COMMON YELLOWTHROAT IN SCILLY. British Birds. vol 79, no 9. pp. 434–435.

• Kowalski MP. (1983). Factors Affecting the Performance of Flight Songs and Perch Songs in the Common Yellowthroat Gesthlypis-Trichas. Wilson Bulletin. vol 95, no 1. pp. 140–142.

• Lanyon WE. (1981). Breeding Birds and Old Field Succession on Fallow Long Island New-York USA Farmland. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. vol 168, no 1. pp. 1–60.

• Larue P, Belanger L & Huot J. (1995). Riparian edge effects on boreal balsam fir bird communities. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. vol 25, no 4. pp. 555–566.

• Laubach R. (1984). Breeding Birds of Sheeder Prairie Preserve West-Central Iowa USA. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science. vol 91, no 4. pp. 152–163.

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• McCoy TD, Ryan MR & Burger LW, Jr. (2001). Grassland bird conservation: CP1 vs. CP2 plantings in conservation reserve program fields in Missouri. American Midland Naturalist. vol 145, no 1. pp. 1–17.

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• Mitchell DP, Dunn PO, Whittingham LA & Freeman-Gallant CR. (2007). Attractive males provide less parental care in two populations of the common yellowthroat. Animal Behaviour. vol 73, pp. 165–170.

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• Morimoto DC & Wasserman FE. (1991). Dispersion Patterns and Habitat Associations of Rufous-Sided Towhees Common Yellowthroats and Prairie Warblers in the Southeastern Massachusetts USA Pine Barrens. Auk. vol 108, no 2. pp. 264–276.

• Morimoto DC & Wasserman FE. (1991). Intersexual and Interspecific Differences in the Foraging Behavior of Rufous-Sided Towhees Common Yellowthroats and Prairie Warblers in the Pine Barrens of Southeastern Massachusetts. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol 62, no 4. pp. 436–449.

• Morris SR, Pusateri CR & Battaglia KA. (2003). Spring migration and stopover ecology of Common Yellowthroats on Appledore Island, Maine. Wilson Bulletin. vol 115, no 1. pp. 64–72.

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External links

• Common Yellowthroat Information and Photos - South Dakota Birds and Birding
• Common Yellowthroat Species Account - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
• Common Yellowthroat - Geothlypis trichas - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
• Common Yellowthroat at Animal Diversity Web
• Common Yellowthroat Bird Sound

The Common Yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas) is a New World warbler

New World warbler

The New World warblers or wood-warblers are a group of small, often colorful, passerine birds restricted to the New World. They are not related to the Old World warblers or the Australian warblers....

. They are abundant breeders in North America

North America

North America is a continent wholly within the Northern Hemisphere and almost wholly within the Western Hemisphere. It is also considered a northern subcontinent of the Americas...

, ranging from southern Canada

Canada

Canada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean...

 to central Mexico

Mexico

The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of...

.
Northern races are migratory

Bird migration

Bird migration is the regular seasonal journey undertaken by many species of birds. Bird movements include those made in response to changes in food availability, habitat or weather. Sometimes, journeys are not termed "true migration" because they are irregular or in only one direction...

, wintering in the southern parts of the breeding range, Central America

Central America

Central America is the central geographic region of the Americas. It is the southernmost, isthmian portion of the North American continent, which connects with South America on the southeast. When considered part of the unified continental model, it is considered a subcontinent...

 and the West Indies. Southern forms are largely resident. This species is a very rare vagrant to western Europe

Europe

Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...

.

Common Yellowthroats are small songbirds that have olive backs, wings and tails, yellow throats and chests, and white bellies. Adult males have black face masks which stretch from the sides of the neck across the eyes and forehead, which are bordered above with white or gray. Females are similar in appearance, but have paler underparts and lack the black mask. Immature birds are similar in appearance to the adult female. First-year males have a faint black mask which darkens completely by spring.

There are 13 races of this bird. These races differ mainly in the males' facial patterns and the brightness of the yellow underparts. The southwestern forms of this bird are the brightest and the yellowest below.

The breeding habitats of these birds are marsh

Marsh

In geography, a marsh, or morass, is a type of wetland that is subject to frequent or continuous flood. Typically the water is shallow and features grasses, rushes, reeds, typhas, sedges, other herbaceous plants, and moss....

es and other wet areas with dense low vegetation, and may also be found in other areas with dense shrub. However, these birds are less common in dry areas. Females appear to prefer males with larger masks. Common Yellowthroats nest in low areas of the vegetation, laying 3–5 eggs in a cup-shaped nest. Both parents feed the young.

These birds feed on insect

Insect

Insects are a class of living creatures within the arthropods that have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body , three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes, and two antennae...

s, which are usually captured in dense vegetation, but sometimes caught in midair.

The Common Yellowthroat's song is a loud twichety twichety twichety twich. Its call is a soft jip.

Despite a decline in numbers in some areas, which is due to loss of favoured habitat, this species is still very common.

Books

• Guzy, M. J., and G. Ritchison. 1999. Common Yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas). In The Birds of North America, No. 448 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.

Thesis

• Ball RM, Jr. Ph.D. (1990). The phylogeography of avian species: Observations and expectations. University of Georgia, United States, Georgia.

• Boarman WI. Ph.D. (1992). The evolution of avian song: A study of the impact of sound propagation on animal communication. Rutgers The State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick, United States, New Jersey.

• Brown BT. Ph.D. (1987). Ecology of riparian breeding birds along the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, Arizona. The University of Arizona, United States, Arizona.

• Chmielewski A. M.S. (1992). The effects of right-of-way construction through forest interior habitat on bird and small mammal populations and rates of nest predation. State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, United States, New York.

• Cooper TR. Ph.D. (2005). Grassland and woodland bird occurrence and habitat selection in the prairie-forest transition zone of Minnesota. South Dakota State University, United States, South Dakota.

• Garvin JC. Ph.D. (2006). Male ornaments, extra-pair mating, and immunocompetence in the common yellowthroat. The University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, United States, Wisconsin.

• Hofslund PB. Ph.D. (1954). A LIFE HISTORY STUDY OF THE YELLOW-THROAT, GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS. University of Michigan, United States, Michigan.

• Hull SD. Ph.D. (2002). The relationships among vegetative structure, arthropod populations, and grassland bird abundance and reproductive success on wildlife production areas in Ohio. The Ohio State University, United States, Ohio.

• Klicka JT. M.S. (1994). The biological and taxonomic status of the Brownsville yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas insperata). Texas A&M University - Kingsville, United States, Texas.

• Klimstra JD. M.S. (2003). Using banding data to assess the use of 100-meter-wide habitat corridors by breeding landbirds, in an intensively managed pine landscape. North Carolina State University, United States, North Carolina.

• McCoy TD. Ph.D. (2000). Effects of landscape composition and multi-scale habitat characteristics on the grassland bird community. University of Missouri - Columbia, United States, Missouri.

• Moorman CE. Ph.D. (1999). Relationships between artificially created gaps and breeding birds in a southeastern bottomland forest. Clemson University, United States, South Carolina.

• Morimoto DC. Ph.D. (1989). Avian community structure and habitat relationships in the southeastern Massachusetts pine barrens. Boston University, United States, Massachusetts.

• Negus LP. M.S. (2006). Grassland bird response to disking/interseeding of legumes in conservation reserve program lands in northeast Nebraska. Oklahoma State University, United States, Oklahoma.

• Pagenkopp K. M.S. (2006). Using parasite lineages to track the migratory patterns of the common yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas). The American University, United States, District of Columbia.

• Skaley JE. Ph.D. (1981). CLASSIFYING AVIAN HABITAT WITH AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS. Cornell University, United States, New York.

• Witt JW. Ph.D. (2005). Shrub and grassland birds at Occoquan Bay National Wildlife Refuge in northern Virginia and the influence burning and mowing has had upon their distribution and abundance. George Mason University, United States, Virginia.

• Woodrey MS. Ph.D. (1995). Stopover behavior and age-specific ecology of neotropical passerine migrant landbirds during autumn along the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico. The University of Southern Mississippi, United States, Mississippi.

Articles

• Abroe B, Garvin JC, Pedersen MC, Whittingham LA & Dunn PO. (2007). Brood sex ratios are related to male size but not to attractiveness in common yellowthroats (Geothlypis trichas). Auk. vol 124, no 1. pp. 176–184.

• Allen JC, Krieger SM, Walters JR & Collazo JA. (2006). Associations of breeding birds with fire-influenced and riparian-upland gradients in a longleaf pine ecosystem. Auk. vol 123, no 4. pp. 1110–1128.

• Ball RM, Jr. & Avise JC. (1992). Mitochondrial DNA phylogeographic differentiation among avian populations and the evolutionary significance of subspecies. Auk. vol 109, no 3. pp. 626–636.

• Barrowclough GF & Corbin KW. (1978). Genetic Variation and Differentiation in the Parulidae. Auk. vol 95, no 4. pp. 691–702.

• Bledsoe AH. (1988). A Hybrid Oporornis-Philadelphia X Geothlypis-Trichas with Comments on the Taxonomic Interpretation and Evolutionary Significance of Intergeneric Hybridization. Wilson Bulletin. vol 100, no 1. pp. 1–8.

• Bock CE, Bock JH & Bennett BC. (1995). The avifauna of remnant tallgrass prairie near Boulder, Colorado. Prairie Naturalist. vol 27, no 3. pp. 147–157.

• Brown BT. (1994). Rates of brood parasitism by brown-headed cowbirds on Riparian Passerines in Arizona. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol 65, no 2. pp. 160–168.

• Brown BT & Trosset MW. (1989). Nesting-Habitat Relationships of Riparian Birds Along the Colorado River in Grand Canyon Arizona USA. Southwestern Naturalist. vol 34, no 2. pp. 260–270.

• Buffington JM, Kilgo JC, Sargent RA, Miller KV & Chapman BR. (2000). Effects of restoration techniques on breeding birds in a thermally-impacted bottomland hardwood forest. Ecological Engineering. vol 15, p. S115-S120.

• Bump SR. (1986). Yellow-Headed Blackbird Xanthocephalus-Xanthocephalus Nest Defense Aggressive Responses to Marsh Wrens Cistothorus-Palustris. Condor. vol 88, no 3. pp. 328–335.

• Cohrs D, Cohrs D & Hodges MF, Jr. (1994). Partially albinistic common yellowthroat banded in Mcintosh County, Georgia. Oriole. vol 59, no 4. pp. 102–103.

• Collins SL, James FC & Risser PG. (1982). Habitat Relationships of Wood Warblers Parulidae in Northern Central Minnesota USA. Oikos. vol 39, no 1. pp. 50–58.

• Confer JL & Holmes RT. (1995). Neotropical migrants in undisturbed and human-altered forests of Jamaica. Wilson Bulletin. vol 107, no 4. pp. 577–589.

• Cosens SE & Falls JB. (1984). A Comparison of Sound Propagation and Song Frequency in Temperate Marsh and Grassland Habitats. Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology. vol 15, no 3. pp. 161–170.

• Crozier GE & Gawlik DE. (2002). Avian response to nutrient enrichment in an oligotrophic wetland, the Florida Everglades. Condor. vol 104, no 3. pp. 631–642.

• Cunningham MA, Johnson DH & Svingen DN. (2006). Estimates of breeding bird Populations in the Sheyenne National Grassland, North Dakota. Prairie Naturalist. vol 38, no 1. pp. 39–56.

• Currie D, Wunderle JM, Jr., Ewert DN, Davis A & McKenzie Z. (2005). Winter avian distribution and relative abundance in six terrestrial habitats on southern Eleuthera, The Bahamas. Caribbean Journal of Science. vol 41, no 1. pp. 88–100.

• Davies C & Sharrock JTR. (2000). The European Bird Report: Passerines. British Birds. vol 93, no 9. pp. 415–427.

• Davis CA. (2005). Breeding bird communities in riparian forests along the Central Platte River, Nebraska. Great Plains Research. vol 15, no 2. pp. 199–211.

• Delisle JM & Savidge JA. (1997). Avian use and vegetation characteristics of conservation reserve program fields. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol 61, no 2. pp. 318–325.

• Delphey PJ & Dinsmore JJ. (1993). Breeding bird communities of recently restored and natural prairie potholes. Wetlands. vol 13, no 3. pp. 200–206.

• DeVault TL, Scott PE, Bajema RA & Lima SL. (2002). Breeding bird communities of reclaimed coal-mine grasslands in the American midwest. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol 73, no 3. pp. 268–275.

• Diamond AW, Lack P & Smith RW. (1977). Weights and Fat Condition of Some Migrant Warblers in Jamaica. Wilson Bulletin. vol 89, no 3. pp. 456–465.

• Dunn EH & Nol E. (1980). Age Related Migratory Behavior of Warblers. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol 51, no 3. pp. 254–269.

• Eckhardt RC. (1979). The Adaptive Syndromes of 2 Guilds of Insectivorous Birds in the Colorado USA Rocky Mountains. Ecological Monographs. vol 49, no 2. pp. 129–150.

• Ewert D. (1982). Birds in Isolated Bogs in Central Michigan USA. American Midland Naturalist. vol 108, no 1. pp. 41–50.

• Freedman B, Beauchamp C, McLaren IA & Tingley SI. (1981). Forestry Management Practices and Populations of Breeding Birds in a Hardwood Forest in Nova-Scotia Canada. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol 95, no 3. pp. 307–311.

• Garvin JC, Abroe B, Pedersen MC, Dunn PO & Whittingham LA. (2006). Immune response of nestling warblers varies with extra-pair paternity and temperature. Molecular Ecology. vol 15, no 12. pp. 3833–3840.

• Gawlik DE & Rocque DA. (1998). Avian communities in bayheads, willowheads, and sawgrass marshes of the central Everglades. Wilson Bulletin. vol 110, no 1. pp. 45–55.

• Gray LJ. (1993). Response of insectivorous birds to emerging aquatic insects in riparian habitats of a tallgrass prairie stream. American Midland Naturalist. vol 129, no 2. pp. 288–300.

• Hawrot RY & Niemi GJ. (1996). Effects of edge type and patch shape on avian communities in a mixed conifer-hardwood forest. Auk. vol 113, no 3. pp. 586–598.

• Henningsen JC & Best LB. (2005). Grassland bird use of riparian filter strips in southeast Iowa. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol 69, no 1. pp. 198–210.

• Hunt JA, Kaiser SA, Vleck D & Vleck CM. (2001). Heterophil and lymphocyte cell ratios and plasma creatine kinase activity in passerines during migration. American Zoologist. vol 41, no 6. pp. 1644–1645.

• Hussell DJT & Lambert AB. (1980). New Estimates of Weight Loss in Birds During Nocturnal Migration. Auk. vol 97, no 3. pp. 547–558.

• Hutto RL. (1981). Seasonal Variation in the Foraging Behavior of Some Migratory Western Wood Warblers. Auk. vol 98, no 4. pp. 765–777.

• Hyland KE, Bernier J, Markowski D, MacLachlan A, Amr Z, Pitocchelli J, Myers J & Hu R. (2000). Records of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) parasitizing birds (Aves) in Rhode Island, USA. International Journal of Acarology. vol 26, no 2. pp. 183–192.

• Johnson DH & Igl LD. (2001). Area requirements of grassland birds: A regional perspective. Auk. vol 118, no 1. pp. 24–34.

• Kelly JF. (2006). Stable isotope evidence links breeding geography and migration timing in wood warblers (Parulidae). Auk. vol 123, no 2. pp. 431–437.

• Kelly JP & Wood C. (1996). Diurnal, intraseasonal, and intersexual variation in foraging behavior of the common yellowthroat. Condor. vol 98, no 3. pp. 491–500.

• Kinsey AA, Durden LA & Oliver JH, Jr. (2000). Tick infestations of birds in coastal Georgia and Alabama. Journal of Parasitology. vol 86, no 2. pp. 251–254.

• Klich M, Lankester MW & Wu KW. (1996). Spring migratory birds (Aves) extend the northern occurrence of blacklegged tick (Acari: Ixodidae). Journal of Medical Entomology. vol 33, no 4. pp. 581–585.

• Kolodziejski S & Skinner PCJ. (1986). COMMON YELLOWTHROAT IN SCILLY. British Birds. vol 79, no 9. pp. 434–435.

• Kowalski MP. (1983). Factors Affecting the Performance of Flight Songs and Perch Songs in the Common Yellowthroat Gesthlypis-Trichas. Wilson Bulletin. vol 95, no 1. pp. 140–142.

• Lanyon WE. (1981). Breeding Birds and Old Field Succession on Fallow Long Island New-York USA Farmland. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. vol 168, no 1. pp. 1–60.

• Larue P, Belanger L & Huot J. (1995). Riparian edge effects on boreal balsam fir bird communities. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. vol 25, no 4. pp. 555–566.

• Laubach R. (1984). Breeding Birds of Sheeder Prairie Preserve West-Central Iowa USA. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science. vol 91, no 4. pp. 152–163.

• Lemon RE, Struger J & Lechowicz MJ. (1983). Song Features as Species Discriminants in American Warblers Parulidae. Condor. vol 85, no 3. pp. 308–322.

• Lent RA & Capen DE. (1995). Effects of small-scale habitat disturbance on the ecology of breeding birds in a Vermont (USA) hardwood forest. Ecography. vol 18, no 2. pp. 97–108.

• Lerczak TV. (2004). Breeding bird community responses to a small shrubland-to-Prairie restoration. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science. vol 97, no 2. pp. 135–140.

• Lopez Ornat A & Greenberg R. (1990). Sexual Segregation by Habitat in Migratory Warblers in Quintana Roo Mexico. Auk. vol 107, no 3. pp. 539–543.

• Lovette IJ, Clegg SM & Smith TB. (2004). Limited utility of mtDNA markers for determining connectivity among breeding and overwintering locations in three neotropical migrant birds. Conservation Biology. vol 18, no 1. pp. 156–166.

• MacKinnon DS & Freedman B. (1993). Effects of silvicultural use of the herbicide glyphosate on breeding birds of regenerating clearcuts in Nova Scotia, Canada. Journal of Applied Ecology. vol 30, no 3. pp. 395–406.

• Madden EM, Hansen AJ & Murphy RK. (1999). Influence of prescribed fire history on habitat and abundance of passerine birds in northern mixed-grass prairie. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol 113, no 4. pp. 627–640.

• McCoy TD, Ryan MR & Burger LW, Jr. (2001). Grassland bird conservation: CP1 vs. CP2 plantings in conservation reserve program fields in Missouri. American Midland Naturalist. vol 145, no 1. pp. 1–17.

• McCoy TD, Ryan MR, Kurzejeski EW & Burger LW, Jr. (1999). Conservation Reserve Program: Source or sink habitat for grassland birds in Missouri?. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol 63, no 2. pp. 530–538.

• McGraw KJ, Beebee MD, Hill GE & Parker RS. (2003). Lutein-based plumage coloration in songbirds is a consequence of selective pigment incorporation into feathers. Comparative Biochemistry & Physiology Part B Biochemistry & Molecular Biology 135B. vol 4, pp. 689–696.

• Mitchell DP, Dunn PO, Whittingham LA & Freeman-Gallant CR. (2007). Attractive males provide less parental care in two populations of the common yellowthroat. Animal Behaviour. vol 73, pp. 165–170.

• Moorman CE & Guynn DC, Jr. (2001). Effects of group-selection opening size on breeding bird habitat use in a bottomland forest. Ecological Applications. vol 11, no 6. pp. 1680–1691.

• Morgan K & Freedman B. (1985). Breeding Bird Communities in a Hardwood Forest Succession in Nova Scotia Canada. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol 100, no 4. pp. 506–519.

• Morimoto DC & Wasserman FE. (1991). Dispersion Patterns and Habitat Associations of Rufous-Sided Towhees Common Yellowthroats and Prairie Warblers in the Southeastern Massachusetts USA Pine Barrens. Auk. vol 108, no 2. pp. 264–276.

• Morimoto DC & Wasserman FE. (1991). Intersexual and Interspecific Differences in the Foraging Behavior of Rufous-Sided Towhees Common Yellowthroats and Prairie Warblers in the Pine Barrens of Southeastern Massachusetts. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol 62, no 4. pp. 436–449.

• Morris SR, Pusateri CR & Battaglia KA. (2003). Spring migration and stopover ecology of Common Yellowthroats on Appledore Island, Maine. Wilson Bulletin. vol 115, no 1. pp. 64–72.

• Murray LD & Best LB. (2003). Short-term bird response to harvesting switchgrass for biomass in Iowa. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol 67, no 3. pp. 611–621.

• Murray LD, Best LB, Jacobsen TJ & Braster ML. (2003). Potential effects on grassland birds of converting marginal cropland to switchgrass biomass production. Biomass & Bioenergy. vol 25, no 2. pp. 167–175.

• Pashley DN. (1988). Warblers of the West Indies Ii. the Western Caribbean. Caribbean Journal of Science. vol 24, no 3-4. pp. 112–126.

• Patterson MP & Best LB. (1996). Bird abundance and nesting success in Iowa CRP fields: The importance of vegetation structure and composition. American Midland Naturalist. vol 135, no 1. pp. 153–167.

• Peak RG & Thompson FR, III. (2006). Factors affecting avian species richness and density in riparian areas. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol 70, no 1. pp. 173–179.

• Pedersen MC, Dunn PO & Whittingham LA. (2006). Extraterritorial forays are related to a male ornamental trait in the common yellowthroat. Animal Behaviour. vol 72, no Part 2. pp. 479–486.

• Peter ES, Travis LD, Robb AB & Steven LL. (2002). Grassland vegetation and bird abundances on reclaimed midwestern coal mines. Wildlife Society Bulletin. vol 30, no 4. p. 1006.

• Peterson KA, Thusius KJ, Whittingham LA & Dunn PO. (2001). Allocation of male parental care in relation to paternity within and among broods of the common yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas). Ethology. vol 107, no 7. pp. 573–586.

• Peterson LP, Tanner GW & Kitchens WM. (1995). A comparison of passerine foraging habits in two tidal marshes of different salinity. Wetlands. vol 15, no 4. pp. 315–323.

• Powell GVN & Jones HL. (1978). OBSERVATION OF POLYGYNY IN THE COMMON YELLOWTHROAT. Wilson Bulletin. vol 90, no 4. pp. 656–657.

• Powell GVN & Jones HL. (1978). Polygyny in the Common Yellowthroat Geothlypis-Trichas. Wilson Bulletin. vol 90, no 4. pp. 656–657.

• Prather JW & Cruz A. (2002). Distribution, abundance, and breeding biology of potential cowbird hosts on Sanibel Island, Florida. Florida Field Naturalist. vol 30, no 2. pp. 21–35.

• Quay WB. (1985). Sperm Release in Migrating Wood-Warblers Parulinae Nesting at Higher Latitudes. Wilson Bulletin. vol 97, no 3. pp. 283–295.

• Rebecca GP & Frank RT, III. (2006). Factors Affecting Avian Species Richness and Density in Riparian Areas. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol 70, no 1. p. 173.

• Ritchison G. (1991). The Flight Songs of Common Yellowthroats Description and Causation. Condor. vol 93, no 1. pp. 12–18.

• Ritchison G. (1995). Characteristics, use and possible functions of the perch songs and chatter calls of male common yellowthroats. Condor. vol 97, no 1. pp. 27–38.

• Rollfinke BF, Yahner RH & Wakeley JS. (1990). Effects of Forest Irrigation on Long-Term Trends in Breeding-Bird Communities. Wilson Bulletin. vol 102, no 2. pp. 264–278.

• Rosenberg KV, Ohmart RD & Anderson BW. (1982). Community Organization of Riparian Breeding Birds Response to an Annual Resource Peak. Auk. vol 99, no 2. pp. 260–274.

• Santillo DJ, Brown PW & Leslie DMJ. (1989). Response of Songbirds to Glyphosate-Induced Habitat Changes on Clearcuts. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol 53, no 1. pp. 64–71.

• Satyendra NB, Maya Banerjee KF, John DS & et al. (2000). Presence of spirochete causing Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi, in the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis, in southern Ontario. Canadian Medical Association Journal. vol 162, no 11. p. 1567.

• Schulte LS & Niemi GJ. (1998). Bird communities of early-successional burned and logged forest. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol 62, no 4. pp. 1418–1429.

• Scott JD, Fernando K, Banerjee SN, Durden LA, Byrne SK, Banerjee M, Mann RB & Morshed MG. (2001). Birds disperse ixodid (Acari: Ixodidae) and Borrelia burgdorferi-infected ticks in Canada. Journal of Medical Entomology. vol 38, no 4. pp. 493–500.

• Scott PE, DeVault TL, Bajema RA & Lima SL. (2002). Grassland vegetation and bird abundances on reclaimed midwestern coal mines. Wildlife Society Bulletin. vol 30, no 4. pp. 1006–1014.

• Sedgwick JA & Knopf FL. (1987). Breeding Bird Response to Cattle Grazing of a Cottonwood Bottomland. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol 51, no 1. pp. 230–237.

• Spautz H, Nur N, Stralberg D & Chan Y. (2006). Multiple-scale habitat relationships of tidal-marsh breeding birds in the San Francisco Bay estuary. Studies in Avian Biology. vol 32, pp. 247–269.

• Stauffer DF & Best LB. (1986). Nest-Site Characteristics of Open-Nesting Birds in Riparian Habitats in Iowa USA. Wilson Bulletin. vol 98, no 2. pp. 231–242.

• Tarof SA, Dunn PO & Whittingham LA. (2005). Dual functions of a melanin-based ornament in the common yellowthroat. Proceedings of the Royal Society Biological Sciences Series B. vol 272, no 1568. pp. 1121–1127.

• Taylor WK. (1976). MIGRATION OF COMMON YELLOWTHROAT WITH AN EMPHASIS ON FLORIDA. Bird-Banding. vol 47, no 4. pp. 319–332.

• Taylor WK. (1976). VARIATIONS IN BLACK MASK OF COMMON YELLOWTHROAT. Bird-Banding. vol 47, no 1. pp. 72–73.

• Thusius KJ, Dunn PO, Peterson KA & Whittingham LA. (2001). Extrapair paternity is influenced by breeding synchrony and density in the common yellowthroat. Behavioral Ecology. vol 12, no 5. pp. 633–639.

• Thusius KJ, Peterson KA, Dunn PO & Whittingham LA. (2001). Male mask size is correlated with mating success in the common yellowthroat. Animal Behaviour. vol 62, no 3. pp. 435–446.

• Twedt DJ, Wilson RR, Henne-Kerr JL & Hamilton RB. (1999). Impact of forest type and management strategy on avian densities in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley, USA. Forest Ecology & Management. p. 8, 1999.

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• Whitt MB, Prince HH & Cox RR, Jr. (1999). Avian use of purple loosestrife dominated habitat relative to other vegetation types in a Lake Huron wetland complex. Wilson Bulletin. vol 111, no 1. pp. 105–114.

• Whittingham LA & Dunn PO. (2005). Effects of extra-pair and within-pair reproductive success on the opportunity for selection in birds. Behavioral Ecology. vol 16, no 1. pp. 138–144.

• Woodrey MS & Chandler CR. (1997). Age-related timing of migration: Geographic and interspecific patterns. Wilson Bulletin. vol 109, no 1. pp. 52–67.

• Wunderle JMJ. (1978). Differential Response of Territorial Yellowthroats to the Songs of Neighbors and Nonneighbors. Auk. vol 95, no 2. pp. 389–395.

• Wunderle JMJ. (1979). Components of Song Used for Species Recognition in the Common Yellowthroat Geothlypis-Trichas. Animal Behaviour. vol 27, no 4. pp. 982–996.

• Yahner RH. (1982). Avian Nest Densities and Nest Site Selection in Farmstead Shelterbelts. Wilson Bulletin. vol 94, no 2. pp. 156–175.

• Zink RM & Klicka JT. (1990). Genetic Variation in the Common Yellowthroat and Some Allies. Wilson Bulletin. vol 102, no 3. pp. 514–520.

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External links

• Common Yellowthroat Information and Photos - South Dakota Birds and Birding
• Common Yellowthroat Species Account - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
• Common Yellowthroat - Geothlypis trichas - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
• Common Yellowthroat at Animal Diversity Web
• Common Yellowthroat Bird Sound

The Common Yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas) is a New World warbler

New World warbler

The New World warblers or wood-warblers are a group of small, often colorful, passerine birds restricted to the New World. They are not related to the Old World warblers or the Australian warblers....

. They are abundant breeders in North America

North America

North America is a continent wholly within the Northern Hemisphere and almost wholly within the Western Hemisphere. It is also considered a northern subcontinent of the Americas...

, ranging from southern Canada

Canada

Canada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean...

 to central Mexico

Mexico

The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of...

.
Northern races are migratory

Bird migration

Bird migration is the regular seasonal journey undertaken by many species of birds. Bird movements include those made in response to changes in food availability, habitat or weather. Sometimes, journeys are not termed "true migration" because they are irregular or in only one direction...

, wintering in the southern parts of the breeding range, Central America

Central America

Central America is the central geographic region of the Americas. It is the southernmost, isthmian portion of the North American continent, which connects with South America on the southeast. When considered part of the unified continental model, it is considered a subcontinent...

 and the West Indies. Southern forms are largely resident. This species is a very rare vagrant to western Europe

Europe

Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...

.

Common Yellowthroats are small songbirds that have olive backs, wings and tails, yellow throats and chests, and white bellies. Adult males have black face masks which stretch from the sides of the neck across the eyes and forehead, which are bordered above with white or gray. Females are similar in appearance, but have paler underparts and lack the black mask. Immature birds are similar in appearance to the adult female. First-year males have a faint black mask which darkens completely by spring.

There are 13 races of this bird. These races differ mainly in the males' facial patterns and the brightness of the yellow underparts. The southwestern forms of this bird are the brightest and the yellowest below.

The breeding habitats of these birds are marsh

Marsh

In geography, a marsh, or morass, is a type of wetland that is subject to frequent or continuous flood. Typically the water is shallow and features grasses, rushes, reeds, typhas, sedges, other herbaceous plants, and moss....

es and other wet areas with dense low vegetation, and may also be found in other areas with dense shrub. However, these birds are less common in dry areas. Females appear to prefer males with larger masks. Common Yellowthroats nest in low areas of the vegetation, laying 3–5 eggs in a cup-shaped nest. Both parents feed the young.

These birds feed on insect

Insect

Insects are a class of living creatures within the arthropods that have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body , three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes, and two antennae...

s, which are usually captured in dense vegetation, but sometimes caught in midair.

The Common Yellowthroat's song is a loud twichety twichety twichety twich. Its call is a soft jip.

Despite a decline in numbers in some areas, which is due to loss of favoured habitat, this species is still very common.

Books

• Guzy, M. J., and G. Ritchison. 1999. Common Yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas). In The Birds of North America, No. 448 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.

Thesis

• Ball RM, Jr. Ph.D. (1990). The phylogeography of avian species: Observations and expectations. University of Georgia, United States, Georgia.

• Boarman WI. Ph.D. (1992). The evolution of avian song: A study of the impact of sound propagation on animal communication. Rutgers The State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick, United States, New Jersey.

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External links

• Common Yellowthroat Information and Photos - South Dakota Birds and Birding
• Common Yellowthroat Species Account - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
• Common Yellowthroat - Geothlypis trichas - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
• Common Yellowthroat at Animal Diversity Web
• Common Yellowthroat Bird Sound