Carlos Escudé
Encyclopedia
Carlos Andrés Escudé Carvajal (born 1948) is an Argentine
political scientist and author, who during the 1990s served as special advisor to one of Argentina's most distinguished Foreign Ministers - Guido di Tella
. As such, he advised on Argentine foreign policy strategy vis-à-vis the Western powers particularly in the wake of the Falklands War
.
Escudé graduated in sociology from the Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina
in 1973. In 1977 he matriculated in St. Antony’s College, Oxford, transferring to Yale University
in 1978 upon receipt of a Fulbright Fellowship. In 1981 he earned his Ph.D. in Political Science from Yale; in 1984 he was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship
; in 1986 he was decorated with the Order of Bernardo O’Higgins for promoting peace and friendship between Argentina and Chile
; in 1996 he received the Konex Award
, and in 2003 he was appointed 2003-2004 Ashley Fellow by Trent University
(Canada), nominated as “likely the most distinguished political theorist in Latin America”. His books have been edited in Argentina, the United States
and Italy
. His academic articles have also been published in the United Kingdom
, Germany
, Spain
, Israel
, Poland
and Mexico
. He has been visiting professor at Harvard University
’s Department of Government and at Madrid’s Ortega y Gasset Institute, as well as visiting fellow at St. Antony’s College (Oxford), University of Augsburg
(Germany), Johns Hopkins University
(SAIS), UNC (Chapel Hill)
and Texas (Austin)
.
Escudé's academic work is associated with neomodernism
and with peripheral realism. These approaches posit an interstate system with two complementary hierarchies that are only partially overlapping.
Peripheral realism is a foreign policy theory that argues that the international system has an incipiently hierarchical structure based on differentiated roles: rule-makers, rule-takers and rogue states. It appraises the costs, for the citizens of weaker states without rule-making capabilities, of defying the order established by the stronger, rule-making actors of the interstate system. This global power hierarchy is complemented by a moral hierarchy that acknowledges that all cultures are not morally equivalent. Here is where neomodernism comes in. If all cultures were morally equivalent, then all human individuals would not be endowed with the same human rights, because some cultures award some men more rights than are allotted to other men and women. Hence, if all men and women are endowed with the same human rights, then all cultures cannot not be morally equivalent, because cultures that acknowledge that ‘all men are created equal’ are superior, in terms of their civil ethics, to those that do not. In the West, the neomodern era is characterized by this inevitable conflict between postmodern relativism and modernity’s assumptions about the essential equality of human individuals. Concomitantly, the neomodern world-system is characterized by the two hierarchies, one related to an ethics of human rights and the other to a logic of power.
On 2010 he spoke in favour of the Cristina Fernández administration's foreign policy
Argentina
Argentina , officially the Argentine Republic , is the second largest country in South America by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires...
political scientist and author, who during the 1990s served as special advisor to one of Argentina's most distinguished Foreign Ministers - Guido di Tella
Guido di Tella
Guido di Tella was an Argentine businessman, academic and diplomat who served as Minister of Foreign Relations between 1991 and 1999.-Early career:Guido José Mario Di Tella was born in Buenos Aires, 1931...
. As such, he advised on Argentine foreign policy strategy vis-à-vis the Western powers particularly in the wake of the Falklands War
Falklands War
The Falklands War , also called the Falklands Conflict or Falklands Crisis, was fought in 1982 between Argentina and the United Kingdom over the disputed Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands...
.
Escudé graduated in sociology from the Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina
Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina
The Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina is a university in Argentina with campus in the cities of Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, Rosario, Paraná, Mendoza and Pergamino. The main campus is located in Puerto Madero, one of the most modern neighborhood of Buenos Aires...
in 1973. In 1977 he matriculated in St. Antony’s College, Oxford, transferring to Yale University
Yale University
Yale University is a private, Ivy League university located in New Haven, Connecticut, United States. Founded in 1701 in the Colony of Connecticut, the university is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States...
in 1978 upon receipt of a Fulbright Fellowship. In 1981 he earned his Ph.D. in Political Science from Yale; in 1984 he was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship
Guggenheim Fellowship
Guggenheim Fellowships are American grants that have been awarded annually since 1925 by the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation to those "who have demonstrated exceptional capacity for productive scholarship or exceptional creative ability in the arts." Each year, the foundation makes...
; in 1986 he was decorated with the Order of Bernardo O’Higgins for promoting peace and friendship between Argentina and Chile
Chile
Chile ,officially the Republic of Chile , is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow coastal strip between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far...
; in 1996 he received the Konex Award
Konex Award
Konex Foundation awards, or simple Konex awards are cultural awards from the Konex Foundation to Argentine cultural personalities.Created in 1980, where conceived as a way to reward the Argentine personalities and institutions of different fields, as well as to stimulate the beginners.Even though...
, and in 2003 he was appointed 2003-2004 Ashley Fellow by Trent University
Trent University
Trent University is a liberal arts and science-oriented institution located along the Otonabee River in Peterborough, Ontario, Canada.The enabling legislation is the Trent University Act, 1962-63. The University was founded through the efforts of a citizens' committee interested in creating a...
(Canada), nominated as “likely the most distinguished political theorist in Latin America”. His books have been edited in Argentina, the United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
and Italy
Italy
Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...
. His academic articles have also been published in the United Kingdom
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
, Germany
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
, Spain
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
, Israel
Israel
The State of Israel is a parliamentary republic located in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea...
, Poland
Poland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
and Mexico
Mexico
The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of...
. He has been visiting professor at Harvard University
Harvard University
Harvard University is a private Ivy League university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and the first corporation chartered in the country...
’s Department of Government and at Madrid’s Ortega y Gasset Institute, as well as visiting fellow at St. Antony’s College (Oxford), University of Augsburg
University of Augsburg
The University of Augsburg is a university located in the Universitätsviertel section of Augsburg, Germany. It was founded in 1970 and is organized in 7 Faculties....
(Germany), Johns Hopkins University
Johns Hopkins University
The Johns Hopkins University, commonly referred to as Johns Hopkins, JHU, or simply Hopkins, is a private research university based in Baltimore, Maryland, United States...
(SAIS), UNC (Chapel Hill)
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill is a public research university located in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States...
and Texas (Austin)
University of Texas at Austin
The University of Texas at Austin is a state research university located in Austin, Texas, USA, and is the flagship institution of the The University of Texas System. Founded in 1883, its campus is located approximately from the Texas State Capitol in Austin...
.
Escudé's academic work is associated with neomodernism
Neomodernism
Neomodernism is a term that has at times been used to describe a philosophical position based on modernism but addressing the critique of modernism by postmodernism...
and with peripheral realism. These approaches posit an interstate system with two complementary hierarchies that are only partially overlapping.
Peripheral realism is a foreign policy theory that argues that the international system has an incipiently hierarchical structure based on differentiated roles: rule-makers, rule-takers and rogue states. It appraises the costs, for the citizens of weaker states without rule-making capabilities, of defying the order established by the stronger, rule-making actors of the interstate system. This global power hierarchy is complemented by a moral hierarchy that acknowledges that all cultures are not morally equivalent. Here is where neomodernism comes in. If all cultures were morally equivalent, then all human individuals would not be endowed with the same human rights, because some cultures award some men more rights than are allotted to other men and women. Hence, if all men and women are endowed with the same human rights, then all cultures cannot not be morally equivalent, because cultures that acknowledge that ‘all men are created equal’ are superior, in terms of their civil ethics, to those that do not. In the West, the neomodern era is characterized by this inevitable conflict between postmodern relativism and modernity’s assumptions about the essential equality of human individuals. Concomitantly, the neomodern world-system is characterized by the two hierarchies, one related to an ethics of human rights and the other to a logic of power.
On 2010 he spoke in favour of the Cristina Fernández administration's foreign policy
Papers
- “National and Territorial Identities in Contemporary Latin America and Europe”, in Ryszard Stemplowski (ed.), Europe and Latin America, Looking at Each Other?, Warsaw: Polish Institute of International Affairs, 2010.
- “Réquiem al realismo periférico: ascenso y ocaso de una experiencia argentina de construcción de una teoría de RRII, 1986-1997”, in Cristián Parker Gumucio and Fernando Estenssoro Saavedra (eds.), El desafío del conocimiento para América latina, Santiago de Chile: Explora/USACH-IDEA, 2010.
- “Peripheral Realism: An Argentine Theory-Building Experience, 1986-1997”, in José Flávio Sombra Saraiva (ed.), Concepts, Histories and Theories of International Relations for the 21st Century: Regional and National Approaches, Brasilia: IBRI, 2009.
- “La civilización iberoamericana y sus relaciones internacionales”, in R. Stemplowski (ed.), On the State of Latin American States: Approaching the Bicentenary, Kracov, Poland: Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewski Krakow University, 2009.
- “Piqueteros al gobierno: un experimento populista argentino, 2003-2007”, Estudios Interdisciplinarios de América Latina y el Caribe (Aranne School of History, University of Tel Aviv), Vol. 20 (1), January-June 2009.
- Review of Ricardo Salvatore’s Imágenes de un Imperio: Estados Unidos y las Formas de Representación de América Latina (Buenos Aires: Sudamericana, 2006), in Estudios Interdisciplinarios de América Latina y el Caribe (Aranne School of History, University of Tel Aviv), Vol. 18, Nº 2, Jul-Dec 2007, pp. 125-127.
- “De Estado cautivo a Estado fallido: La Argentina y su populismo sistémico, 1975-2006” http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:papers:halshs-00103870_v1&r=all; EconPapers
- “From Captive to Failed State: Argentina under Systemic Populism, 1975-2006”, en The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, Vol. 30 (2), verano de 2006.
- “An Introduction to Peripheral Pealism”, published in Stephanie Neuman (ed.), International Relations Theory and the Third WorldInternational Relations Theory and the Third WorldInternational Relations Theory and the Third World is a collection of essays dealing with international relations theory from the perspective of non-great power actors. The book was edited by and published in 1998 by St. Martin's Press. The book was among the first mainstream publications to...
(New York, St. Martin's Press and Palgrave Macmillan, 1998). - "Argentinien - Land frustrierter Perspektiven? Ein Erklärungsansatz für relativen Frustrationen der Argentinier", en Klaus Bodemer, Andrea Pagni y Peter Waldmann (comp.), Argentinien Heute, Frankfurt: Vervuert, 2002, pp. 37–58.
- "Argentina, Israel y los Judíos", Revista de Libros, Nº 69, septiembre de 2002, Madrid;
- "Argentina: A 'Parasite State' on the Verge of Disintegration", Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Volumen 15 (3), octubre de 2002; pp. 453–467.
- "Natural Law at War", The Times Literary Supplement (TLS, Londres), 31 de mayo de 2002;
- "Unía Europejska i globalne bezpieczenstwo w ponowoczesnym swiecie", en Polski Przeglad Dyplomatyczny, Vol. 2, Nº 1 (5) 2002; p. 57-85.
- Карлос Эскуде (Carlos Escudé), “Европейский Союз и глобальная безопасность в мировой системе постсовременности (world-system)”, en Европа, Volumen 2 (3), 2002, pp. 96–130.
- "When Security Reigns Supreme: The Postmodern World-System vis-à-vis Globalized Terrorism and Organized Crime", en R. Stemplowski (comp.), Transnational Terrorism in the World System Perspective, Varsovia: Polish Institute of International Affairs, 2002, pp. 69–95
- "The European Union and Global Security in the Postmodern World-System", en R. Stemplowski (comp.) The European Union in the World System Perspective; Varsovia: Polish Institute of International Affairs, 2002, pp. 92–120.
- “The Falklands will never be Argentine”, in Lyubomir Ivanov et al. The Future of the Falkland Islands and Its People, Sofía: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2003. pp. 38–40.
- “¿Cuánto valen esas bases? El tira y afloja entre Estados Unidos y España, 1951-1953”, en Cuadernos de Historia Contemporánea, Vol. 25 (2003), pp. 61–81 apareció a mediados de 2004.
- In co-authorship with Beatriz Gurevich, "Transnational Terrorism, Corruption and Erosion of State Authority: the Case of the 1992 and 1994 Attacks in Argentina", en E.I.A.L - Estudios Interdisciplinarios de América Latina y el Caribe, Universidad de Tel Aviv, Vol. 14, Nº 2, julio-diciembre de 2003, pp. 127–148.
Books
- Por qué soy judío y otros ensayos, Buenos Aires: Ed. Lumière, 2010.
- La Guerra de los Dioses: los Mandatos Bíblicos frente a la Política Mundial, Buenos Aires: Ed. Lumière, 2007
- Festival de Licuaciones: Causas y Consecuencias de la Pobreza en la Argentina, Buenos Aires: Ed. Lumière, 2006.
- El Estado Parasitario: Argentina, Ciclos de Vaciamiento, Clase Política Delictiva y Colapso de la Política Exterior, Buenos Aires: Ed. Lumière, 2005.
- Historia General de las Relaciones Exteriores de la República Argentina. Quince volúmenes dedicados a la historia de las relaciones exteriores de la Argentina, desde las frustradas invasiones inglesas de 1806 hasta el final de la administración de Raúl Alfonsín de 1989. Dirigida por Carlos Escudé y Andrés Cisneros, con la colaboración de un equipo de doce investigadores. Buenos Aires: GEL, 1998-2000.
- Estado del Mundo: Las Nuevas Reglas de la Política Internacional Vistas desde el Cono Sur, Buenos Aires: Ariel, 1999.
- Los Mercenarios del Fin del Milenio: Estados Unidos, Europa y la Proliferación de Servicios Militares Privados, Buenos Aires: Belgrano, 1999.
- Foreign Policy Theory in Menem's Argentina, Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida, 1997.
- Biografía Apócrifa de Andrés Carvajal, Buenos Aires: GEL/Nuevohacer, 1996 (novela).
- El Realismo de los Estados Débiles: la política exterior del primer gobierno Menem frente a la teoría de las relaciones internacionales, (publicado bajo los auspicios del Center for International Affairs, Harvard University), Buenos Aires: GEL 1995.
- Realismo Periférico: Bases Teóricas para una Nueva Política Exterior Argentina, Buenos Aires: Planeta 1992.
- La "Riconquista" Argentina: Scuola e Nazionalismo, Fiesole, Italy: Edizioni Cultura della Pace, 1992. Versión abreviada del libro mencionado abajo (1990), en Idioma italiano|italiano.
- El Fracaso del Proyecto Argentino: Educación e Ideología, Buenos Aires: Ed. Tesis/Instituto Torcuato Di Tella, 1990.
- Patología del Nacionalismo: el Caso Argentino, Buenos Aires: Ed. Tesis/Instituto Torcuato Di Tella, 1987.
- La Argentina vs. las Grandes Potencias: el Precio del Desafío, Buenos Aires: Ed. de Belgrano 1986.
- La Argentina, ¿Paria Internacional? (con la colaboración de Cristóbal Williams), Buenos Aires: Ed. de Belgrano 1984.
- Gran Bretaña, Estados Unidos y la Declinación Argentina, 1942-49, Buenos Aires: Ed. de Belgrano, ediciones en 1983, 1984, 1988 y 1996.
- Con Beatriz Gurevich, también compiló El Genocidio Ante la Historia y la Naturaleza Humana, Buenos Aires: GEL, 1994.