Christen C. Raunkiær
Encyclopedia
Christen Christensen Raunkiær (29 March 1860 – 11 March 1938) was a Danish botanist, who was a pioneer of plant ecology
. He is mainly remembered for his scheme of plant strategies to survive an unfavourable season ("life forms") and his demonstration that the relative abundance of strategies in floras largely corresponded to the Earth's climatic zones. This scheme, the Raunkiær system, is still widely used today and may be seen as a precursor of modern plant strategy schemes, e.g. J. Philip Grime
's CSR system
.
, Denmark
. He later took his surname after it. He succeeded Eugen Warming
as professor in botany at the University of Copenhagen
and the director of the Copenhagen Botanical Garden, a position he held from 1912 to 1923. He was married to the author and artist Ingeborg Raunkiær (1863–1921), who accompanied him on journeys to the West Indies and the Mediterranean and made line drawings for his botanical works. They divorced in 1915, the same year as their only son Barclay Raunkiær
died. Raunkiær later married the botanist Agnete Seidelin (1874–1956).
After his retirement, C. Raunkiær made numerical studies of plants and flora in the literature ("The flora and the heathland poets", "The dandelion in Danish poetry", "Plants in the psalms"). In these studies, he applied strict quantitative criteria, like in his ecological studies. For example, he defined a poet as a person who has written 1,000 or more lines of verse.
as a way of ecologically meaningful comparison of species and vegetation in regions having different flora
s.
and funga of Denmark
, the Virgin Islands
, Tunisia
, and other countries. In contrast to many contemporary naturalist, however, he strongly promoted quantitative and numerical approaches and experimentation. He devised a method to quantify the abundance of plants in vegetation as frequency in subplots and used it for quantitative studies of a range of plant communities.
's lognormal distribution of the number of individuals of each species in a community. The significance of his idea was, however, disputed already by some of his contemporaries.
Raunkiær's research axiom was that everything countable in nature should be subjected to numerical analysis, e.g. the number of male and female catkins in monecious plants and the number of male and female individuals in dioecious
plants. Raunkiær also was an early student of apomixis
in flowering plants and hybrid swarms. In addition, he studied the effect of soil pH
on plants and plants on soil pH, a work his apprentice Carsten Olsen
continued.
Plant ecology
Plant ecology is a subdiscipline of ecology which studies the distribution and abundance of plants, the interactions among and between members of plant species, and their interactions with their environment...
. He is mainly remembered for his scheme of plant strategies to survive an unfavourable season ("life forms") and his demonstration that the relative abundance of strategies in floras largely corresponded to the Earth's climatic zones. This scheme, the Raunkiær system, is still widely used today and may be seen as a precursor of modern plant strategy schemes, e.g. J. Philip Grime
J. Philip Grime
John Philip Grime is a prominent British ecologist and emeritus professor at the University of Sheffield. He is best known for his CSR theory on plant strategies, for the unimodal relationship between species richness and site productivity , for the Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis, for the DST...
's CSR system
C-S-R Triangle theory
In plant ecology, the C-S-R Triangle theory is a theory of plant strategies developed by J. Philip Grime. The three strategies are competitor , stress tolerator , and ruderal...
.
Life
He was born on a small heathland farm, named Raunkiær, in Lyhne parish in western JutlandJutland
Jutland , historically also called Cimbria, is the name of the peninsula that juts out in Northern Europe toward the rest of Scandinavia, forming the mainland part of Denmark. It has the North Sea to its west, Kattegat and Skagerrak to its north, the Baltic Sea to its east, and the Danish–German...
, Denmark
Denmark
Denmark is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. The countries of Denmark and Greenland, as well as the Faroe Islands, constitute the Kingdom of Denmark . It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark...
. He later took his surname after it. He succeeded Eugen Warming
Eugenius Warming
Johannes Eugenius Bülow Warming , known as Eugen Warming, was a Danish botanist and a main founding figure of the scientific discipline of ecology...
as professor in botany at the University of Copenhagen
University of Copenhagen
The University of Copenhagen is the oldest and largest university and research institution in Denmark. Founded in 1479, it has more than 37,000 students, the majority of whom are female , and more than 7,000 employees. The university has several campuses located in and around Copenhagen, with the...
and the director of the Copenhagen Botanical Garden, a position he held from 1912 to 1923. He was married to the author and artist Ingeborg Raunkiær (1863–1921), who accompanied him on journeys to the West Indies and the Mediterranean and made line drawings for his botanical works. They divorced in 1915, the same year as their only son Barclay Raunkiær
Barclay Raunkiær
Anders Christian Barclay Raunkiær was a Danish explorer and author, who died very young. On behalf of the Royal Danish Geographical Society, he made a journey in 1912 in eastern Arabia. His travel description is still a valuable source and an entertaining read.Barclay Raunkiær was born in...
died. Raunkiær later married the botanist Agnete Seidelin (1874–1956).
After his retirement, C. Raunkiær made numerical studies of plants and flora in the literature ("The flora and the heathland poets", "The dandelion in Danish poetry", "Plants in the psalms"). In these studies, he applied strict quantitative criteria, like in his ecological studies. For example, he defined a poet as a person who has written 1,000 or more lines of verse.
Plant life forms
Raunkiær devised a system for categorising plants by life-formPlant life-form
Plant life-form schemes constitute a way of classifying plants alternatively to the ordinary species-genus-family scientific classification. In colloquial speech, plants may be classified as trees, shrubs, herbs , etc...
as a way of ecologically meaningful comparison of species and vegetation in regions having different flora
Flora
Flora is the plant life occurring in a particular region or time, generally the naturally occurring or indigenous—native plant life. The corresponding term for animals is fauna.-Etymology:...
s.
Life form spectra
Raunkiær compared statistically local life form spectra (relative abundance) with the world average, which he called "the normal spectrum" (Raunkiær 1918 – see below). Thereby, he devised the first null model in the history of ecology. Raunkiær was a keen naturalist, who described the floraFlora
Flora is the plant life occurring in a particular region or time, generally the naturally occurring or indigenous—native plant life. The corresponding term for animals is fauna.-Etymology:...
and funga of Denmark
Denmark
Denmark is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. The countries of Denmark and Greenland, as well as the Faroe Islands, constitute the Kingdom of Denmark . It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark...
, the Virgin Islands
Virgin Islands
The Virgin Islands are the western island group of the Leeward Islands, which are the northern part of the Lesser Antilles, which form the border between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean...
, Tunisia
Tunisia
Tunisia , officially the Tunisian RepublicThe long name of Tunisia in other languages used in the country is: , is the northernmost country in Africa. It is a Maghreb country and is bordered by Algeria to the west, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Its area...
, and other countries. In contrast to many contemporary naturalist, however, he strongly promoted quantitative and numerical approaches and experimentation. He devised a method to quantify the abundance of plants in vegetation as frequency in subplots and used it for quantitative studies of a range of plant communities.
Raunkiær's law
When plotting the number of species in a plant community that fell in each 20-percentile frequency class from very frequent, i.e. numerically dominant, to very infrequent, Raunkiær discovered that most species were either very common or very rare. This came to be known as "Raunkiær's law" and is related to R. A. Fisher's logseries distribution and to Frank W. PrestonFrank W. Preston
Frank W. Preston was an English-American engineer, ecologist, and conservationist. He helped found the Western Pennsylvania Conservancy and worked to reclaim the land that is now Moraine State Park in Butler County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. Preston was a leading expert in glass technology...
's lognormal distribution of the number of individuals of each species in a community. The significance of his idea was, however, disputed already by some of his contemporaries.
Raunkiær's research axiom was that everything countable in nature should be subjected to numerical analysis, e.g. the number of male and female catkins in monecious plants and the number of male and female individuals in dioecious
Dioecious
Dioecy is the property of a group of biological organisms that have males and females, but not members that have organs of both sexes at the same time. I.e., those whose individual members can usually produce only one type of gamete; each individual organism is thus distinctly female or male...
plants. Raunkiær also was an early student of apomixis
Apomixis
In botany, apomixis was defined by Winkler as replacement of the normal sexual reproduction by asexual reproduction, without fertilization. This definition notably does not mention meiosis...
in flowering plants and hybrid swarms. In addition, he studied the effect of soil pH
Soil pH
The soil pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity in soils. pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the activity of hydrogen ions in solution. It ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. A pH below 7 is acidic and above 7 is basic. Soil pH is considered a master variable in soils as it...
on plants and plants on soil pH, a work his apprentice Carsten Olsen
Carsten Olsen
Carsten Erik Olsen was a Danish plant ecologist and plant physiologist, who pioneered the study of plant nutrition in soils of different pH. He was born in Copenhagen and began studies of botany at the University of Copenhagen in 1910, at first with professor Eugenius Warming, then with professor...
continued.
Scientific works of C. Raunkiær
- Raunkiær, C. (1887) Frøskallens Bygning og Udviklingshistorie hos GeraniaceerneGeraniaceaeGeraniaceae is a family of flowering plants placed in the order Geraniales. The family name is derived from the genus Geranium. It includes both the genus Geranium and the garden plants called geraniums, which modern botany classifies as genus Pelargonium, along with other related genera.There are...
. Botanisk TidsskriftBotanisk TidsskriftBotanisk Tidsskrift was a Danish mixed scientific and amateur journal concerning botany, issued in Copenhagen by the Danish Botanical Society...
16, 152-167. - Raunkiær, C. (1888–89) Myxomycetes Daniae eller Danmarks Slimsvampe. Botanisk TidsskriftBotanisk TidsskriftBotanisk Tidsskrift was a Danish mixed scientific and amateur journal concerning botany, issued in Copenhagen by the Danish Botanical Society...
17, 20-105 Description in English of some new and of some unsatisfactorily known species of Myxomycetes described in the preceding treatise. Botanisk TidsskriftBotanisk TidsskriftBotanisk Tidsskrift was a Danish mixed scientific and amateur journal concerning botany, issued in Copenhagen by the Danish Botanical Society...
17, 106-110. - Raunkiær, C. (1889) Notes on the vegetation of the North-Frisian IslandsNorth Frisian IslandsThe North Frisian Islands are a group of islands in the Wadden Sea, a part of the North Sea, off the western coast of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. The German islands are in the traditional region of North Frisia and are part of the Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea National Park and the Kreis of...
and a contribution to an eventual flora of these islands. Botanisk TidsskriftBotanisk TidsskriftBotanisk Tidsskrift was a Danish mixed scientific and amateur journal concerning botany, issued in Copenhagen by the Danish Botanical Society...
17, 179-196. - Raunkiær, C. (1893) Vegetationsorganernes Morphologi og Biologi hos de danske CyperaceerCyperaceaeCyperaceae are a family of monocotyledonous graminoid flowering plants known as sedges, which superficially resemble grasses or rushes. The family is large, with some 5,500 species described in about 109 genera. These species are widely distributed, with the centers of diversity for the group...
- Bestøvning og Frugtsaetning hos de danske CyperaceerCyperaceaeCyperaceae are a family of monocotyledonous graminoid flowering plants known as sedges, which superficially resemble grasses or rushes. The family is large, with some 5,500 species described in about 109 genera. These species are widely distributed, with the centers of diversity for the group...
. Botanisk TidsskriftBotanisk TidsskriftBotanisk Tidsskrift was a Danish mixed scientific and amateur journal concerning botany, issued in Copenhagen by the Danish Botanical Society...
18, 19-23. - Raunkiær, C. (1895) De danske Blomsterplanters Naturhistorie. l. Enkimbladede. Gyldendalske Boghandels Forlag, København.
- Raunkiær, C. (1901) Om Papildannelsen hos Aira caespitosa. Botanisk TidsskriftBotanisk TidsskriftBotanisk Tidsskrift was a Danish mixed scientific and amateur journal concerning botany, issued in Copenhagen by the Danish Botanical Society...
24, 223-238. - Raunkiær, C. (1902) Statistisk Undersøgelse over Forholdet mellem Han- og Hunrakler hos vore Alnus-arter. Botanisk TidsskriftBotanisk TidsskriftBotanisk Tidsskrift was a Danish mixed scientific and amateur journal concerning botany, issued in Copenhagen by the Danish Botanical Society...
24, 289-296. - Raunkiær, C. (1903) Anatomical Potamogeton-Studies and Potamogeton fluitansPotamogetonPotamogeton is a genus of aquatic, mostly freshwater, plants of the family Potamogetonaceae. Most are known by the common name pondweed, although many unrelated plants may be called pondweed, such as Canadian pondweed...
. Botanisk TidsskriftBotanisk TidsskriftBotanisk Tidsskrift was a Danish mixed scientific and amateur journal concerning botany, issued in Copenhagen by the Danish Botanical Society...
25, 253-280. - Ostenfeld, C.H.Carl Hansen OstenfeldCarl Emil Hansen Ostenfeld was a Danish systematic botanist. He graduated from the University of Copenhagen under professor Eugenius Warming. He was a keeper at the Botanical Museum 1900-1918, when he became professor of botany at the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural College...
& Raunkiær, C. (1903) Kastreringsforsøg med HieraciumHieraciumHieracium known by its common name Hawkweed and long ago by its classical name hierakion which comes from the ancient Greek hierax, "a hawk"...
og andre CichorieaeCichorieaeCichorieae is a tribe of plants in the family Asteraceae that includes 100 genera and more than 1,600 species. They are found primarily in temperate regions of the Eastern Hemisphere....
[Eng. summ.]. Botanisk TidsskriftBotanisk TidsskriftBotanisk Tidsskrift was a Danish mixed scientific and amateur journal concerning botany, issued in Copenhagen by the Danish Botanical Society...
25, 409-413. - Raunkiær, C. (1904) Comment les plantes géophytes à rhizomes apprécient la profondeur où se trouvent placés leurs rhizomes. Oversigt over Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger, 1904, 330-349.
- Raunkiær, C. (1904) Om biologiske Typer, med Hensyn til Planternes Tilpasninger til at overleve ugunstige Aarstider. Botanisk TidsskriftBotanisk TidsskriftBotanisk Tidsskrift was a Danish mixed scientific and amateur journal concerning botany, issued in Copenhagen by the Danish Botanical Society...
26, XIV. Ch. 1 in Raunkiær (1934): Biological types with reference to the adaption of plants to survive the unfavourable season, p. 1. - Raunkiær, C. (1905) Types biologiques pour la géographie botanique. Oversigt over Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger, 1905, 347-438.
- Raunkiær, C. (1905) Om Talforholdene mellem Kønnene hos tvebo Planter og om Talforholdet mellem hanlige og hunlige individer i Afkommet af Hunplanter og tvekønnede Planter hos Gynodiøcister. Botanisk TidsskriftBotanisk TidsskriftBotanisk Tidsskrift was a Danish mixed scientific and amateur journal concerning botany, issued in Copenhagen by the Danish Botanical Society...
26, 86-88. - Raunkiær, C. (1906) Edderkopper og blomsterbesøgende Insekter. Botanisk TidsskriftBotanisk TidsskriftBotanisk Tidsskrift was a Danish mixed scientific and amateur journal concerning botany, issued in Copenhagen by the Danish Botanical Society...
27, 313-316. - Raunkiær, C. (1906) Sur la transmission par hérédité dans les espèces hétéromorphes. Oversigt over Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger, 1906, 31-39.
- Raunkiær, C. (1907) Planterigets Livsformer og deres Betydning for Geografien. Gyldendalske Boghandel - Nordisk Forlag, København and Kristiania. 132 pp. Ch. 2 in Raunkiær (1934): The life-forms of plants and their bearings on geography, p. 2-104.
- Raunkiær, C. (1907) Om Livsformen hos Tussilago farfarus. Et lille Bidrag til Følfodens Naturhistorie. Botanisk TidsskriftBotanisk TidsskriftBotanisk Tidsskrift was a Danish mixed scientific and amateur journal concerning botany, issued in Copenhagen by the Danish Botanical Society...
28, 210. Ch. 3 in Raunkiær (1934): The life-form of Tussilago farfarus, p. 105-110. - Raunkiær, C. (1908) Livsformernes Statistik som Grundlag for biologisk Plantegeografi. Botanisk TidsskriftBotanisk TidsskriftBotanisk Tidsskrift was a Danish mixed scientific and amateur journal concerning botany, issued in Copenhagen by the Danish Botanical Society...
29, 42-43. German translation: Statistik der Lebensformen als Grundlage für die biologische Pflanzengeographie. Beiheft zum Bot. Centralbl., 27 (2), 171-206 (1910). Ch. 4 in Raunkiær (1924): The statistics of life-forms as a basis for biological plant geography, p. 111-147. - Raunkiær, C. (1908) Fungi from the Danish West IndiesDanish West IndiesThe Danish West Indies or "Danish Antilles", were a colony of Denmark-Norway and later Denmark in the Caribbean. They were sold to the United States in 1916 in the Treaty of the Danish West Indies and became the United States Virgin Islands in 1917...
collected 1905-1906. Botanisk TidsskriftBotanisk TidsskriftBotanisk Tidsskrift was a Danish mixed scientific and amateur journal concerning botany, issued in Copenhagen by the Danish Botanical Society...
29, 1-3. - Raunkiær, C. (1909) Livsformen hos Planter paa ny Jord. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter - Naturvidenskabelig og Mathematisk Afdeling, 7.Rk., 8, 1-70. Ch. 5 in Raunkiær (1934): The life-forms of plants on new soil, p. 148-200.
- Raunkiær, C. (1909a) Formationsundersøgelse og Formationsstatistik. Botanisk TidsskriftBotanisk TidsskriftBotanisk Tidsskrift was a Danish mixed scientific and amateur journal concerning botany, issued in Copenhagen by the Danish Botanical Society...
30, 20-132. Ch. 6 in Raunkiær (1934): Investigations and statistics of plant formations, p. 201-282. - Raunkiær, C. (1911) Det arktiske og antarktiske Chamaefyteklima. In: Biologiske Arbejder tilegnede Eug. WarmingEugenius WarmingJohannes Eugenius Bülow Warming , known as Eugen Warming, was a Danish botanist and a main founding figure of the scientific discipline of ecology...
paa hans 70 Aars Fødselsdag den 3. Nov. 1911. Kjøbenhavn. Ch. 7 in Raunkiær (1934): The Arctic and Antarctic chamaephyte climate, p. 283-302. - Raunkiær, C. (1912) Measuring-apparatus for statistical investigations of plant-formations. Botanisk TidsskriftBotanisk TidsskriftBotanisk Tidsskrift was a Danish mixed scientific and amateur journal concerning botany, issued in Copenhagen by the Danish Botanical Society...
33, 45-48. - Raunkiær, C. (1913) Formationsstatistiske Undersøgelser paa SkagenSkagenSkagen is a projection of land and a town, with a population of 8,515 , in Region Nordjylland on the northernmost tip of Vendsyssel-Thy, a part of the Jutland peninsula in northern Denmark...
s Odde. Botanisk TidsskriftBotanisk TidsskriftBotanisk Tidsskrift was a Danish mixed scientific and amateur journal concerning botany, issued in Copenhagen by the Danish Botanical Society...
33, 197-243. Ch. 8 in Raunkiær (1934): Statistical investigations of the plant formations of SkagenSkagenSkagen is a projection of land and a town, with a population of 8,515 , in Region Nordjylland on the northernmost tip of Vendsyssel-Thy, a part of the Jutland peninsula in northern Denmark...
s Odde (The Skaw), p. 303-342. - Raunkiær, C. (1914) Sur la végétation des alluvions méditerranéennes françaises. Mindeskrift i Anledning af Hundredeaaret for Japetus SteenstrupJapetus SteenstrupJohannes Japetus Smith Steenstrup was a Danish zoologist, biologist, and professor.He was a professor of zoology at the University of Copenhagen...
s Fødsel (eds H. F. E. Jungersen & E. WarmingEugenius WarmingJohannes Eugenius Bülow Warming , known as Eugen Warming, was a Danish botanist and a main founding figure of the scientific discipline of ecology...
), pp. 1–33. København. Ch. 9 in Raunkiær (1934): On the vegetation of the French mediterranean alluvia, p. 343-367. - Raunkiær, C. (1916) Om Bladstørrelsens Anvendelse i den biologiske Plantegeografi. Botanisk TidsskriftBotanisk TidsskriftBotanisk Tidsskrift was a Danish mixed scientific and amateur journal concerning botany, issued in Copenhagen by the Danish Botanical Society...
34, 1-13. Ch. 10 in Raunkiær (1934): The use of leaf size in biological plant geography, p. 368-378 - Raunkiær, C. (1916) Om Valensmetoden. Botanisk TidsskriftBotanisk TidsskriftBotanisk Tidsskrift was a Danish mixed scientific and amateur journal concerning botany, issued in Copenhagen by the Danish Botanical Society...
34, 289-311. - Raunkiær, C. (1918) Om Løvspringstiden hos Afkommet af Bøge med forskellig Løvspringstid [Eng. summ.: On leaftime in the descendants from beechBeechBeech is a genus of ten species of deciduous trees in the family Fagaceae, native to temperate Europe, Asia and North America.-Habit:...
es with different leaftimes]. Botanisk TidsskriftBotanisk TidsskriftBotanisk Tidsskrift was a Danish mixed scientific and amateur journal concerning botany, issued in Copenhagen by the Danish Botanical Society...
36, 197-203. - Raunkiær, C. (1918) Recherches statistiques sur les formations végétales. Biologiske Meddelelser / Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 1 (3), 1-80. Ch 11 in Raunkiær (1934): Statistical researches on plant formations, p. 379-424.
- Raunkiær, C. (1918) Über das biologische Normalspektrum. Biologiske Meddelelser / Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 1 (4), 1-17. Ch. 12 in Raunkiær (1934): On the biological normal spectrum, p. 425-434.
- Raunkiær, C. (1918) Über die verhältnismässige Anzahl männlicher und weiblicher Individuen bei Rumex thyrsiflorusRumex thyrsiflorusRumex thyrsiflorus, also known commonly as the compact dock or thyrse sorrel, is a perennial herb, which grows in meadows and wasteland in most parts of Europe. It is somewhat similar to common sorrel .- External links :...
Fingerh. Biologiske Meddelelser / Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 1 (7), 1-17. - Børgesen, F.Frederik BørgesenFredrik Christian Emil Børgesen was a Danish botanist and phycologist. He graduated in botany from the University of Copenhagen and was subsequently employed as an assistant at the Botanical Museum . His doctoral thesis dealt with the marine algae of the Faroe Islands...
& Raunkiær, C. (1918) Mosses and Lichens collected in the former Danish West Indies. Dansk Botanisk ArkivDansk Botanisk ArkivDansk Botanisk Arkiv was a Danish scientific journal or monograph series concerning botany, issued by the Danish Botanical Society. It was published from 1913 to 1980.Articles were written in Danish, German, English and French...
2 (9): 1-18. - Raunkiær, C. (1919) Über Homodromie und Antidromie insbesondere bei GramineenPoaceaeThe Poaceae is a large and nearly ubiquitous family of flowering plants. Members of this family are commonly called grasses, although the term "grass" is also applied to plants that are not in the Poaceae lineage, including the rushes and sedges...
. Biologiske Meddelelser / Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 1 (12), 1-22. - Raunkiær, C. (1920) Egern, Mus, og Grankogler. En naturhistorisk Studie. Biologiske Meddelelser / Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 2 (4), 1-90.
- Raunkiær, C. (1920) Om Kryptogamernes Betydning for Karakteriseringen af Planteklimaterne. Botanisk TidsskriftBotanisk TidsskriftBotanisk Tidsskrift was a Danish mixed scientific and amateur journal concerning botany, issued in Copenhagen by the Danish Botanical Society...
37, 151-158. Ch. 13 in Raunkiær (1934): On the significance of Cryptogams for characterizing Plant climates, p. 435-442. - Raunkiær, C. (1922) Forskellige Vegetationstypers forskellige Indflydelse paa Jordbundens Surhedsgrad (Brintionkoncentration). Biologiske Meddelelser / Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 3 (10), 1-74. Ch. 14 in Raunkiær (1934): The different influence exercised by various types of vegetation on the degree of acidity (Hydrogen-ion concentration), p. 443-487.
- Raunkiær, C. (1926) Nitratindholdet hos Anemone nemorosaAnemone nemorosaAnemone nemorosa is an early-spring flowering plant in the genus Anemone in the family Ranunculaceae, native to Europe. Common names include wood anemone, windflower, thimbleweed and smell fox, an allusion to the musky smell of the leaves...
paa forskellige Standpladser. Biologiske Meddelelser / Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 5 (5), 1-47. Ch. 15 in Raunkiær (1934): The Nitrate content of Anemone nemorosaAnemone nemorosaAnemone nemorosa is an early-spring flowering plant in the genus Anemone in the family Ranunculaceae, native to Europe. Common names include wood anemone, windflower, thimbleweed and smell fox, an allusion to the musky smell of the leaves...
growing in various localities, p. 488-516. - Raunkiær, C. (1926) Om danske AgropyrumElymusIn Greek and Roman mythology, Elymus was the mythical ancestor of the Elymians, natives of Sicily. Elymus was a Trojan, a natural son of Anchises and a brother of Eryx....
-Arter. (Isoreagent-Studier II). Botanisk TidsskriftBotanisk TidsskriftBotanisk Tidsskrift was a Danish mixed scientific and amateur journal concerning botany, issued in Copenhagen by the Danish Botanical Society...
39, 329-347. - Raunkiær, C. (1926) Vegetationen paa Maglehøj (vest for Arresø) og lidt om vore Kaempehøjes Flora i det hele taget. Botanisk TidsskriftBotanisk TidsskriftBotanisk Tidsskrift was a Danish mixed scientific and amateur journal concerning botany, issued in Copenhagen by the Danish Botanical Society...
39, 348-356. - Raunkiær, C. (1928) Dominansareal, Artstaethed og Formationsdominanter. Biologiske Meddelelser / Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 7 (1), 1-47. Ch 16 in Raunkiær (1934): The area of dominance, species density, and formation dominants, p. 517-546.
- Raunkiær, C. (1928) Myxomycetes from the West Indian IslandsDanish West IndiesThe Danish West Indies or "Danish Antilles", were a colony of Denmark-Norway and later Denmark in the Caribbean. They were sold to the United States in 1916 in the Treaty of the Danish West Indies and became the United States Virgin Islands in 1917...
St. Croix, St. ThomasSaint Thomas, U.S. Virgin IslandsSaint Thomas is an island in the Caribbean Sea and with the islands of Saint John, Saint Croix, and Water Island a county and constituent district of the United States Virgin Islands , an unincorporated territory of the United States. Located on the island is the territorial capital and port of...
and St. JanSaint John, U.S. Virgin IslandsSaint John is an island in the Caribbean Sea and a constituent district of the United States Virgin Islands , an unincorporated territory of the United States. St...
. Dansk Botanisk ArkivDansk Botanisk ArkivDansk Botanisk Arkiv was a Danish scientific journal or monograph series concerning botany, issued by the Danish Botanical Society. It was published from 1913 to 1980.Articles were written in Danish, German, English and French...
5 (16), 1-9. - Raunkiær, C. (1930) Variation hos Tussilago farfarus L. Botanisk TidsskriftBotanisk TidsskriftBotanisk Tidsskrift was a Danish mixed scientific and amateur journal concerning botany, issued in Copenhagen by the Danish Botanical Society...
41, 257-258. - Raunkiær, C. (1934) Om de danske Arter af Stellaria media-Gruppen. Botaniske Studier, 1. haefte (ed C. Raunkiær), pp. 3–30. J.H. Schultz Forlag, København.
- Raunkiær, C. (1934) The Life Forms of Plants and Statistical Plant Geography. Introduction by A.G. TansleyArthur TansleySir Arthur George Tansley FRS was an English botanist who was a pioneer in the science of ecology. He obtained his degree in Biological Science in 1896, with specialization in botany and zoology. From the start, he was much influenced by the Danish plant ecologist Eugenius Warming. He championed...
. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 632 pp. Collection of 16 of Raunkiær's publications plus one new. - Raunkiær, C. (1934) Botanical studies in the Mediterranean region. Ch. 17 in The Life Forms of Plants and Statistical Plant Geography, pp. 547–620.
- Raunkiær, C. (1935) The vegetation of the sand dunes north of SousseSousseSousse is a city in Tunisia. Located 140 km south of the capital Tunis, the city has 173,047 inhabitants . Sousse is in the central-east of the country, on the Gulf of Hammamet, which is a part of the Mediterranean Sea. The name may be of Berber origin: similar names are found in Libya and in...
. Botaniske Studier, 3. haefte (ed C. Raunkiær), pp. 244–248. J.H. Schultz Forlag, København. - Raunkiær, C. (1936) The life-form spectrum of some Atlantic islands. Botaniske Studier, 4. haefte (ed C. Raunkiær), pp. 249–328. J.H. Schultz Forlag, København.
- Raunkiær, C. (1937) Artstal, Artstaethed og Praedominanter i danske Plantesamfund. Botaniske Studier, 5. haefte (ed C. Raunkiær), pp. 357–382. J.H. Schultz Forlag, København.
- Raunkiær, C. (1937) Hudcellepapiller hos Carex arenariaCarex arenariaCarex arenaria, or Sand sedge, is a species of perennial sedge of the genus Carex which is commonly growing in dunes and other sandy habitats, as the Latin species epithet suggests. It growths by long stolons under the soil surface....
. Botaniske Studier, 5. haefte (ed C. Raunkiær), pp. 329–336. J.H. Schultz Forlag, København. - Raunkiær, C. (1937) Life-form, genus area, and number of species. Botaniske Studier, 5. haefte (ed C. Raunkiær), pp. 343–356. J.H. Schultz Forlag, København.
- Raunkiær, C. (1937) Plantago intermedia og Plantago major. Botaniske Studier, 5. haefte (ed C. Raunkiær), pp. 337–342. J.H. Schultz Forlag, København.
Works on C. Raunkiær
- Fuller, G.D. (1935) Raunkiaer's ecological papers. Ecology 16: 111-113.
- Smith, W.G. (1913) Raunkiaer's "life-forms" and statistical methods. Journal of Ecology 1, 16-26.
- Biography by O.G. Petersen in: Dansk Biografisk Lexikon, 1st edn 1887-1905 (ed. Carl Frederik Bricka)
- Biography by Carl ChristensenCarl ChristensenCarl Frederik Albert Christensen was a Danish systematic botanist. He graduated in natural history from the University of Copenhagen under professor Eugenius Warming. He was first school teacher in Copenhagen, later superintendent at the Botanical Museum. He was a specialist in ferns and published...
in: Dansk Biografisk Leksikon, 3rd edn 1979-1984 (ed. Svend Cedergreen Bech).
External links
- http://www.wku.edu/%7Esmithch/chronob/RAUN1860.htm