is a 1763 taxonomic

Taxonomy

Taxonomy is the science of identifying and naming species, and arranging them into a classification. The field of taxonomy, sometimes referred to as "biological taxonomy", revolves around the description and use of taxonomic units, known as taxa...

 work by Carl Linnaeus, and defended as a thesis by Boas Johansson; which of the two men should be credited with its authorship has been the subject of some controversy. It includes descriptions of 102 new insect

Insect

Insects are a class of living creatures within the arthropods that have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body , three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes, and two antennae...

 and crustacean

Crustacean

Crustaceans form a very large group of arthropods, usually treated as a subphylum, which includes such familiar animals as crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill and barnacles. The 50,000 described species range in size from Stygotantulus stocki at , to the Japanese spider crab with a leg span...

 species that had been sent to Linnaeus from British America

British America

For American people of British descent, see British American.British America is the anachronistic term used to refer to the territories under the control of the Crown or Parliament in present day North America , Central America, the Caribbean, and Guyana...

, Suriname

Suriname

Suriname , officially the Republic of Suriname , is a country in northern South America. It borders French Guiana to the east, Guyana to the west, Brazil to the south, and on the north by the Atlantic Ocean. Suriname was a former colony of the British and of the Dutch, and was previously known as...

, Java

Java

Java is an island of Indonesia. With a population of 135 million , it is the world's most populous island, and one of the most densely populated regions in the world. It is home to 60% of Indonesia's population. The Indonesian capital city, Jakarta, is in west Java...

 and other locations. Most of the new names included in Centuria Insectorum are still in use, although a few have been sunk into synonymy

Synonym (taxonomy)

In scientific nomenclature, a synonym is a scientific name that is or was used for a taxon of organisms that also goes by a different scientific name. For example, Linnaeus was the first to give a scientific name to the Norway spruce, which he called Pinus abies...

, and one was the result of a hoax: a Common Brimstone butterfly with spots painted on was described as the new "species" Papilio ecclipsis.

Publications

The contents of the work were published twice, under two slightly different titles. ("one hundred rare insects") was published as a standalone thesis, while was published as part of Linnaeus' series of ("academic delights"). Both bear the date June 23, 1763, although the latter was printed later, in September 1763.

Authorship

Since was a thesis presented and defended by one of Linnaeus' students, Boas Johansson (1742–1809) from Kalmar

Kalmar

Kalmar is a city in Småland in the south-east of Sweden, situated by the Baltic Sea. It had 62,767 inhabitants in 2010 and is the seat of Kalmar Municipality. It is also the capital of Kalmar County, which comprises 12 municipalities with a total of 233,776 inhabitants .From the thirteenth to the...

, it has been argued that authorship of the taxa named in it should be assigned to Johansson. The authorship, however, has been the subject of some controversy.

Several lines of argument have been used to suggest that Linnaeus should be considered the author. The role of the person defending the thesis at Swedish universities at the time was to prove his command of Latin, and responsibility for the text of the thesis rested mainly, if not entirely, with the professor. Linnaeus appeared to consider himself the author, referring in his later works to without including an abbreviation for the author, as he did for works written by other people. Works presented by students of other taxonomists of the era (such as Carl Peter Thunberg

Carl Peter Thunberg

Carl Peter Thunberg aka Carl Pehr Thunberg aka Carl Per Thunberg was a Swedish naturalist and an apostle of Carl Linnaeus. He has been called "the father of South African botany" and the "Japanese Linnaeus"....

, Adam Afzelius

Adam Afzelius

Adam Afzelius was a Swedish botanist and an apostle of Carl Linnaeus. Afzelius was born at Larv in Västergötland in 1750. He was appointed teacher of oriental languages at Uppsala University in 1777, and in 1785 demonstrator of botany...

 and Elias Magnus Fries

Elias Magnus Fries

-External links:*, Authors of fungal names, Mushroom, the Journal of Wild Mushrooming.*...

) are generally credited to their supervisors, and not the students themselves. Finally, most zoologists, and "Scandinavian authorities on Linnaeana" consider Linnaeus the author; in the interests of nomenclatural stability, it is preferable to continue doing so. The issue was raised in a petition to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature

The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature is an organization dedicated to "achieving stability and sense in the scientific naming of animals". Founded in 1895, it currently comprises 28 members from 20 countries, mainly practicing zoological taxonomists...

 and, although a large majority voted in favour of recognising Linnaeus as the author, the one dissenting vote caused the commission to defer its decision.

Sources

The specimens used by Linnaeus or Johansson in writing include some provided by Dr Alexander Garden

Alexander Garden (naturalist)

Dr Alexander Garden is most famous as a botanist whose name lives on in the gardenia flower, though he was also a physician and zoologist...

, a horticulturist from Charles Town

Charleston, South Carolina

Charleston is the second largest city in the U.S. state of South Carolina. It was made the county seat of Charleston County in 1901 when Charleston County was founded. The city's original name was Charles Towne in 1670, and it moved to its present location from a location on the west bank of the...

 in the Province of South Carolina

Province of South Carolina

The South Carolina Colony, or Province of South Carolina, was originally part of the Province of Carolina, which was chartered in 1663. The colony later became the U.S. state of South Carolina....

, by Carl Gustav Dahlberg in Suriname

Suriname

Suriname , officially the Republic of Suriname , is a country in northern South America. It borders French Guiana to the east, Guyana to the west, Brazil to the south, and on the north by the Atlantic Ocean. Suriname was a former colony of the British and of the Dutch, and was previously known as...

, by Hans Johan Nordgren in Java

Java

Java is an island of Indonesia. With a population of 135 million , it is the world's most populous island, and one of the most densely populated regions in the world. It is home to 60% of Indonesia's population. The Indonesian capital city, Jakarta, is in west Java...

, and from the collection of Baron Charles De Geer

Charles De Geer

Baron Charles de Geer was a Swedish industrialist and entomologist.- Life :...

 from the Province of Pennsylvania

Province of Pennsylvania

The Province of Pennsylvania, also known as Pennsylvania Colony, was founded in British America by William Penn on March 4, 1681 as dictated in a royal charter granted by King Charles II...

.

Contents

The dissertation begins by discussing improvements that the Linnaean system of taxonomy

Linnaean taxonomy

Linnaean taxonomy can mean either of two related concepts:# the particular form of biological classification set up by Carl Linnaeus, as set forth in his Systema Naturæ and subsequent works...

 has brought to the study of insects, before describing the new species.

Brimstone hoax

One of the species described in was "Papilio ecclipsis". This was based on a specimen sent by William Charlton

William Charlton

William Andrew Charlton, PC was a lumber merchant, businessman and Canadian politician.Born in Cattaraugus County, New York, the son of Adam Charlton, he immigrated to Canada in 1849 with his family. In 1869, he married Nellie Rockwell...

 to James Petiver

James Petiver

James Petiver was a London apothecary, a Fellow of the Royal Society as well as London's informal Temple Coffee House Botany Club, famous for his study of botany and entomology.-Life:...

 in 1702, who wrote: "It exactly resembles our English Brimstone Butterfly (R. Rhamni), were it not for those black spots and apparent blue moons on the lower wings. This is the only one I have seen." Carl Linnaeus examined the butterfly, and named it Papilio ecclipsis in Centuria Insectorum Rariorum, including in his Systema Naturae

Systema Naturae

The book was one of the major works of the Swedish botanist, zoologist and physician Carolus Linnaeus. The first edition was published in 1735...

from the 12th edition

12th edition of Systema Naturae

The 12th edition of was the last edition of to be overseen by its author, Carl Linnaeus. It was published in three volumes, with parts appearing from 1766 to 1768...

 (1767) onwards. It was not until 1793 that the hoax was discovered by Johan Christian Fabricius

Johan Christian Fabricius

Johan Christian Fabricius was a Danish zoologist, specialising in "Insecta", which at that time included all arthropods: insects, arachnids, crustaceans and others...

, who recognised that the dark patches had been painted on, and that the specimen was a common Brimstone butterfly (now called Gonepteryx rhamni). Although the curator at the British Museum

British Museum

The British Museum is a museum of human history and culture in London. Its collections, which number more than seven million objects, are amongst the largest and most comprehensive in the world and originate from all continents, illustrating and documenting the story of human culture from its...

 "indignantly stamped the specimen to pieces" when he found out, William Jones

William Jones (naturalist)

William Jones was an English naturalist and entomologistWillam Jones who was a wealthy wine merchant in London. His interest in natural history led to his being elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society of London in 1791....

 created two replicas to replace the lost specimen.

Species

The 102 species described in were divided into seven sections, broadly corresponding with modern insect orders. Exceptions are that thrips

Thrips

Thrips are tiny, slender insects with fringed wings . Other common names for thrips include thunderflies, thunderbugs, storm flies, thunderblights, and corn lice...

 (Thysanoptera), mantis

Mantis

Mantis is the common name of any insect in the order Mantodea, also commonly known as praying mantises. The word itself means "prophet" in Latin and Greek...

es (Mantodea) and Orthoptera

Orthoptera

Orthoptera is an order of insects with paurometabolous or incomplete metamorphosis, including the grasshoppers, crickets and locusts.Many insects in this order produce sound by rubbing their wings against each other or their legs, the wings or legs containing rows of corrugated bumps...

 were included in the Hemiptera

Hemiptera

Hemiptera is an order of insects most often known as the true bugs , comprising around 50,000–80,000 species of cicadas, aphids, planthoppers, leafhoppers, shield bugs, and others...

, dragonflies

Dragonfly

A dragonfly is a winged insect belonging to the order Odonata, the suborder Epiprocta or, in the strict sense, the infraorder Anisoptera . It is characterized by large multifaceted eyes, two pairs of strong transparent wings, and an elongated body...

 (Odonata) were included in the Neuroptera

Neuroptera

The insect order Neuroptera, or net-winged insects, includes the lacewings, mantidflies, antlions, and their relatives. The order contains some 6,010 species...

, and the section called "Aptera" contains crustacean

Crustacean

Crustaceans form a very large group of arthropods, usually treated as a subphylum, which includes such familiar animals as crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill and barnacles. The 50,000 described species range in size from Stygotantulus stocki at , to the Japanese spider crab with a leg span...

s rather than insects in the modern sense. Most of the names introduced in Centuria Insectorum are still in use, albeit in different genera; in a few cases, it is not clear what animal the name refers to.

Coleoptera

No.	Name in Centuria...	Status	Current name
1	SCARABÆUS Tityus	valid	Dynastes tityus
2	SCARABÆUS Molosſus	valid	Catharsius molossus
3	SCARABÆUS ſurinamus	synonym	Rutela lineola
4	SCARABÆUS capreolus	valid	Lucanus capreolus Lucanus capreolus Lucanus capreolus is a beetle of the Family Lucanidae. The species name "capreolus" is derived from Latin, meaning "Roe Deer"...
5	DERMESTES Gleditſiæ	valid	Caryobruchus gleditsiae Caryobruchus gleditsiae Caryobruchus gleditsiae is a species of beetle in the family Chrysomelidae . It lives in North and Central America and develops inside the seeds of palm trees. Adults grow to a maximum length of , the size depending on the size of the seed it grew up in...
6	DERMESTES bactris	valid	Pachymerus bactris
7	CASSIDA ſpinifex	valid	Acromis spinifex Acromis spinifex Acromis spinifex is a species of tortoise beetle from South America. The males have enlarged elytra which are probably used in male–male combat, while females are among the few tortoise beetles to show maternal care of their offspring.-Distribution:...
8	CASSIDA bipuſtulata	junior synonym	Stolas discoides
9	CASSIDA bicornis	valid	Omocerus bicornis Omocerus bicornis Omocerus bicornis is a species of tortoise beetle from South America. It lives on Cordia plants, and is found in Brazil, Surinam, French Guyana, Suriname and Venezuela...
10	CASSIDA leucophæa
11	COCCINELLA ſangvinea	valid	Cycloneda sanguinea Cycloneda sanguinea Cycloneda sanguinea is a widespread species of ladybird beetle in the Americas.-Distribution:Cycloneda sanguinea is the most widespread ladybird beetle in Latin America, with a distribution that ranges from the southern United States to Argentina, and eastward to the Cayman Islands...
12	COCCINELLA ſurinamenſis	junior synonym	Aegithus clavicornis
13	CHRYSOMELA gibboſa	valid	Gibbifer gibbosus
14	CHRYSOMELA undulata	valid	Phyllocharis undulata Phyllocharis undulata Phyllocharis undulata is a species of leaf beetle found in Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Java, Lombok and Timor. It feeds on various species of Clerodendrum , including C. inerme, C. chinense and C. calamitosum. It has been considered as a biological control agent against C...
15	CHRYSOMELA caſtanea
16	CHRYSOMELA Gorteriæ	valid	Cryptocephalus gorteriae
17	CHRYSOMELA octopunctata
18	CHRYSOMELA punctatiſſima
19	CURCULIO oryza	valid	Sitophilus oryzae
20	CURCULIO ſurinamenſis	valid	Curculio surinamensis
21	CANTHARIS bicolor	valid	Thonalmus bicolor
22	CICINDELA æquinoctialis	valid	Pheropsophus aequinoctialis Pheropsophus aequinoctialis Pheropsophus aequinoctialis is a species of ground beetle from Central and South America that feeds on the eggs of mole crickets.-Distribution:...
23	CICINDELA carolina	valid	Megacephala carolina
24	ELATER ligneus	valid	Semiotus ligneus Semiotus ligneus Semiotus ligneus is a species of click beetle from Central and South America.It grows to a total length of , and is 3.7–4.2 times as long as it is wide. The larvae are long. It closely resembles seed sheaths, which provides it with effective camouflage....
25	MELOE Chryſomeloides	valid	Nemognatha chrysomeloides Nemognatha chrysomeloides Nemognatha chrysomeloides is a species of oil beetle from Central and South America.-Ecology:Nemognatha chrysomeloides is a parasite of Melitoma marginella and M. segmentaria from Mexico to Argentina. Both N...
26	TENEBRIO Gigas

Hemiptera

No.	Name in Centuria...	Status	Current name
27	GRYLLUS unicornis	synonym	Empusa pennicornis
28	GRYLLUS carolinus	valid	Stagmomantis carolina
29	GRYLLUS irroratus	synonym	Stagmomantis carolina
30	GRYLLUS Lunus	valid	Monachidium lunum
31	GRYLLUS Cinerarius	synonym	Pterochroza ocellata Pterochroza ocellata Pterochroza ocellata, the peacock katydid, is an insect in the Tettigoniidae family. This species in startle display showing false eyespots on wings. This leaf-mimic katydid resembles a dead or diseased leaf at rest to protect itself from the predators.-External links:*, Orthoptera Species File*,...
32	GRYLLUS brachypterus / GRYLLUS necydaloides	valid / junior synonym	Pseudophasma brachypterum Pseudophasma brachypterum Pseudophasma brachypterum is a species of stick insect found in Brazil, Suriname, Guadeloupe and Peru.-Taxonomy:The species now known as Pseudophasma brachypterum was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1763, but under two different names in two different versions of the same work...
33	GRYLLUS javanus	junior synonym	Mecopoda elongata
34	GRYLLUS perſpicillatus	valid	Ommatolampis perspicillata
35	GRYLLUS ſpinuloſus	valid	Eugaster spinulosa Eugaster spinulosa Eugaster spinulosa is a species of bush-cricket from Morocco.It is known as the whistle cricket, because herdsmen would dry it and pull off its legs, in order to use the cricket as a whistle....
36	GRYLLUS ſuccinctus	valid	Nomadacris succincta
37	GRYLLUS brevicornis	valid	Metaleptea brevicornis Metaleptea brevicornis Metaleptea brevicornis, the clipped-wing grasshopper, is a species of grasshopper from North America.-Distribution:M. brevicornis is found in wetlands across a large part of eastern North America, from the Great Lakes region south to Florida and Mexico.-Taxonomy:Carl Linnaeus described Metaleptea...
38	GRYLLUS convolutus	valid	Miogryllus convolutus Miogryllus convolutus Miogryllus convolutus is a species of cricket from South America.-Description:M. convolutus exists in a number of forms. Most strikingly, there are micropterous and macropterous forms, but there is also variation in colouration.-Distribution:M...
39	CICADA flammea	valid	Zanna flammea
40	CICADA truncata	valid	Oryxa truncata
41	CIMEX ictericus	valid	Euschistus ictericus Euschistus ictericus Euschistus ictericus is a North American species of shield bug. It grows up to long, and lives in damp areas.-Distribution:In Canada, E. ictericus is restricted to Ontario and Quebec...
42	CIMEX criſtatus	valid	Arilus cristatus
43	CIMEX ſcaber	valid	Acanthocoris scaber
44	CIMEX ſuccinctus	valid	Largus succinctus
45	CIMEX hæmorrhous	valid	Leptoscelis haemorrhous
46	CIMEX nobilis	valid	Calliphara nobilis Calliphara nobilis Calliphara nobilis is a species of insect in the family Scutelleridae .The larvae live exclusively on the mangrove Excoecaria algallocha, feeding on the developing seeds. Adults are long.-Distribution:...
47	COCCUS capenſis	valid	Conchaspis capensis Conchaspis capensis Conchaspis capensis is a species of scale insect from South Africa found on Metalasia muricata and Phylica species. It was originally described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1763 work Centuria Insectorum.-Description:...
48	TRIPS paradoxa	valid	Thrips paradoxa

Lepidoptera

No.	Name in Centuria...	Status	Current name
49	PAPILIO Ægiſthus	junior synonym	Graphium agamemnon Graphium agamemnon The Tailed Jay is a predominantly green and black tropical butterfly that belongs to the swallowtail family. The butterfly is also called Green-spotted Triangle, Tailed Green Jay, or the Green Triangle. It is a common, nonthreatened species native to India, Sri Lanka through Southeast Asia and...
50	PAPILIO Polydorus	valid	Atrophaneura polydorus Atrophaneura polydorus Atrophaneura polydorus, commonly known as the Red-bodied Swallowtail, is a butterfly from the family Papilionidae found in North-Eastern Queensland, Australia as well as Papua New Guinea and New Zealand.-Description:...
51	PAPILIO Orontes	valid	Alcides orontes Alcides orontes Alcides orontes is a moth of the Uraniidae family. It is known from the Maluku Islands, including Seram Island and Ambon Island....
52	PAPILIO Phidippus	valid	Amathusia phidippus Amathusia phidippus The Palmking is a butterfly found in India and Southeast Asia. It belongs to the Morphinae, a subfamily of the Brush-footed butterflies.-Description:...
53	PAPILIO Medon	valid	Euphaedra medon
54	PAPILIO Mneme	valid	Melinaea mneme
55	PAPILIO Ædea	valid	Eterusia aedea Eterusia aedea The Red slug caterpillar is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family. It is found in Sri Lanka, India, Taiwan, Japan and China.The wingspan is about 50 mm for males and 56 mm for females....
56	PAPILIO Melite	valid	Enantia melite Enantia melite Enantia melite is a species of butterfly that is found from Central America to the Amazon Basin. It has a wingspan of , and is very variable...
57	PAPILIO Scylla	valid	Catopsilia scylla Catopsilia scylla Catopsilia scylla, the Orange Migrant or Orange Emigrant, is a species of butterfly that lives in South East Asia and Australasia. Its larvae feed predominantly on plants of the genera Cassia and Senna.-Description:...
58	PAPILIO Polybe	valid	Atlides polybe
59	PAPILIO Philea	valid	Phoebis philea Phoebis philea The Orange-barred Sulphur is a species of butterfly found in the Americas including the Caribbean.The wingspan is 68 to 80 mm. There are two to three generations per year in Florida and one in the northern part of the range with adults on wing from mid to late summer. The species habitat is in...
60	PAPILIO Philomela	valid	Ypthima philomela Ypthima philomela The Baby Fivering Ypthima philomela is a species of Satyrinae butterfly found in Asia....
61	PAPILIO Electo	valid	Colias electo Colias electo Colias electo, the African Clouded Yellow or Lucerne Butterfly, is a butterfly of the Lycaenidae family. It is found in eastern and southern Africa, as well as Arabia. The wingspan is for males and for females. Adults are on the wing throughout the year, with a peak from April to August...
62	PAPILIO Helcita	valid	Aletis helcita
63	PAPILIO Idea	valid	Idea idea
64	PAPILIO Strilidore	nomen dubium Nomen dubium In zoological nomenclature, a nomen dubium is a scientific name that is of unknown or doubtful application...	unknown
65	PAPILIO Eurydice	valid	Satyrodes eurydice Satyrodes eurydice The Eyed Brown or Marsh Eyed Brown is a species of Satyrinae that is native to North America.There are two subspecies—the nominate species, Eyed Brown , and the Smokey Eyed Brown The Eyed Brown or Marsh Eyed Brown (Satyrodes eurydice) is a species of Satyrinae that is native to North...
66	PAPILIO Demophile	valid	Itaballia demophile Itaballia demophile Itaballia demophile, the Crossbarred White, Cross-barred White or Black-banded White, is a butterfly in the Pieridae family. It is found from Mexico to Paraguay...
67	PAPILIO ecclipſis	hoax	Gonepteryx rhamni
68	PAPILIO Canace	valid	Kaniska canace Kaniska canace The Blue Admiral is the only species of the genus, Kaniska, a nymphalid butterfly found as far north as southeastern Siberia, west to Japan and Korea, east to India and south to Sri Lanka, Burma and parts of Indonesia...
69	PAPILIO Hypermneſtra	valid	Elymnias hypermnestra Elymnias hypermnestra The Common Palmfly, Elymnias hypermnestra, is a species of satyrid butterfly found in south Asia.-Description:As some other species in the genus Elymnias, the Common Palmfly presents a precostal cell on the hindwings and a hair tuft of androconial scales on dorsal discal cell of hindwings.This...
70	PAPILIO Talaus	junior synonym	Entheus priassus Entheus priassus Entheus priassus is a species of skipper butterfly from Central and South America. It is a specialist herbivore on the leaves of Gustavia superba .-Subspecies:*Entheus priassus priassus...
71	PAPILIO Ariadne	valid	Ariadne ariadne Ariadne ariadne Ariadne ariadne, also known as the Angled Castor, is a species of nymphalid butterfly found in Asia.-Description:Males and females have fore wing truncate at apex; termen angulated at interspace 5, and again at apex of vein 3, concave between; tornus obtusely angulate. Hind wing: termen more or...
72	PAPILIO Atlites	valid	Junonia atlites Junonia atlites The Gray Pansy Junonia atlites is a species of nymphalid butterfly found in South Asia.-Description:Upperside of both sexes pale lavender-brown, apical half of wings paler...
73	PAPILIO Jatrophæ	valid	Anartia jatrophae Anartia jatrophae The White Peacock is a species of butterfly found in the southeastern United States, Central America, and throughout much of South America....
74	PAPILIO Dido	valid	Philaethria dido Philaethria dido The Scarce Bamboo Page or Dido Longwing is a butterfly of the Nymphalidae family. It is found in from the Amazon Rainforest up to Mexico. Rare strays can be found in the lower Rio Grande Valley of South Texas....
75	PAPILIO Hyperbius	valid	Argynnis hyperbius Argynnis hyperbius The Indian Fritillary is butterfly of the Nymphalid or brush-footed butterfly family.-Description:Male: Upperside: fore wing rich orange-yellow, hind wing paler yellow, with the following black markings: Fore wing: cell with a basal short transverse streak, a medial broad oval loop, its outer...
76	PAPILIO Cydippe	junior homonym; rejected	Cethosia cydippe Cethosia cydippe Cethosia cydippe is a species of butterfly from Australia and Southeast Asia. The Australian subspecies, C. c. chrysippe, is known as the Red Lacewing butterfly.-Description:...
77	PAPILIO Peleus	junior synonym	Entheus priassus Entheus priassus Entheus priassus is a species of skipper butterfly from Central and South America. It is a specialist herbivore on the leaves of Gustavia superba .-Subspecies:*Entheus priassus priassus...
78	PAPILIO Actorion	valid	Bia actorion Bia actorion The Uncertain Owlet or Bia Owl or Actorion Owlet is a species of butterfly of the Nymphalidae family. It is found in the upper Amazon areas of Brazil, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia....
79	PAPILIO Arcius	valid	Rhetus arcius Rhetus arcius Rhetus arcius is a species of Neotropical butterfly, first described in Carl Linnaeus' 1763 Centuria Insectorum....
80	PAPILIO Augias	valid	Telicota augias Telicota augias The Bright-orange Darter is a butterfly of the Hesperiidae family. It is found in Australia, Papua New Guinea, Burma, Indonesia and the Philippines.The wingspan is about 30 mm....
81	SPHINX ſexta	valid	Manduca sexta
82	PHALÆNA gangis	valid	Creatonotos gangis Creatonotos gangis Creatonotos gangis is a species of arctiid moth found in South East Asia and Australia.-Description and life cycle:Adults have white hindwings, and brown forewings, each with a dark streak, and a wingspan of . The abdomen is red or, more rarely, yellow. The eggs are yellow and round, and are laid...
83	PHALÆNA Phalonia	valid	Eudocima phalonia Eudocima phalonia The Fruit Piercing Moth is a moth of the Noctuidae family. It is found in large parts of the tropics, mainly in Asia, Africa and Australia but introduced into other areas such as Hawaii, New Zealand and the Society Islands....
84	PHALÆNA heteroclita	nomen dubium Nomen dubium In zoological nomenclature, a nomen dubium is a scientific name that is of unknown or doubtful application...	Enantia melite Enantia melite Enantia melite is a species of butterfly that is found from Central America to the Amazon Basin. It has a wingspan of , and is very variable... ?

Neuroptera

No.	Name in Centuria...	Status	Current name
85	LIBELLULA carolina	valid	Tramea carolina Tramea carolina The Carolina Saddlebags is a species of dragonfly native to eastern North America.-Description:The length of the Carolina Saddlebags measures . The thorax and basal part of each wing is brown. The eighth and ninth abdominal segments are black. In females, the abdomen and face are brownish red, and...
86	LIBELLULA variegata	valid	Rhyothemis variegata Rhyothemis variegata Rhyothemis variegata, known as the Common Picture Wing or Variegated Flutterer, is a species of dragonfly of the family Libellulidae, found in South Asia. They appear to have weak flight and can easily be mistaken for butterflies....
87	HEMEROBIUS pectinicornis	valid	Chauliodes pectinicornis Chauliodes pectinicornis Chauliodes pectinicornis is a species of fishfly from North America.-Distribution:C. pectinicornis has a wide distribution in the eastern United States, from Maine in the north-east to Alachua, Liberty and Santa Rosa counties in Florida to the south-east, and as far west as Kansas.-Taxonomic...

Hymenoptera

No.	Name in Centuria...	Status	Current name
88	SIREX columba	valid	Tremex columba Tremex columba The Pigeon tremex, Tremex columba, is a species of horntail, native to Eastern and Western North America. The females are larger than the males, with females growing to 25-30mm in length, and males about 20-25mm. The larvae feed on dead and dying trees such as beech, elm, maple, and oak.Megarhyssa...
89	SPHEX penſylvanica	valid	Sphex pensylvanicus Sphex pensylvanicus Sphex pensylvanicus is a species of digger wasp, commonly known as the great black wasp. It lives across most of North America and grows to a size of . The larvae feed on living insects which the females paralyze and carry to the underground nest....
90	SPHEX cærulea	junior homonym of Sphex caerulea Linnaeus, 1758 (= Entypus caeruleus)	Chalybion californicum Blue mud dauber The blue mud dauber is a metallic blue species of mud dauber wasp that preys primarily on black widow spiders. It does not build a nest, but uses nests abandoned by other mud dauber wasps. Like other mud daubers, it is rarely aggressive. Blue mud dauber wasps are generally considered beneficial,...
91	VESPA maculata	valid	Dolichovespula maculata Bald-faced hornet Dolichovespula maculata is a North American insect commonly called the bald-faced hornet...
92	VESPA quadridens	valid	Monobia quadridens Monobia quadridens Monobia quadridens is a species of solitary potter wasp found in North America. It grows to a wingspan of , and feeds on small caterpillars and pollen. There are two generations per year, with one generation overwintering as pupae.-Description:...
93	VESPA annularis	valid	Polistes annularis Polistes annularis Polistes annularis is a species of paper wasp which lives in North America.-Description:Unusually for a North American Polistes, P. annularis shows little sexual dimorphism in coloration. It resembles Polistes metricus, which differs from P. annularis in a number of ways, including the coloration...
94	FORMICA binodis	junior synonym	Tetramorium caespitum Pavement ant The pavement ant, Tetramorium caespitum, is a common household pest. Its name comes from the fact that colonies usually make their homes in pavement. It is distinguished by one spine on the back, two nodes on the petiole, and grooves on the head and thorax ...

Diptera

No.	Name in Centuria...	Status	Current name
95	ASILUS æſtuans	valid	Efferia aestuans Efferia aestuans E. aestuans is a member of the Asilidae family. It ranges from Ontario and New Hampshire south into Florida and New Mexico. It was originally described as Asilus aestuans in Carl Linnaeus' 1763 work Centuria Insectorum.-External links:...

Aptera

No.	Name in Centuria...	Status	Current name
96	CANCER Dormia	valid	Dromia dormia Dromia dormia Dromia dormia, the sleepy sponge crab or common sponge crab, is the largest species of sponge crab. It grows to a carapace width of and lives in shallow waters across the Indo-Pacific region.-Distribution:...
97	CANCER Vocans	valid	Uca vocans Uca vocans Uca vocans is a species of fiddler crab. It is found across the Indo-Pacific from the Red Sea, Zanzibar and Madagascar to Indonesia and the central Pacific Ocean. It lives in burrows up to deep. Several forms of U. vocans have been recognised, with their authors often granting them the taxonomic...
98	CANCER cordatus	valid	Ucides cordatus Ucides cordatus Ucides is a genus of mangrove crabs in the monotypic family Ucididae, containing two species:* Ucides cordatus – from Florida to Uruguay* Ucides occidentalis – from Mexico to Peru...
99	CANCER epheliticus	valid	Hepatus epheliticus Hepatus epheliticus Hepatus epheliticus, known by various names, including the calico crab, Dolly Varden crab and Leopard crab, is a species of crab. It lives in shallow water in the western Atlantic Ocean from the Chesapeake Bay to the Dominican Republic. It has a 3 in–wide carapace adorned with large red spots...
100	CANCER paraſiticus	nomen dubium Nomen dubium In zoological nomenclature, a nomen dubium is a scientific name that is of unknown or doubtful application...	Tumidotheres maculatus Tumidotheres maculatus Tumidotheres maculatus is a species of crab that lives commensally or parasitically in the mantle cavity of molluscs. It is found along much of the western Atlantic Ocean and was first described by Thomas Say in 1818.-Distribution:... ?
101	CANCER filiformis	nomen dubium Nomen dubium In zoological nomenclature, a nomen dubium is a scientific name that is of unknown or doubtful application...	Caprella lobata?
102	ONISCUS linearis	valid	Idotea linearis Idotea linearis Idotea linearis is a species of elongated isopod crustacean.-Description:Idotea linearis is a narrow organism, up to seven times longer than wide. Males tend to be larger than females, and can reach in length.-Distribution and ecology:...

Further reading

(also available at Biodiversity Heritage Library, SUB Göttingen and Google Books)