Flora
Encyclopedia
Plant
Plants are living organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. Precise definitions of the kingdom vary, but as the term is used here, plants include familiar organisms such as trees, flowers, herbs, bushes, grasses, vines, ferns, mosses, and green algae. The group is also called green plants or...
life occurring in a particular region or time, generally the naturally occurring or indigenous
Indigenous (ecology)
In biogeography, a species is defined as native to a given region or ecosystem if its presence in that region is the result of only natural processes, with no human intervention. Every natural organism has its own natural range of distribution in which it is regarded as native...
—native plant
Native plant
Native plant is a term to describe plants endemic or naturalized to a given area in geologic time.This includes plants that have developed, occur naturally, or existed for many years in an area...
life. The corresponding term for animals is fauna
Fauna
Fauna or faunæ is all of the animal life of any particular region or time. The corresponding term for plants is flora.Zoologists and paleontologists use fauna to refer to a typical collection of animals found in a specific time or place, e.g. the "Sonoran Desert fauna" or the "Burgess shale fauna"...
.
Etymology
The term "flora" comes from LatinLatin
Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. It, along with most European languages, is a descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language. Although it is considered a dead language, a number of scholars and members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and...
language Flora, the goddess
Goddess
A goddess is a female deity. In some cultures goddesses are associated with Earth, motherhood, love, and the household. In other cultures, goddesses also rule over war, death, and destruction as well as healing....
of plant
Plant
Plants are living organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. Precise definitions of the kingdom vary, but as the term is used here, plants include familiar organisms such as trees, flowers, herbs, bushes, grasses, vines, ferns, mosses, and green algae. The group is also called green plants or...
s, flower
Flower
A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants . The biological function of a flower is to effect reproduction, usually by providing a mechanism for the union of sperm with eggs...
s, and fertility in Roman mythology
Roman mythology
Roman mythology is the body of traditional stories pertaining to ancient Rome's legendary origins and religious system, as represented in the literature and visual arts of the Romans...
. The corresponding term for animal
Animal
Animals are a major group of multicellular, eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom Animalia or Metazoa. Their body plan eventually becomes fixed as they develop, although some undergo a process of metamorphosis later on in their life. Most animals are motile, meaning they can move spontaneously and...
life is fauna. Flora, fauna and other forms of life
Kingdom (biology)
In biology, kingdom is a taxonomic rank, which is either the highest rank or in the more recent three-domain system, the rank below domain. Kingdoms are divided into smaller groups called phyla or divisions in botany...
such as fungi are collectively referred to as biota
Biota (taxonomy)
In some systems of scientific classification, Biota, Vitae, Eobionti is the superdomain that classifies all life. For that reason it is often disputed how the taxon should be further divided, as the definition of "what life really is" is often changed or adjusted, and also extraterrestrial life...
. Some classic and modern floras are listed below.
Flora classifications
Plants are grouped into floras based on region, period, special environment, or climate. Regions can be geographically distinct habitats like mountain vs. flatland. Floras can mean plant life of an historic era as in fossil flora. Lastly, floras may be subdivided by special environments:- Native flora. The native and indigenous flora of an area.
- Agricultural and Horticultural floraHorticultural floraA horticultural flora, also known as a garden flora, is a plant identification aid structured in the same way as a native plants flora. It servies the same purpose to facilitate plant identification, however it only includes plants that are under cultivation as ornamental plants growing within the...
(garden flora). The plants that are deliberately grown by humans. - Weed flora. Traditionally this classification was applied to plants regarded as undesirable, and studied in efforts to control or eradicate them. Today the designation is less often used as a classification of plant life, since it includes three different types of plants: weedy species, invasive speciesInvasive species"Invasive species", or invasive exotics, is a nomenclature term and categorization phrase used for flora and fauna, and for specific restoration-preservation processes in native habitats, with several definitions....
(that may or may not be weedy), and native and introduced non-weedy species that are agriculturally undesirable. Many native plants previously considered weeds have been shown to be beneficial or even necessary to various ecosystems.
Bacterial organisms are sometimes included in a flora, and sometimes the terms bacterial flora and plant flora are used separately.
flora is a part of plant this is the veriation is a particluar aria.
Flora treatises
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A flora treatise, also known simply as a Flora, usually requires some specialist botanical knowledge to use with any effectiveness. Traditionally flora treatises are book
Book
A book is a set or collection of written, printed, illustrated, or blank sheets, made of hot lava, paper, parchment, or other materials, usually fastened together to hinge at one side. A single sheet within a book is called a leaf or leaflet, and each side of a leaf is called a page...
s, but some are now published on CD-ROM
CD-ROM
A CD-ROM is a pre-pressed compact disc that contains data accessible to, but not writable by, a computer for data storage and music playback. The 1985 “Yellow Book” standard developed by Sony and Philips adapted the format to hold any form of binary data....
or website
Website
A website, also written as Web site, web site, or simply site, is a collection of related web pages containing images, videos or other digital assets. A website is hosted on at least one web server, accessible via a network such as the Internet or a private local area network through an Internet...
s.
It is said that the Flora Sinensis
Flora Sinensis
Flora Sinensis is one of the first European natural history books about China, published in Vienna in 1656. Its author, Michael Boym, was a Jesuit missionary from Poland ....
by the Polish Jesuit Michał Boym was the first book that used the name "Flora" in this meaning, a book covering the plant world of a region. However, despite its title it covered not only plants, but also some animals of the region.
A flora treatise often contains diagnostic keys. Often these are dichotomous keys
Identification key
In biology, an identification key is a printed or computer-aided device that aids the identification of biological entities, such as plants, animals, fossils, microorganisms, and pollen grains...
, which require the user to repeatedly examine a plant, and decide which one of two alternatives given in the flora best applies to the plant.
A compendium of world floras has been compiled by David Frodin.
Classic floras
Europe- Flora LondinensisFlora LondinensisFlora Londinensis is a book that described the flora found in the London region of the mid 18th century. The Flora was published by William Curtis in six large volumes...
, William CurtisWilliam CurtisWilliam Curtis was an English botanist and entomologist, who was born at Alton, Hampshire.Curtis began as an apothecary, before turning his attention to botany and other natural history. The publications he prepared effectively reached a wider audience than early works on the subject had intended...
. EnglandEnglandEngland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
1777- 1798 - Flora GraecaFlora GraecaFlora Graeca was a publication of the plants of Greece in the late 18th century, resulting from a survey by John Sibthorp and Ferdinand Bauer...
, John SibthorpJohn SibthorpJohn Sibthorp was an English botanist.He was born in Oxford, the youngest son of Dr Humphry Sibthorp , who from 1747 to 1784 was Sherardian professor of botany at the University of Oxford....
. (England) 1806 - 1840 - Flora DanicaFlora DanicaA product of The Age of Enlightenment, Flora Danica is a comprehensive atlas of botany, containing folio-sized pictures of all the wild plants native to Denmark, in the period from 1761-1883....
, Simon Paulli. DenmarkDenmarkDenmark is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. The countries of Denmark and Greenland, as well as the Faroe Islands, constitute the Kingdom of Denmark . It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark...
, 1847. - Flora Jenensis, Heinrich Bernhard Rupp GermanyGermanyGermany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
, 1718. - Flora Suecica, Carolus LinnaeusCarolus LinnaeusCarl Linnaeus , also known after his ennoblement as , was a Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist, who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of binomial nomenclature. He is known as the father of modern taxonomy, and is also considered one of the fathers of modern ecology...
. 1745.
India
- Hortus indicus malabaricus, Hendrik van RheedeHendrik van RheedeHendrik Adriaan van Rheede tot Drakenstein was a military man and a colonial administrator of the Dutch East India Company and naturalist. Between 1670 and 1677 he served as a governor of Dutch Malabar and employed 25 people on his book Hortus Malabaricus, describing 740 plants in the region...
1683–1703
Indonesia
- Flora Javae, Carl Ludwig BlumeCarl Ludwig BlumeCharles Ludwig de Blume or Karl Ludwig von Blume was a German-Dutch botanist.He was born at Braunschweig in Germany, but studied at Leiden University and spent his professional life working in the Dutch East Indies and in the Netherlands, where he was Director of the Rijksherbarium at Leiden...
and Joanne Baptista Fischer. 1828.
China
- Flora SinensisFlora SinensisFlora Sinensis is one of the first European natural history books about China, published in Vienna in 1656. Its author, Michael Boym, was a Jesuit missionary from Poland ....
, Michał Boym, 1656
America
- Flora BrasiliensisFlora BrasiliensisFlora Brasiliensis is a book published between 1840 and 1906 by the editors Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius, August Wilhelm Eichler, Ignatz Urban and many others...
, MartiusCarl Friedrich Philipp von MartiusCarl Friedrich Philipp von Martius was a German botanist and explorer.Martius was born at Erlangen, where he graduated M.D. in 1814, publishing as his thesis a critical catalogue of plants in the botanic garden of the university...
, Endlicher, et al. 1840 to 1906
America
Caribbean- Britton, N. L., and Percy Wilson. Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands — Volume V, Part 1: Botany of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands: Pandanales to Thymeleales. New YorkNew York CityNew York is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York Metropolitan Area, one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. New York exerts a significant impact upon global commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and...
: New York Academy of Sciences, 1924.
Central & South America
- Flora of São Paulo in Brazil
- Flora de Chile
- Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica
- Flora of Ecuador
- Flora of Guatemala
- Flora de Nicaragua
- Flora of Peru
- Flora of the Guianas
- Flora of Panama
- Flora del Paraguay
- Flora of Suriname
- Flora Mesoamericana (1994-ongoing) Introduction
- Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana
- Flora Neotropica (1968-ongoing) Organising committee website.
North America
- Flora of North America
- Kearney, Thomas H. Arizona Flora. University of California PressUniversity of California PressUniversity of California Press, also known as UC Press, is a publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in academic publishing. It was founded in 1893 to publish books and papers for the faculty of the University of California, established 25 years earlier in 1868...
, 1940. - Hickman, James C., editor. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California PressUniversity of California PressUniversity of California Press, also known as UC Press, is a publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in academic publishing. It was founded in 1893 to publish books and papers for the faculty of the University of California, established 25 years earlier in 1868...
, 1993. - Hultén, Eric. Flora of Alaska and Neighboring Territories: A Manual of the Vascular Plants. Stanford University PressStanford University PressThe Stanford University Press is the publishing house of Stanford University. In 1892, an independent publishing company was established at the university. The first use of the name "Stanford University Press" in a book's imprinting occurred in 1895...
, 1968. - Radford, Albert E. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. University of North Carolina PressUniversity of North Carolina PressThe University of North Carolina Press , founded in 1922, is a university press that is part of the University of North Carolina....
, 1968. - Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of WashingtonUniversity of WashingtonUniversity of Washington is a public research university, founded in 1861 in Seattle, Washington, United States. The UW is the largest university in the Northwest and the oldest public university on the West Coast. The university has three campuses, with its largest campus in the University...
Press, 1973. - Chadde, Steve W., and Steve Chadde. A Great Lakes Wetland Flora. 2nd ed. Pocketflora Press, 2002. ISBN 0-9651385-5-0
- P. D. Strausbaugh and Earl L. Core. Flora of West Virginia. 2nd ed. Seneca Books Inc., 1964. ISBN 0-89092-010-9
- Ann Fouler Rhoads and Timothy A. Block. The Plants of Pennsylvania. University of PennsylvaniaUniversity of PennsylvaniaThe University of Pennsylvania is a private, Ivy League university located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Penn is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States,Penn is the fourth-oldest using the founding dates claimed by each institution...
Press, 2000. ISBN 0-8122-3535-5 - Nathaniel Lord Britton and Hon. Addison Brown. An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States and Canada. In three volumes. Dover PublicationsDover PublicationsDover Publications is an American book publisher founded in 1941 by Hayward Cirker and his wife, Blanche. It publishes primarily reissues, books no longer published by their original publishers. These are often, but not always, books in the public domain. The original published editions may be...
, 1913, 1970. ISBN 0-486-22642-5
Asia
- Flora of the People's Republic of ChinaFlora of the People's Republic of ChinaThe Flora of the People's Republic of China is diverse. More than 30,000 plant species are native to China, representing nearly one-eighth of the world's total plant species, including thousands found nowhere else on Earth....
- Flora of China in eFloras
- Flora of Japan
- Flora of TaiwanFlora of TaiwanThe Flora of Taiwan is the flora of the country also known as Republic of China.This is also termed as a set of books for recoding the vascular plants of Taiwan .-External links:*...
Southeast Asia
- Flora of Thailand
- Florae Siamensis Enumeratio
- Flora MalesianaFlora MalesianaFlora Malesiana is a multi-volume flora describing the vascular plants of Malesia , published by the National Herbarium of the Netherlands since 1950...
(1951-ongoing) - Flora of the Malay Peninsula
- Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Viêt-Nam
Indian region and Sri Lanka
- Flora of Bhutan
- Flora of the Presidency of Madras by J.S. Gamble (1915–36)
- Flora of Nepal
- Bengal Plants by D. Prain (1903)
- Flora of the upper Gangetic plains by J. F. Duthie (1903–29)
- Botany of Bihar and Orissa by H.H. Haines (1921–25)
- Flora of British India (1872–1897) by Sir J.D. HookerJoseph Dalton HookerSir Joseph Dalton Hooker OM, GCSI, CB, MD, FRS was one of the greatest British botanists and explorers of the 19th century. Hooker was a founder of geographical botany, and Charles Darwin's closest friend...
Middle East and western Asia
- Flora of Turkey
- Flora Iranica
- Flora Palaestina:
- M. Zohary (1966). Flora Palaestina part 1.
- M. Zohary (1972). Flora Palaestina part 2.
- N. Feinbrun (1978). Flora Palaestina part 3.
- N. Feinbrun (1986). Flora Palaestina part 4.
- A. Danin, (2004). Distribution Atlas of Plants in the Flora Palaestina Area (Flora Palaestina part 5).
- Online updates: http://flora.huji.ac.il/browse.asp?lang=en&action=showfile&fileid=14005
Australasia
- Flora of AustraliaFlora of Australia (series)The Flora of Australia is a 59 volume series describing the vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens present in Australia and its external territories...
- Flora of New ZealandFlora of New ZealandThis article relates to the flora of New Zealand, especially indigenous strains. New Zealand's geographical isolation has meant the country has developed a unique variety of native flora...
series:- Allan, H.H. 1961, reprinted 1982. Flora of New Zealand. Volume I: Indigenous Tracheophyta - Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledons. ISBN 0-477-01056-3.
- Moore, L.B.; Edgar, E. 1970, reprinted 1976. Flora of New Zealand. Volume II: Indigenous Tracheophyta - Monocotyledons except Graminae. ISBN 0-477-01889-0.
- Healy, A.J.; Edgar, E. 1980. Flora of New Zealand Volume III. Adventive Cyperaceous, Petalous & Spathaceous Monocotyledons. ISBN 0-477-01041-5.
- Webb, C.J.; Sykes, W.R.;Garnock-Jones, P.J. 1988. Flora of New Zealand Volume IV: Naturalised Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Dicotyledons. ISBN 0-477-02529-3.
- Edgar, E.; Connor, H.E. 2000. Flora of New Zealand Volume V: Grasses. ISBN 0-478-09331-4.
- Volumes I-V: First electronic edition, Landcare Research, June 2004. Transcribed by A.D. Wilton and I.M.L. Andres.
- Breitwieser I., Brownsey P., Ford K., Glenny D., Heenan P., Wilton A. eds. (2010-2011) Flora of New Zealand. Online Edition. http://www.nzflora.info.
- Galloway, D.J. 1985. Flora of New Zealand: Lichens. ISBN 0-477-01266-3.
- Croasdale, H.; Flint, E.A. 1986. Flora of New Zealand: Desmids. Volume I. ISBN 0-477-02530-7.
- Croasdale, H.; Flint, E.A. 1988. Flora of New Zealand: Desmids. Volume II. ISBN 0-477-01353-8.
- Croasdale, H.; Flint, E.A.;Racine, M.M. 1994. Flora of New Zealand: Desmids. Volume III. ISBN 0-477-01642-1.
- Sykes, W.R.; West, C.J.; Beever, J.E.; Fife, A.J. 2000. Kermadec Islands Flora - Special Edition. ISBN 0-478-09339-X.
Pacific Islands
- Flora Vitiensis Nova, a New Flora of Fiji
- Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai‘i, Warren L. Wagner and Derral R. Herbst (1991) + suppl. http://ravenel.si.edu/botany/pacificislandbiodiversity/hawaiianflora/supplement.htm
- Flore de la Nouvelle-Calédonie
- Flore de la Polynésie Française (J. Florence, vol. 1 & 2, 1997 & 2004)
Europe
British Isles- Morton, O.1994. Marine Algae of Northern Ireland. Ulster Museum, Belfast. ISBN 0-900761-28-8Osborne MortonOsborne Morton is a former phycologist in the Ulster Museum. Morton retired in 2007.Morton was educated in Belfast and at Trinity College, Dublin, where he studied Botany under Professor D.A. Webb. His final year thesis involved research on marine algae, the interest in seaweed having developed...
- Stace, Clive Anthony, and Hilli Thompson (illustratorIllustratorAn Illustrator is a narrative artist who specializes in enhancing writing by providing a visual representation that corresponds to the content of the associated text...
). A New Flora of the British Isles. 2nd ed. Cambridge University PressCambridge University PressCambridge University Press is the publishing business of the University of Cambridge. Granted letters patent by Henry VIII in 1534, it is the world's oldest publishing house, and the second largest university press in the world...
, 1997. ISBN 0-521-58935-5. - Beesley, S. and J. Wilde. Urban Flora of Belfast. BelfastBelfastBelfast is the capital of and largest city in Northern Ireland. By population, it is the 14th biggest city in the United Kingdom and second biggest on the island of Ireland . It is the seat of the devolved government and legislative Northern Ireland Assembly...
: Institute of Irish Studies, Queen's University of BelfastQueen's University of BelfastQueen's University Belfast is a public research university in Belfast, Northern Ireland. The university's official title, per its charter, is the Queen's University of Belfast. It is often referred to simply as Queen's, or by the abbreviation QUB...
, 1997. - Killick, John, Roy Perry and Stan WoodellStan WoodellStan Woodell was a British botanist.Stanley Reginald John Woodell was born in Shepherds Bush,London. He obtained a degree in Botany from Durham University and also studied the pollination biology of the genus Primula for his PhD at the same university. He was a University Lecturer in Botany at...
. Flora of Oxfordshire. Pisces Publications, 1998. ISBN 1-874357-07-2. - Bowen, HumphryHumphry BowenHumphry John Moule Bowen was a British botanist and chemist.Bowen was born in Oxford, son of the chemist Edmund Bowen. He attended the Dragon School, gaining a scholarship to Rugby School and then a demyship to Magdalen College, Oxford...
. The Flora of Dorset. Pisces Publications, 2000. ISBN 1-874357-16-1. - Flora Celtica Plants and people in Celtic Europe
- Flora EuropaeaFlora EuropaeaThe Flora Europaea is a 5-volume encyclopedia of plants, published between 1964 and 1993 by Cambridge University Press. The aim was to describe all the national Floras of Europe in a single, authoritative publication that helped readers identify any wild or widely cultivated plant in Europe to the...
at the site of The Royal Botanical Gardens of Edinburgh Flora Europaea - Flora of Europe
- Flora iberica
- Flora of Acores
- Flora Danica
- Flora of RomaniaFlora of RomaniaAll the genera and species of plants found in Romania are presented in "The Flora of Romania Illustrated determinator of vascular plants" vol I Romanian Academy Publishing House, 1977.-Division Pteridophyta: KingdomDivisionClassFamilyGenus...
Africa and Madagascar
- Flore du Gabon
- Flore du Cameroun
- Flora of Tropical Africa
- Flora of Tropical East Africa
- Flora Capensis
- Flora Zambesiaca
- Flora of South Africa
- Flore du Rwanda
- Flore de Madagascar et des Comores
Flora on Wikipedia
Wikipedia has the following mainly flora categories:- Flora by continent
- Flora by country
- Flora by region
Plant
Plants are living organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. Precise definitions of the kingdom vary, but as the term is used here, plants include familiar organisms such as trees, flowers, herbs, bushes, grasses, vines, ferns, mosses, and green algae. The group is also called green plants or...
life occurring in a particular region or time, generally the naturally occurring or indigenous
Indigenous (ecology)
In biogeography, a species is defined as native to a given region or ecosystem if its presence in that region is the result of only natural processes, with no human intervention. Every natural organism has its own natural range of distribution in which it is regarded as native...
—native plant
Native plant
Native plant is a term to describe plants endemic or naturalized to a given area in geologic time.This includes plants that have developed, occur naturally, or existed for many years in an area...
life. The corresponding term for animals is fauna
Fauna
Fauna or faunæ is all of the animal life of any particular region or time. The corresponding term for plants is flora.Zoologists and paleontologists use fauna to refer to a typical collection of animals found in a specific time or place, e.g. the "Sonoran Desert fauna" or the "Burgess shale fauna"...
.
Etymology
The term "flora" comes from LatinLatin
Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. It, along with most European languages, is a descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language. Although it is considered a dead language, a number of scholars and members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and...
language Flora, the goddess
Goddess
A goddess is a female deity. In some cultures goddesses are associated with Earth, motherhood, love, and the household. In other cultures, goddesses also rule over war, death, and destruction as well as healing....
of plant
Plant
Plants are living organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. Precise definitions of the kingdom vary, but as the term is used here, plants include familiar organisms such as trees, flowers, herbs, bushes, grasses, vines, ferns, mosses, and green algae. The group is also called green plants or...
s, flower
Flower
A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants . The biological function of a flower is to effect reproduction, usually by providing a mechanism for the union of sperm with eggs...
s, and fertility in Roman mythology
Roman mythology
Roman mythology is the body of traditional stories pertaining to ancient Rome's legendary origins and religious system, as represented in the literature and visual arts of the Romans...
. The corresponding term for animal
Animal
Animals are a major group of multicellular, eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom Animalia or Metazoa. Their body plan eventually becomes fixed as they develop, although some undergo a process of metamorphosis later on in their life. Most animals are motile, meaning they can move spontaneously and...
life is fauna. Flora, fauna and other forms of life
Kingdom (biology)
In biology, kingdom is a taxonomic rank, which is either the highest rank or in the more recent three-domain system, the rank below domain. Kingdoms are divided into smaller groups called phyla or divisions in botany...
such as fungi are collectively referred to as biota
Biota (taxonomy)
In some systems of scientific classification, Biota, Vitae, Eobionti is the superdomain that classifies all life. For that reason it is often disputed how the taxon should be further divided, as the definition of "what life really is" is often changed or adjusted, and also extraterrestrial life...
. Some classic and modern floras are listed below.
Flora classifications
Plants are grouped into floras based on region, period, special environment, or climate. Regions can be geographically distinct habitats like mountain vs. flatland. Floras can mean plant life of an historic era as in fossil flora. Lastly, floras may be subdivided by special environments:- Native flora. The native and indigenous flora of an area.
- Agricultural and Horticultural floraHorticultural floraA horticultural flora, also known as a garden flora, is a plant identification aid structured in the same way as a native plants flora. It servies the same purpose to facilitate plant identification, however it only includes plants that are under cultivation as ornamental plants growing within the...
(garden flora). The plants that are deliberately grown by humans. - Weed flora. Traditionally this classification was applied to plants regarded as undesirable, and studied in efforts to control or eradicate them. Today the designation is less often used as a classification of plant life, since it includes three different types of plants: weedy species, invasive speciesInvasive species"Invasive species", or invasive exotics, is a nomenclature term and categorization phrase used for flora and fauna, and for specific restoration-preservation processes in native habitats, with several definitions....
(that may or may not be weedy), and native and introduced non-weedy species that are agriculturally undesirable. Many native plants previously considered weeds have been shown to be beneficial or even necessary to various ecosystems.
Bacterial organisms are sometimes included in a flora, and sometimes the terms bacterial flora and plant flora are used separately.
flora is a part of plant this is the veriation is a particluar aria.
Flora treatises
A flora treatise, also known simply as a Flora, usually requires some specialist botanical knowledge to use with any effectiveness. Traditionally flora treatises are book
Book
A book is a set or collection of written, printed, illustrated, or blank sheets, made of hot lava, paper, parchment, or other materials, usually fastened together to hinge at one side. A single sheet within a book is called a leaf or leaflet, and each side of a leaf is called a page...
s, but some are now published on CD-ROM
CD-ROM
A CD-ROM is a pre-pressed compact disc that contains data accessible to, but not writable by, a computer for data storage and music playback. The 1985 “Yellow Book” standard developed by Sony and Philips adapted the format to hold any form of binary data....
or website
Website
A website, also written as Web site, web site, or simply site, is a collection of related web pages containing images, videos or other digital assets. A website is hosted on at least one web server, accessible via a network such as the Internet or a private local area network through an Internet...
s.
It is said that the Flora Sinensis
Flora Sinensis
Flora Sinensis is one of the first European natural history books about China, published in Vienna in 1656. Its author, Michael Boym, was a Jesuit missionary from Poland ....
by the Polish Jesuit Michał Boym was the first book that used the name "Flora" in this meaning, a book covering the plant world of a region. However, despite its title it covered not only plants, but also some animals of the region.
A flora treatise often contains diagnostic keys. Often these are dichotomous keys
Identification key
In biology, an identification key is a printed or computer-aided device that aids the identification of biological entities, such as plants, animals, fossils, microorganisms, and pollen grains...
, which require the user to repeatedly examine a plant, and decide which one of two alternatives given in the flora best applies to the plant.
A compendium of world floras has been compiled by David Frodin.
Classic floras
Europe- Flora LondinensisFlora LondinensisFlora Londinensis is a book that described the flora found in the London region of the mid 18th century. The Flora was published by William Curtis in six large volumes...
, William CurtisWilliam CurtisWilliam Curtis was an English botanist and entomologist, who was born at Alton, Hampshire.Curtis began as an apothecary, before turning his attention to botany and other natural history. The publications he prepared effectively reached a wider audience than early works on the subject had intended...
. EnglandEnglandEngland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
1777- 1798 - Flora GraecaFlora GraecaFlora Graeca was a publication of the plants of Greece in the late 18th century, resulting from a survey by John Sibthorp and Ferdinand Bauer...
, John SibthorpJohn SibthorpJohn Sibthorp was an English botanist.He was born in Oxford, the youngest son of Dr Humphry Sibthorp , who from 1747 to 1784 was Sherardian professor of botany at the University of Oxford....
. (England) 1806 - 1840 - Flora DanicaFlora DanicaA product of The Age of Enlightenment, Flora Danica is a comprehensive atlas of botany, containing folio-sized pictures of all the wild plants native to Denmark, in the period from 1761-1883....
, Simon Paulli. DenmarkDenmarkDenmark is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. The countries of Denmark and Greenland, as well as the Faroe Islands, constitute the Kingdom of Denmark . It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark...
, 1847. - Flora Jenensis, Heinrich Bernhard Rupp GermanyGermanyGermany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
, 1718. - Flora Suecica, Carolus LinnaeusCarolus LinnaeusCarl Linnaeus , also known after his ennoblement as , was a Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist, who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of binomial nomenclature. He is known as the father of modern taxonomy, and is also considered one of the fathers of modern ecology...
. 1745.
India
- Hortus indicus malabaricus, Hendrik van RheedeHendrik van RheedeHendrik Adriaan van Rheede tot Drakenstein was a military man and a colonial administrator of the Dutch East India Company and naturalist. Between 1670 and 1677 he served as a governor of Dutch Malabar and employed 25 people on his book Hortus Malabaricus, describing 740 plants in the region...
1683–1703
Indonesia
- Flora Javae, Carl Ludwig BlumeCarl Ludwig BlumeCharles Ludwig de Blume or Karl Ludwig von Blume was a German-Dutch botanist.He was born at Braunschweig in Germany, but studied at Leiden University and spent his professional life working in the Dutch East Indies and in the Netherlands, where he was Director of the Rijksherbarium at Leiden...
and Joanne Baptista Fischer. 1828.
China
- Flora SinensisFlora SinensisFlora Sinensis is one of the first European natural history books about China, published in Vienna in 1656. Its author, Michael Boym, was a Jesuit missionary from Poland ....
, Michał Boym, 1656
America
- Flora BrasiliensisFlora BrasiliensisFlora Brasiliensis is a book published between 1840 and 1906 by the editors Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius, August Wilhelm Eichler, Ignatz Urban and many others...
, MartiusCarl Friedrich Philipp von MartiusCarl Friedrich Philipp von Martius was a German botanist and explorer.Martius was born at Erlangen, where he graduated M.D. in 1814, publishing as his thesis a critical catalogue of plants in the botanic garden of the university...
, Endlicher, et al. 1840 to 1906
America
Caribbean- Britton, N. L., and Percy Wilson. Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands — Volume V, Part 1: Botany of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands: Pandanales to Thymeleales. New YorkNew York CityNew York is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York Metropolitan Area, one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. New York exerts a significant impact upon global commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and...
: New York Academy of Sciences, 1924.
Central & South America
- Flora of São Paulo in Brazil
- Flora de Chile
- Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica
- Flora of Ecuador
- Flora of Guatemala
- Flora de Nicaragua
- Flora of Peru
- Flora of the Guianas
- Flora of Panama
- Flora del Paraguay
- Flora of Suriname
- Flora Mesoamericana (1994-ongoing) Introduction
- Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana
- Flora Neotropica (1968-ongoing) Organising committee website.
North America
- Flora of North America
- Kearney, Thomas H. Arizona Flora. University of California PressUniversity of California PressUniversity of California Press, also known as UC Press, is a publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in academic publishing. It was founded in 1893 to publish books and papers for the faculty of the University of California, established 25 years earlier in 1868...
, 1940. - Hickman, James C., editor. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California PressUniversity of California PressUniversity of California Press, also known as UC Press, is a publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in academic publishing. It was founded in 1893 to publish books and papers for the faculty of the University of California, established 25 years earlier in 1868...
, 1993. - Hultén, Eric. Flora of Alaska and Neighboring Territories: A Manual of the Vascular Plants. Stanford University PressStanford University PressThe Stanford University Press is the publishing house of Stanford University. In 1892, an independent publishing company was established at the university. The first use of the name "Stanford University Press" in a book's imprinting occurred in 1895...
, 1968. - Radford, Albert E. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. University of North Carolina PressUniversity of North Carolina PressThe University of North Carolina Press , founded in 1922, is a university press that is part of the University of North Carolina....
, 1968. - Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of WashingtonUniversity of WashingtonUniversity of Washington is a public research university, founded in 1861 in Seattle, Washington, United States. The UW is the largest university in the Northwest and the oldest public university on the West Coast. The university has three campuses, with its largest campus in the University...
Press, 1973. - Chadde, Steve W., and Steve Chadde. A Great Lakes Wetland Flora. 2nd ed. Pocketflora Press, 2002. ISBN 0-9651385-5-0
- P. D. Strausbaugh and Earl L. Core. Flora of West Virginia. 2nd ed. Seneca Books Inc., 1964. ISBN 0-89092-010-9
- Ann Fouler Rhoads and Timothy A. Block. The Plants of Pennsylvania. University of PennsylvaniaUniversity of PennsylvaniaThe University of Pennsylvania is a private, Ivy League university located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Penn is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States,Penn is the fourth-oldest using the founding dates claimed by each institution...
Press, 2000. ISBN 0-8122-3535-5 - Nathaniel Lord Britton and Hon. Addison Brown. An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States and Canada. In three volumes. Dover PublicationsDover PublicationsDover Publications is an American book publisher founded in 1941 by Hayward Cirker and his wife, Blanche. It publishes primarily reissues, books no longer published by their original publishers. These are often, but not always, books in the public domain. The original published editions may be...
, 1913, 1970. ISBN 0-486-22642-5
Asia
- Flora of the People's Republic of ChinaFlora of the People's Republic of ChinaThe Flora of the People's Republic of China is diverse. More than 30,000 plant species are native to China, representing nearly one-eighth of the world's total plant species, including thousands found nowhere else on Earth....
- Flora of China in eFloras
- Flora of Japan
- Flora of TaiwanFlora of TaiwanThe Flora of Taiwan is the flora of the country also known as Republic of China.This is also termed as a set of books for recoding the vascular plants of Taiwan .-External links:*...
Southeast Asia
- Flora of Thailand
- Florae Siamensis Enumeratio
- Flora MalesianaFlora MalesianaFlora Malesiana is a multi-volume flora describing the vascular plants of Malesia , published by the National Herbarium of the Netherlands since 1950...
(1951-ongoing) - Flora of the Malay Peninsula
- Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Viêt-Nam
Indian region and Sri Lanka
- Flora of Bhutan
- Flora of the Presidency of Madras by J.S. Gamble (1915–36)
- Flora of Nepal
- Bengal Plants by D. Prain (1903)
- Flora of the upper Gangetic plains by J. F. Duthie (1903–29)
- Botany of Bihar and Orissa by H.H. Haines (1921–25)
- Flora of British India (1872–1897) by Sir J.D. HookerJoseph Dalton HookerSir Joseph Dalton Hooker OM, GCSI, CB, MD, FRS was one of the greatest British botanists and explorers of the 19th century. Hooker was a founder of geographical botany, and Charles Darwin's closest friend...
Middle East and western Asia
- Flora of Turkey
- Flora Iranica
- Flora Palaestina:
- M. Zohary (1966). Flora Palaestina part 1.
- M. Zohary (1972). Flora Palaestina part 2.
- N. Feinbrun (1978). Flora Palaestina part 3.
- N. Feinbrun (1986). Flora Palaestina part 4.
- A. Danin, (2004). Distribution Atlas of Plants in the Flora Palaestina Area (Flora Palaestina part 5).
- Online updates: http://flora.huji.ac.il/browse.asp?lang=en&action=showfile&fileid=14005
Australasia
- Flora of AustraliaFlora of Australia (series)The Flora of Australia is a 59 volume series describing the vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens present in Australia and its external territories...
- Flora of New ZealandFlora of New ZealandThis article relates to the flora of New Zealand, especially indigenous strains. New Zealand's geographical isolation has meant the country has developed a unique variety of native flora...
series:- Allan, H.H. 1961, reprinted 1982. Flora of New Zealand. Volume I: Indigenous Tracheophyta - Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledons. ISBN 0-477-01056-3.
- Moore, L.B.; Edgar, E. 1970, reprinted 1976. Flora of New Zealand. Volume II: Indigenous Tracheophyta - Monocotyledons except Graminae. ISBN 0-477-01889-0.
- Healy, A.J.; Edgar, E. 1980. Flora of New Zealand Volume III. Adventive Cyperaceous, Petalous & Spathaceous Monocotyledons. ISBN 0-477-01041-5.
- Webb, C.J.; Sykes, W.R.;Garnock-Jones, P.J. 1988. Flora of New Zealand Volume IV: Naturalised Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Dicotyledons. ISBN 0-477-02529-3.
- Edgar, E.; Connor, H.E. 2000. Flora of New Zealand Volume V: Grasses. ISBN 0-478-09331-4.
- Volumes I-V: First electronic edition, Landcare Research, June 2004. Transcribed by A.D. Wilton and I.M.L. Andres.
- Breitwieser I., Brownsey P., Ford K., Glenny D., Heenan P., Wilton A. eds. (2010-2011) Flora of New Zealand. Online Edition. http://www.nzflora.info.
- Galloway, D.J. 1985. Flora of New Zealand: Lichens. ISBN 0-477-01266-3.
- Croasdale, H.; Flint, E.A. 1986. Flora of New Zealand: Desmids. Volume I. ISBN 0-477-02530-7.
- Croasdale, H.; Flint, E.A. 1988. Flora of New Zealand: Desmids. Volume II. ISBN 0-477-01353-8.
- Croasdale, H.; Flint, E.A.;Racine, M.M. 1994. Flora of New Zealand: Desmids. Volume III. ISBN 0-477-01642-1.
- Sykes, W.R.; West, C.J.; Beever, J.E.; Fife, A.J. 2000. Kermadec Islands Flora - Special Edition. ISBN 0-478-09339-X.
Pacific Islands
- Flora Vitiensis Nova, a New Flora of Fiji
- Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai‘i, Warren L. Wagner and Derral R. Herbst (1991) + suppl. http://ravenel.si.edu/botany/pacificislandbiodiversity/hawaiianflora/supplement.htm
- Flore de la Nouvelle-Calédonie
- Flore de la Polynésie Française (J. Florence, vol. 1 & 2, 1997 & 2004)
Europe
British Isles- Morton, O.1994. Marine Algae of Northern Ireland. Ulster Museum, Belfast. ISBN 0-900761-28-8Osborne MortonOsborne Morton is a former phycologist in the Ulster Museum. Morton retired in 2007.Morton was educated in Belfast and at Trinity College, Dublin, where he studied Botany under Professor D.A. Webb. His final year thesis involved research on marine algae, the interest in seaweed having developed...
- Stace, Clive Anthony, and Hilli Thompson (illustratorIllustratorAn Illustrator is a narrative artist who specializes in enhancing writing by providing a visual representation that corresponds to the content of the associated text...
). A New Flora of the British Isles. 2nd ed. Cambridge University PressCambridge University PressCambridge University Press is the publishing business of the University of Cambridge. Granted letters patent by Henry VIII in 1534, it is the world's oldest publishing house, and the second largest university press in the world...
, 1997. ISBN 0-521-58935-5. - Beesley, S. and J. Wilde. Urban Flora of Belfast. BelfastBelfastBelfast is the capital of and largest city in Northern Ireland. By population, it is the 14th biggest city in the United Kingdom and second biggest on the island of Ireland . It is the seat of the devolved government and legislative Northern Ireland Assembly...
: Institute of Irish Studies, Queen's University of BelfastQueen's University of BelfastQueen's University Belfast is a public research university in Belfast, Northern Ireland. The university's official title, per its charter, is the Queen's University of Belfast. It is often referred to simply as Queen's, or by the abbreviation QUB...
, 1997. - Killick, John, Roy Perry and Stan WoodellStan WoodellStan Woodell was a British botanist.Stanley Reginald John Woodell was born in Shepherds Bush,London. He obtained a degree in Botany from Durham University and also studied the pollination biology of the genus Primula for his PhD at the same university. He was a University Lecturer in Botany at...
. Flora of Oxfordshire. Pisces Publications, 1998. ISBN 1-874357-07-2. - Bowen, HumphryHumphry BowenHumphry John Moule Bowen was a British botanist and chemist.Bowen was born in Oxford, son of the chemist Edmund Bowen. He attended the Dragon School, gaining a scholarship to Rugby School and then a demyship to Magdalen College, Oxford...
. The Flora of Dorset. Pisces Publications, 2000. ISBN 1-874357-16-1. - Flora Celtica Plants and people in Celtic Europe
- Flora EuropaeaFlora EuropaeaThe Flora Europaea is a 5-volume encyclopedia of plants, published between 1964 and 1993 by Cambridge University Press. The aim was to describe all the national Floras of Europe in a single, authoritative publication that helped readers identify any wild or widely cultivated plant in Europe to the...
at the site of The Royal Botanical Gardens of Edinburgh Flora Europaea - Flora of Europe
- Flora iberica
- Flora of Acores
- Flora Danica
- Flora of RomaniaFlora of RomaniaAll the genera and species of plants found in Romania are presented in "The Flora of Romania Illustrated determinator of vascular plants" vol I Romanian Academy Publishing House, 1977.-Division Pteridophyta: KingdomDivisionClassFamilyGenus...
Africa and Madagascar
- Flore du Gabon
- Flore du Cameroun
- Flora of Tropical Africa
- Flora of Tropical East Africa
- Flora Capensis
- Flora Zambesiaca
- Flora of South Africa
- Flore du Rwanda
- Flore de Madagascar et des Comores
Flora on Wikipedia
Wikipedia has the following mainly flora categories:- Flora by continent
- Flora by country
- Flora by region
Plant
Plants are living organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. Precise definitions of the kingdom vary, but as the term is used here, plants include familiar organisms such as trees, flowers, herbs, bushes, grasses, vines, ferns, mosses, and green algae. The group is also called green plants or...
life occurring in a particular region or time, generally the naturally occurring or indigenous
Indigenous (ecology)
In biogeography, a species is defined as native to a given region or ecosystem if its presence in that region is the result of only natural processes, with no human intervention. Every natural organism has its own natural range of distribution in which it is regarded as native...
—native plant
Native plant
Native plant is a term to describe plants endemic or naturalized to a given area in geologic time.This includes plants that have developed, occur naturally, or existed for many years in an area...
life. The corresponding term for animals is fauna
Fauna
Fauna or faunæ is all of the animal life of any particular region or time. The corresponding term for plants is flora.Zoologists and paleontologists use fauna to refer to a typical collection of animals found in a specific time or place, e.g. the "Sonoran Desert fauna" or the "Burgess shale fauna"...
.
Etymology
The term "flora" comes from LatinLatin
Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. It, along with most European languages, is a descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language. Although it is considered a dead language, a number of scholars and members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and...
language Flora, the goddess
Goddess
A goddess is a female deity. In some cultures goddesses are associated with Earth, motherhood, love, and the household. In other cultures, goddesses also rule over war, death, and destruction as well as healing....
of plant
Plant
Plants are living organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. Precise definitions of the kingdom vary, but as the term is used here, plants include familiar organisms such as trees, flowers, herbs, bushes, grasses, vines, ferns, mosses, and green algae. The group is also called green plants or...
s, flower
Flower
A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants . The biological function of a flower is to effect reproduction, usually by providing a mechanism for the union of sperm with eggs...
s, and fertility in Roman mythology
Roman mythology
Roman mythology is the body of traditional stories pertaining to ancient Rome's legendary origins and religious system, as represented in the literature and visual arts of the Romans...
. The corresponding term for animal
Animal
Animals are a major group of multicellular, eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom Animalia or Metazoa. Their body plan eventually becomes fixed as they develop, although some undergo a process of metamorphosis later on in their life. Most animals are motile, meaning they can move spontaneously and...
life is fauna. Flora, fauna and other forms of life
Kingdom (biology)
In biology, kingdom is a taxonomic rank, which is either the highest rank or in the more recent three-domain system, the rank below domain. Kingdoms are divided into smaller groups called phyla or divisions in botany...
such as fungi are collectively referred to as biota
Biota (taxonomy)
In some systems of scientific classification, Biota, Vitae, Eobionti is the superdomain that classifies all life. For that reason it is often disputed how the taxon should be further divided, as the definition of "what life really is" is often changed or adjusted, and also extraterrestrial life...
. Some classic and modern floras are listed below.
Flora classifications
Plants are grouped into floras based on region, period, special environment, or climate. Regions can be geographically distinct habitats like mountain vs. flatland. Floras can mean plant life of an historic era as in fossil flora. Lastly, floras may be subdivided by special environments:- Native flora. The native and indigenous flora of an area.
- Agricultural and Horticultural floraHorticultural floraA horticultural flora, also known as a garden flora, is a plant identification aid structured in the same way as a native plants flora. It servies the same purpose to facilitate plant identification, however it only includes plants that are under cultivation as ornamental plants growing within the...
(garden flora). The plants that are deliberately grown by humans. - Weed flora. Traditionally this classification was applied to plants regarded as undesirable, and studied in efforts to control or eradicate them. Today the designation is less often used as a classification of plant life, since it includes three different types of plants: weedy species, invasive speciesInvasive species"Invasive species", or invasive exotics, is a nomenclature term and categorization phrase used for flora and fauna, and for specific restoration-preservation processes in native habitats, with several definitions....
(that may or may not be weedy), and native and introduced non-weedy species that are agriculturally undesirable. Many native plants previously considered weeds have been shown to be beneficial or even necessary to various ecosystems.
Bacterial organisms are sometimes included in a flora, and sometimes the terms bacterial flora and plant flora are used separately.
flora is a part of plant this is the veriation is a particluar aria.
Flora treatises
A flora treatise, also known simply as a Flora, usually requires some specialist botanical knowledge to use with any effectiveness. Traditionally flora treatises are book
Book
A book is a set or collection of written, printed, illustrated, or blank sheets, made of hot lava, paper, parchment, or other materials, usually fastened together to hinge at one side. A single sheet within a book is called a leaf or leaflet, and each side of a leaf is called a page...
s, but some are now published on CD-ROM
CD-ROM
A CD-ROM is a pre-pressed compact disc that contains data accessible to, but not writable by, a computer for data storage and music playback. The 1985 “Yellow Book” standard developed by Sony and Philips adapted the format to hold any form of binary data....
or website
Website
A website, also written as Web site, web site, or simply site, is a collection of related web pages containing images, videos or other digital assets. A website is hosted on at least one web server, accessible via a network such as the Internet or a private local area network through an Internet...
s.
It is said that the Flora Sinensis
Flora Sinensis
Flora Sinensis is one of the first European natural history books about China, published in Vienna in 1656. Its author, Michael Boym, was a Jesuit missionary from Poland ....
by the Polish Jesuit Michał Boym was the first book that used the name "Flora" in this meaning, a book covering the plant world of a region. However, despite its title it covered not only plants, but also some animals of the region.
A flora treatise often contains diagnostic keys. Often these are dichotomous keys
Identification key
In biology, an identification key is a printed or computer-aided device that aids the identification of biological entities, such as plants, animals, fossils, microorganisms, and pollen grains...
, which require the user to repeatedly examine a plant, and decide which one of two alternatives given in the flora best applies to the plant.
A compendium of world floras has been compiled by David Frodin.
Classic floras
Europe- Flora LondinensisFlora LondinensisFlora Londinensis is a book that described the flora found in the London region of the mid 18th century. The Flora was published by William Curtis in six large volumes...
, William CurtisWilliam CurtisWilliam Curtis was an English botanist and entomologist, who was born at Alton, Hampshire.Curtis began as an apothecary, before turning his attention to botany and other natural history. The publications he prepared effectively reached a wider audience than early works on the subject had intended...
. EnglandEnglandEngland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
1777- 1798 - Flora GraecaFlora GraecaFlora Graeca was a publication of the plants of Greece in the late 18th century, resulting from a survey by John Sibthorp and Ferdinand Bauer...
, John SibthorpJohn SibthorpJohn Sibthorp was an English botanist.He was born in Oxford, the youngest son of Dr Humphry Sibthorp , who from 1747 to 1784 was Sherardian professor of botany at the University of Oxford....
. (England) 1806 - 1840 - Flora DanicaFlora DanicaA product of The Age of Enlightenment, Flora Danica is a comprehensive atlas of botany, containing folio-sized pictures of all the wild plants native to Denmark, in the period from 1761-1883....
, Simon Paulli. DenmarkDenmarkDenmark is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. The countries of Denmark and Greenland, as well as the Faroe Islands, constitute the Kingdom of Denmark . It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark...
, 1847. - Flora Jenensis, Heinrich Bernhard Rupp GermanyGermanyGermany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
, 1718. - Flora Suecica, Carolus LinnaeusCarolus LinnaeusCarl Linnaeus , also known after his ennoblement as , was a Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist, who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of binomial nomenclature. He is known as the father of modern taxonomy, and is also considered one of the fathers of modern ecology...
. 1745.
India
- Hortus indicus malabaricus, Hendrik van RheedeHendrik van RheedeHendrik Adriaan van Rheede tot Drakenstein was a military man and a colonial administrator of the Dutch East India Company and naturalist. Between 1670 and 1677 he served as a governor of Dutch Malabar and employed 25 people on his book Hortus Malabaricus, describing 740 plants in the region...
1683–1703
Indonesia
- Flora Javae, Carl Ludwig BlumeCarl Ludwig BlumeCharles Ludwig de Blume or Karl Ludwig von Blume was a German-Dutch botanist.He was born at Braunschweig in Germany, but studied at Leiden University and spent his professional life working in the Dutch East Indies and in the Netherlands, where he was Director of the Rijksherbarium at Leiden...
and Joanne Baptista Fischer. 1828.
China
- Flora SinensisFlora SinensisFlora Sinensis is one of the first European natural history books about China, published in Vienna in 1656. Its author, Michael Boym, was a Jesuit missionary from Poland ....
, Michał Boym, 1656
America
- Flora BrasiliensisFlora BrasiliensisFlora Brasiliensis is a book published between 1840 and 1906 by the editors Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius, August Wilhelm Eichler, Ignatz Urban and many others...
, MartiusCarl Friedrich Philipp von MartiusCarl Friedrich Philipp von Martius was a German botanist and explorer.Martius was born at Erlangen, where he graduated M.D. in 1814, publishing as his thesis a critical catalogue of plants in the botanic garden of the university...
, Endlicher, et al. 1840 to 1906
America
Caribbean- Britton, N. L., and Percy Wilson. Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands — Volume V, Part 1: Botany of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands: Pandanales to Thymeleales. New YorkNew York CityNew York is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York Metropolitan Area, one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. New York exerts a significant impact upon global commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and...
: New York Academy of Sciences, 1924.
Central & South America
- Flora of São Paulo in Brazil
- Flora de Chile
- Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica
- Flora of Ecuador
- Flora of Guatemala
- Flora de Nicaragua
- Flora of Peru
- Flora of the Guianas
- Flora of Panama
- Flora del Paraguay
- Flora of Suriname
- Flora Mesoamericana (1994-ongoing) Introduction
- Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana
- Flora Neotropica (1968-ongoing) Organising committee website.
North America
- Flora of North America
- Kearney, Thomas H. Arizona Flora. University of California PressUniversity of California PressUniversity of California Press, also known as UC Press, is a publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in academic publishing. It was founded in 1893 to publish books and papers for the faculty of the University of California, established 25 years earlier in 1868...
, 1940. - Hickman, James C., editor. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California PressUniversity of California PressUniversity of California Press, also known as UC Press, is a publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in academic publishing. It was founded in 1893 to publish books and papers for the faculty of the University of California, established 25 years earlier in 1868...
, 1993. - Hultén, Eric. Flora of Alaska and Neighboring Territories: A Manual of the Vascular Plants. Stanford University PressStanford University PressThe Stanford University Press is the publishing house of Stanford University. In 1892, an independent publishing company was established at the university. The first use of the name "Stanford University Press" in a book's imprinting occurred in 1895...
, 1968. - Radford, Albert E. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. University of North Carolina PressUniversity of North Carolina PressThe University of North Carolina Press , founded in 1922, is a university press that is part of the University of North Carolina....
, 1968. - Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of WashingtonUniversity of WashingtonUniversity of Washington is a public research university, founded in 1861 in Seattle, Washington, United States. The UW is the largest university in the Northwest and the oldest public university on the West Coast. The university has three campuses, with its largest campus in the University...
Press, 1973. - Chadde, Steve W., and Steve Chadde. A Great Lakes Wetland Flora. 2nd ed. Pocketflora Press, 2002. ISBN 0-9651385-5-0
- P. D. Strausbaugh and Earl L. Core. Flora of West Virginia. 2nd ed. Seneca Books Inc., 1964. ISBN 0-89092-010-9
- Ann Fouler Rhoads and Timothy A. Block. The Plants of Pennsylvania. University of PennsylvaniaUniversity of PennsylvaniaThe University of Pennsylvania is a private, Ivy League university located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Penn is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States,Penn is the fourth-oldest using the founding dates claimed by each institution...
Press, 2000. ISBN 0-8122-3535-5 - Nathaniel Lord Britton and Hon. Addison Brown. An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States and Canada. In three volumes. Dover PublicationsDover PublicationsDover Publications is an American book publisher founded in 1941 by Hayward Cirker and his wife, Blanche. It publishes primarily reissues, books no longer published by their original publishers. These are often, but not always, books in the public domain. The original published editions may be...
, 1913, 1970. ISBN 0-486-22642-5
Asia
- Flora of the People's Republic of ChinaFlora of the People's Republic of ChinaThe Flora of the People's Republic of China is diverse. More than 30,000 plant species are native to China, representing nearly one-eighth of the world's total plant species, including thousands found nowhere else on Earth....
- Flora of China in eFloras
- Flora of Japan
- Flora of TaiwanFlora of TaiwanThe Flora of Taiwan is the flora of the country also known as Republic of China.This is also termed as a set of books for recoding the vascular plants of Taiwan .-External links:*...
Southeast Asia
- Flora of Thailand
- Florae Siamensis Enumeratio
- Flora MalesianaFlora MalesianaFlora Malesiana is a multi-volume flora describing the vascular plants of Malesia , published by the National Herbarium of the Netherlands since 1950...
(1951-ongoing) - Flora of the Malay Peninsula
- Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Viêt-Nam
Indian region and Sri Lanka
- Flora of Bhutan
- Flora of the Presidency of Madras by J.S. Gamble (1915–36)
- Flora of Nepal
- Bengal Plants by D. Prain (1903)
- Flora of the upper Gangetic plains by J. F. Duthie (1903–29)
- Botany of Bihar and Orissa by H.H. Haines (1921–25)
- Flora of British India (1872–1897) by Sir J.D. HookerJoseph Dalton HookerSir Joseph Dalton Hooker OM, GCSI, CB, MD, FRS was one of the greatest British botanists and explorers of the 19th century. Hooker was a founder of geographical botany, and Charles Darwin's closest friend...
Middle East and western Asia
- Flora of Turkey
- Flora Iranica
- Flora Palaestina:
- M. Zohary (1966). Flora Palaestina part 1.
- M. Zohary (1972). Flora Palaestina part 2.
- N. Feinbrun (1978). Flora Palaestina part 3.
- N. Feinbrun (1986). Flora Palaestina part 4.
- A. Danin, (2004). Distribution Atlas of Plants in the Flora Palaestina Area (Flora Palaestina part 5).
- Online updates: http://flora.huji.ac.il/browse.asp?lang=en&action=showfile&fileid=14005
Australasia
- Flora of AustraliaFlora of Australia (series)The Flora of Australia is a 59 volume series describing the vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens present in Australia and its external territories...
- Flora of New ZealandFlora of New ZealandThis article relates to the flora of New Zealand, especially indigenous strains. New Zealand's geographical isolation has meant the country has developed a unique variety of native flora...
series:- Allan, H.H. 1961, reprinted 1982. Flora of New Zealand. Volume I: Indigenous Tracheophyta - Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledons. ISBN 0-477-01056-3.
- Moore, L.B.; Edgar, E. 1970, reprinted 1976. Flora of New Zealand. Volume II: Indigenous Tracheophyta - Monocotyledons except Graminae. ISBN 0-477-01889-0.
- Healy, A.J.; Edgar, E. 1980. Flora of New Zealand Volume III. Adventive Cyperaceous, Petalous & Spathaceous Monocotyledons. ISBN 0-477-01041-5.
- Webb, C.J.; Sykes, W.R.;Garnock-Jones, P.J. 1988. Flora of New Zealand Volume IV: Naturalised Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Dicotyledons. ISBN 0-477-02529-3.
- Edgar, E.; Connor, H.E. 2000. Flora of New Zealand Volume V: Grasses. ISBN 0-478-09331-4.
- Volumes I-V: First electronic edition, Landcare Research, June 2004. Transcribed by A.D. Wilton and I.M.L. Andres.
- Breitwieser I., Brownsey P., Ford K., Glenny D., Heenan P., Wilton A. eds. (2010-2011) Flora of New Zealand. Online Edition. http://www.nzflora.info.
- Galloway, D.J. 1985. Flora of New Zealand: Lichens. ISBN 0-477-01266-3.
- Croasdale, H.; Flint, E.A. 1986. Flora of New Zealand: Desmids. Volume I. ISBN 0-477-02530-7.
- Croasdale, H.; Flint, E.A. 1988. Flora of New Zealand: Desmids. Volume II. ISBN 0-477-01353-8.
- Croasdale, H.; Flint, E.A.;Racine, M.M. 1994. Flora of New Zealand: Desmids. Volume III. ISBN 0-477-01642-1.
- Sykes, W.R.; West, C.J.; Beever, J.E.; Fife, A.J. 2000. Kermadec Islands Flora - Special Edition. ISBN 0-478-09339-X.
Pacific Islands
- Flora Vitiensis Nova, a New Flora of Fiji
- Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai‘i, Warren L. Wagner and Derral R. Herbst (1991) + suppl. http://ravenel.si.edu/botany/pacificislandbiodiversity/hawaiianflora/supplement.htm
- Flore de la Nouvelle-Calédonie
- Flore de la Polynésie Française (J. Florence, vol. 1 & 2, 1997 & 2004)
Europe
British Isles- Morton, O.1994. Marine Algae of Northern Ireland. Ulster Museum, Belfast. ISBN 0-900761-28-8Osborne MortonOsborne Morton is a former phycologist in the Ulster Museum. Morton retired in 2007.Morton was educated in Belfast and at Trinity College, Dublin, where he studied Botany under Professor D.A. Webb. His final year thesis involved research on marine algae, the interest in seaweed having developed...
- Stace, Clive Anthony, and Hilli Thompson (illustratorIllustratorAn Illustrator is a narrative artist who specializes in enhancing writing by providing a visual representation that corresponds to the content of the associated text...
). A New Flora of the British Isles. 2nd ed. Cambridge University PressCambridge University PressCambridge University Press is the publishing business of the University of Cambridge. Granted letters patent by Henry VIII in 1534, it is the world's oldest publishing house, and the second largest university press in the world...
, 1997. ISBN 0-521-58935-5. - Beesley, S. and J. Wilde. Urban Flora of Belfast. BelfastBelfastBelfast is the capital of and largest city in Northern Ireland. By population, it is the 14th biggest city in the United Kingdom and second biggest on the island of Ireland . It is the seat of the devolved government and legislative Northern Ireland Assembly...
: Institute of Irish Studies, Queen's University of BelfastQueen's University of BelfastQueen's University Belfast is a public research university in Belfast, Northern Ireland. The university's official title, per its charter, is the Queen's University of Belfast. It is often referred to simply as Queen's, or by the abbreviation QUB...
, 1997. - Killick, John, Roy Perry and Stan WoodellStan WoodellStan Woodell was a British botanist.Stanley Reginald John Woodell was born in Shepherds Bush,London. He obtained a degree in Botany from Durham University and also studied the pollination biology of the genus Primula for his PhD at the same university. He was a University Lecturer in Botany at...
. Flora of Oxfordshire. Pisces Publications, 1998. ISBN 1-874357-07-2. - Bowen, HumphryHumphry BowenHumphry John Moule Bowen was a British botanist and chemist.Bowen was born in Oxford, son of the chemist Edmund Bowen. He attended the Dragon School, gaining a scholarship to Rugby School and then a demyship to Magdalen College, Oxford...
. The Flora of Dorset. Pisces Publications, 2000. ISBN 1-874357-16-1. - Flora Celtica Plants and people in Celtic Europe
- Flora EuropaeaFlora EuropaeaThe Flora Europaea is a 5-volume encyclopedia of plants, published between 1964 and 1993 by Cambridge University Press. The aim was to describe all the national Floras of Europe in a single, authoritative publication that helped readers identify any wild or widely cultivated plant in Europe to the...
at the site of The Royal Botanical Gardens of Edinburgh Flora Europaea - Flora of Europe
- Flora iberica
- Flora of Acores
- Flora Danica
- Flora of RomaniaFlora of RomaniaAll the genera and species of plants found in Romania are presented in "The Flora of Romania Illustrated determinator of vascular plants" vol I Romanian Academy Publishing House, 1977.-Division Pteridophyta: KingdomDivisionClassFamilyGenus...
Africa and Madagascar
- Flore du Gabon
- Flore du Cameroun
- Flora of Tropical Africa
- Flora of Tropical East Africa
- Flora Capensis
- Flora Zambesiaca
- Flora of South Africa
- Flore du Rwanda
- Flore de Madagascar et des Comores
Flora on Wikipedia
Wikipedia has the following mainly flora categories:- Flora by continent
- Flora by country
- Flora by region
Australasia
Africa
Antarctica
Asia
Europe
South
America
America
North
America
America
See also
- The Plant ListThe Plant ListThe Plant List is a list of botanical names of species of plants, available on the world wide web. It was created by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the Missouri Botanical Garden...
- BiomeBiomeBiomes are climatically and geographically defined as similar climatic conditions on the Earth, such as communities of plants, animals, and soil organisms, and are often referred to as ecosystems. Some parts of the earth have more or less the same kind of abiotic and biotic factors spread over a...
— a major regional group of distinctive plant and animal communities. - VegetationVegetationVegetation is a general term for the plant life of a region; it refers to the ground cover provided by plants. It is a general term, without specific reference to particular taxa, life forms, structure, spatial extent, or any other specific botanical or geographic characteristics. It is broader...
— a general term for the plant life of a region. - FaunaFaunaFauna or faunæ is all of the animal life of any particular region or time. The corresponding term for plants is flora.Zoologists and paleontologists use fauna to refer to a typical collection of animals found in a specific time or place, e.g. the "Sonoran Desert fauna" or the "Burgess shale fauna"...
- Fauna and Flora Preservation SocietyFauna and Flora Preservation SocietyFauna & Flora International , formerly the Fauna and Flora Preservation Society, is an international conservation charity and non-governmental organization....
- HerbalHerbalAThe use of a or an depends on whether or not herbal is pronounced with a silent h. herbal is "a collection of descriptions of plants put together for medicinal purposes." Expressed more elaborately — it is a book containing the names and descriptions of plants, usually with information on their...
- Horticultural floraHorticultural floraA horticultural flora, also known as a garden flora, is a plant identification aid structured in the same way as a native plants flora. It servies the same purpose to facilitate plant identification, however it only includes plants that are under cultivation as ornamental plants growing within the...
- PharmacopoeiaPharmacopoeiaPharmacopoeia, pharmacopeia, or pharmacopoea, , in its modern technical sense, is a book containing directions for the identification of samples and the preparation of compound medicines, and published by the authority of a government or a medical or pharmaceutical society.In a broader sense it is...
External links
- eFloras — a collection of on-line floras
- Chilebosque — checklist of Chilean native flora
- Flora of NW Europe with descriptions and a quiz to test your knowledge
- Flora of Australia Online
- Flora of New Zealand Series Online
