Benvenuto Tisi (il Garofalo)
Encyclopedia
Benvenuto Tisi (1481 – September 6, 1559) was a Late-Renaissance
-Mannerist
Italian
painter
of the School of Ferrara
. Garofalo's career began attached to the court of the Duke d'Este. His early works have been described as "idyllic", but they often conform to the elaborate conceits favored by the artistically refined Ferrarese court.
, Tisi is claimed to have apprenticed under Panetti
and perhaps Costa
and was a contemporary, and sometimes collaborator with Dosso Dossi
. In 1495 he worked at Cremona
under Boccaccino, who initiated him into Venetian
colouring. He may have spent three years (1509–1512), in Rome. This led to a stylized classical style, more influenced by Giulio Romano
.
Invited by a Ferrarese gentleman, Geronimo Sagrato, to Rome, he worked briefly under Raphael
in the decoration of the Stanza della Segnatura. From Rome family affairs recalled him to Ferrara; there Duke Alfonso I
commissioned him to execute paintings, along with the Dossi, in the Delizia di Belriguardo and in other palaces. Thus the style of Tisi partakes of the Lombard, the Roman and the Venetian modes.
He painted extensively in Ferrara, both in oil and in fresco, two of his principal works being the "Massacre of the Innocents" (1519), in the church of S. Francesco, and his masterpiece "Betrayal of Christ" (1524). For the former he made clay models for study and a clay figure. He continued constantly at work until in 1550 blindness overtook him, painting on all feast-days in monasteries for the love of God. He had married at the age forty-eight, and died at Ferrara on the 6th (or 16th) of September 1559, leaving two children.
Garofalo combined sacred inventions with some very familiar details. A certain archaism of style, with a strong glow of colour, suffices to distinguish from the true method of Raphael even those pictures in which he most closely resembles the great masterthis sometimes very closely; but the work of Garofalo is seldom free from a certain trim pettiness of feeling and manner.
He was a friend of Giulio Romano
, Giorgione
, Titian
and Ariosto; in a picture of "Paradise" he painted Ariosto between St Catherine and St Sebastian. In youth he was fond of lute
-playing and also of fencing
. He ranks among the best of the Ferrarese painters; his leading pupil was Girolamo da Carpi
.
in Rome — gave promise of an Italianate Cuyp
, less commonplace, more romantic
, and more refined than the Dutch
artist.
His youthful works include the Boar Hunt in the Palazzo Sciarra and the Virgin in the Clouds with Four Saints (1518) in the Accademia
in Venice
, considered one of his masterpieces. The Pietà
(1527) in the Brera Gallery in Milan reveals an increasingly stylized treatment. The Madonna
(1532) in the Modena
Gallery is a charming picture; however, the large Triumph of Religion in the Atheneum at Ferrara
has been described as a "bookish" affair, whose episodes are difficult to elucidate. Garofalo is one of the painters known and described by Vasari. From 1550 till his death Garofalo was blind. In 1520, Girolamo da Carpi
is said to have apprenticed in Garofalo's workshop, and worked with him in Ferrarese projects in the 1530-40.
Renaissance
The Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. The term is also used more loosely to refer to the historical era, but since the changes of the Renaissance were not...
-Mannerist
Mannerism
Mannerism is a period of European art that emerged from the later years of the Italian High Renaissance around 1520. It lasted until about 1580 in Italy, when a more Baroque style began to replace it, but Northern Mannerism continued into the early 17th century throughout much of Europe...
Italian
Italy
Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...
painter
Painting
Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a surface . The application of the medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush but other objects can be used. In art, the term painting describes both the act and the result of the action. However, painting is...
of the School of Ferrara
School of Ferrara (painting)
The School of Ferrara was a group of painters which flourished in the Duchy of Ferrara during the Renaissance. Ferrara was ruled by the Este family, well known for its patronage of the arts. Patronage was extended with the ascent of Ercole d'Este I in 1470, and the family continued in power till...
. Garofalo's career began attached to the court of the Duke d'Este. His early works have been described as "idyllic", but they often conform to the elaborate conceits favored by the artistically refined Ferrarese court.
Early training
Born in FerraraFerrara
Ferrara is a city and comune in Emilia-Romagna, northern Italy, capital city of the Province of Ferrara. It is situated 50 km north-northeast of Bologna, on the Po di Volano, a branch channel of the main stream of the Po River, located 5 km north...
, Tisi is claimed to have apprenticed under Panetti
Domenico Panetti
Domenico Panetti was an Italian painter of the Renaissance period, active mainly in Ferrara. Among his early pupils was Garofalo. He painted a Deposition from the Cross for the church of San Niccolo and a Visitation for San Francesco....
and perhaps Costa
Lorenzo Costa
Lorenzo Costa was an Italian painter of the Renaissance.-Biography:He was born at Ferrara, but moved to Bologna by the his early twenties, and would be more influential to the Bolognese school of painting. However, many artists worked in both nearby cities, and thus others consider him a product...
and was a contemporary, and sometimes collaborator with Dosso Dossi
Dosso Dossi
Dosso Dossi , real name Giovanni di Niccolò de Luteri, was an Italian Renaissance painter who belonged to the Ferrara School of Painting.-Biography:Dossi was born in San Giovanni del Dosso a village in the province of Mantua...
. In 1495 he worked at Cremona
Cremona
Cremona is a city and comune in northern Italy, situated in Lombardy, on the left bank of the Po River in the middle of the Pianura Padana . It is the capital of the province of Cremona and the seat of the local City and Province governments...
under Boccaccino, who initiated him into Venetian
Venice
Venice is a city in northern Italy which is renowned for the beauty of its setting, its architecture and its artworks. It is the capital of the Veneto region...
colouring. He may have spent three years (1509–1512), in Rome. This led to a stylized classical style, more influenced by Giulio Romano
Giulio Romano
Giulio Romano was an Italian painter and architect. A pupil of Raphael, his stylistic deviations from high Renaissance classicism help define the 16th-century style known as Mannerism...
.
Invited by a Ferrarese gentleman, Geronimo Sagrato, to Rome, he worked briefly under Raphael
Raphael
Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino , better known simply as Raphael, was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance. His work is admired for its clarity of form and ease of composition and for its visual achievement of the Neoplatonic ideal of human grandeur...
in the decoration of the Stanza della Segnatura. From Rome family affairs recalled him to Ferrara; there Duke Alfonso I
Alfonso I d'Este
Alfonso d'Este was Duke of Ferrara during the time of the War of the League of Cambrai.-Biography:He was the son of Ercole I d'Este and Leonora of Naples....
commissioned him to execute paintings, along with the Dossi, in the Delizia di Belriguardo and in other palaces. Thus the style of Tisi partakes of the Lombard, the Roman and the Venetian modes.
He painted extensively in Ferrara, both in oil and in fresco, two of his principal works being the "Massacre of the Innocents" (1519), in the church of S. Francesco, and his masterpiece "Betrayal of Christ" (1524). For the former he made clay models for study and a clay figure. He continued constantly at work until in 1550 blindness overtook him, painting on all feast-days in monasteries for the love of God. He had married at the age forty-eight, and died at Ferrara on the 6th (or 16th) of September 1559, leaving two children.
Garofalo combined sacred inventions with some very familiar details. A certain archaism of style, with a strong glow of colour, suffices to distinguish from the true method of Raphael even those pictures in which he most closely resembles the great masterthis sometimes very closely; but the work of Garofalo is seldom free from a certain trim pettiness of feeling and manner.
He was a friend of Giulio Romano
Giulio Romano
Giulio Romano was an Italian painter and architect. A pupil of Raphael, his stylistic deviations from high Renaissance classicism help define the 16th-century style known as Mannerism...
, Giorgione
Giorgione
Giorgione was a Venetian painter of the High Renaissance in Venice, whose career was cut off by his death at a little over thirty. Giorgione is known for the elusive poetic quality of his work, though only about six surviving paintings are acknowledged for certain to be his work...
, Titian
Titian
Tiziano Vecelli or Tiziano Vecellio Tiziano Vecelli or Tiziano Vecellio Tiziano Vecelli or Tiziano Vecellio (c. 1488/1490 – 27 August 1576 better known as Titian was an Italian painter, the most important member of the 16th-century Venetian school. He was born in Pieve di Cadore, near...
and Ariosto; in a picture of "Paradise" he painted Ariosto between St Catherine and St Sebastian. In youth he was fond of lute
Lute
Lute can refer generally to any plucked string instrument with a neck and a deep round back, or more specifically to an instrument from the family of European lutes....
-playing and also of fencing
Fencing
Fencing, which is also known as modern fencing to distinguish it from historical fencing, is a family of combat sports using bladed weapons.Fencing is one of four sports which have been featured at every one of the modern Olympic Games...
. He ranks among the best of the Ferrarese painters; his leading pupil was Girolamo da Carpi
Girolamo da Carpi
Girolamo Da Carpi was an Italian painter and decorator who worked at the Court of the House of Este in Ferrara. He began painting in Ferrara, by report apprenticing to Benvenuto Tisi ; but by age 20, he had moved to Bologna, and is considered a figure of Early Renaissance painting of the local...
.
Mature works and assessment
Even his least successful works retain, amid their frigid and porcelain quality, a harmony which marks Venetian colouring. His youthful works include the "Boar Hunt" in the Palazzo Sciarra. Later, the "Knight's Procession" in the Palazzo ColonnaPalazzo Colonna
The Palazzo Colonna is a palatial block of buildings in central Rome, Italy, at the base of the Quirinal Hill, and adjacent to the church of Santi Apostoli...
in Rome — gave promise of an Italianate Cuyp
Cuyp
The surname Cuyp is shared by three painters who lived during the Dutch Golden Age:* Jacob Gerritsz. Cuyp * his half-brother Benjamin Gerritsz Cuyp...
, less commonplace, more romantic
Romantic love
Romance is the pleasurable feeling of excitement and mystery associated with love.In the context of romantic love relationships, romance usually implies an expression of one's love, or one's deep emotional desires to connect with another person....
, and more refined than the Dutch
Netherlands
The Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders...
artist.
His youthful works include the Boar Hunt in the Palazzo Sciarra and the Virgin in the Clouds with Four Saints (1518) in the Accademia
Accademia
The Accademia is a museum gallery of pre-19th century art in Venice, northern Italy. Situated on the south bank of the Grand Canal, within the sestiere of Dorsoduro, it gives its name to one of the three bridges across the canal, the Ponte dell'Accademia, and to the boat landing station for the...
in Venice
Venice
Venice is a city in northern Italy which is renowned for the beauty of its setting, its architecture and its artworks. It is the capital of the Veneto region...
, considered one of his masterpieces. The Pietà
Pietà
The Pietà is a subject in Christian art depicting the Virgin Mary cradling the dead body of Jesus, most often found in sculpture. As such, it is a particular form of the Lamentation of Christ, a scene from the Passion of Christ found in cycles of the Life of Christ...
(1527) in the Brera Gallery in Milan reveals an increasingly stylized treatment. The Madonna
Madonna (art)
Images of the Madonna and the Madonna and Child or Virgin and Child are pictorial or sculptured representations of Mary, Mother of Jesus, either alone, or more frequently, with the infant Jesus. These images are central icons of Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodox Christianity where Mary remains...
(1532) in the Modena
Modena
Modena is a city and comune on the south side of the Po Valley, in the Province of Modena in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy....
Gallery is a charming picture; however, the large Triumph of Religion in the Atheneum at Ferrara
Ferrara
Ferrara is a city and comune in Emilia-Romagna, northern Italy, capital city of the Province of Ferrara. It is situated 50 km north-northeast of Bologna, on the Po di Volano, a branch channel of the main stream of the Po River, located 5 km north...
has been described as a "bookish" affair, whose episodes are difficult to elucidate. Garofalo is one of the painters known and described by Vasari. From 1550 till his death Garofalo was blind. In 1520, Girolamo da Carpi
Girolamo da Carpi
Girolamo Da Carpi was an Italian painter and decorator who worked at the Court of the House of Este in Ferrara. He began painting in Ferrara, by report apprenticing to Benvenuto Tisi ; but by age 20, he had moved to Bologna, and is considered a figure of Early Renaissance painting of the local...
is said to have apprenticed in Garofalo's workshop, and worked with him in Ferrarese projects in the 1530-40.
Anthology of works
- Madonna and Child (1510) - Galleria dell'Arte Studiolo, Milan http://www.globo.trieste.it/genialmente/garofalo.htm
- Holy Family - Musee de Angers http://www.latribunedelart.com/Musees_2004/Garofalo_-_Sainte_Famille.JPG
- Adoration of the Child (1508–1509) - Pinacoteca Nazionale, Ferrara
- Neptune and Pallas (1512) - Art Gallery, Dresden http://www2.adnkronos.com:8888/news/prod/bolletti/lefoto/2002/dic/bacco/f7.htm
- Madonna delle Nuvole (1514) - Pinacoteca Nazionale, Ferrara
- Madonna del Baldacchino (1517) - National Gallery, London
- Massacre of the Innocents (1519) - Pinacoteca Nazionale, Ferrara
- Madonna del Pilastro (1523) - Pinacoteca Nazionale, Ferrara
- Madonna Enthroned with Saints (1524) - Duomo, Ferrara
- Madonna in Glory (1532) - Musei Capitolini, Rome
- St Sebastian - Museo di CapodimonteMuseo di CapodimonteThe National Museum of Capodimonte is located in the Palace of Capodimonte, a grand Bourbon palazzo in Naples, Italy. The museum is the prime repository of Neapolitan painting and decorative art, with several important works from other Italian schools of painting, and some important Ancient Roman...
, Naples http://bode.diee.unica.it/~giua/SEBASTIAN/PICS/garofalo.jpg - Madonna Enthroned with Saintshttp://bode.diee.unica.it/~giua/SEBASTIAN/PICS/garofalo2.jpg
- Annunciation (1528) - Musei Capitolini, Rome http://www2.comune.roma.it/museicapitolini/pinacoteca/visita/sala2_garofalo.htm
- Madonna Enthroned with Saints (1532) - Modena
- Raising of Lazarus (1534) - Pinacoteca Nazionale, Ferrara
- Washing feet of Christ - National Gallery, Washington DC http://www.hallandknight.com/sales/garofalo.html
- Blessing of Saint John the Baptist (1542) - San Salvatore, Bologna
- Annunciation (1550) - Pinacoteca di Brera, Milan
- The Virgin and Child with Saints Dominic and Catherine of Siena (c. 1500-1505) - National Gallery, London http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/cgi-bin/WebObjects.dll/CollectionPublisher.woa/wa/largeImage?workNumber=NG3102&collectionPublisherSection=work
- The Madonna and Child Enthroned with Saints William of Aquitaine, Clare, Anthony of Padua and Francis (1517–1518) - National Gallery, London http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/cgi-bin/WebObjects.dll/CollectionPublisher.woa/wa/largeImage?workNumber=NG671&collectionPublisherSection=work
- A Pagan Sacrifice (1526) - National Gallery, London http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/cgi-bin/WebObjects.dll/CollectionPublisher.woa/wa/largeImage?workNumber=NG3928&collectionPublisherSection=work
- The Holy Family with Saints John the Baptist, Elizabeth, Zacharias and (?) Francis (1520) - National Gallery, London http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/cgi-bin/WebObjects.dll/CollectionPublisher.woa/wa/largeImage?workNumber=NG170&collectionPublisherSection=work
- Saint Catherine of Alexandria (c. 1515-1530) - National Gallery, London http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/cgi-bin/WebObjects.dll/CollectionPublisher.woa/wa/largeImage?workNumber=NG3118&collectionPublisherSection=work
- The Agony in the Garden (1520s-1530s) - National Gallery, London http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/cgi-bin/WebObjects.dll/CollectionPublisher.woa/wa/largeImage?workNumber=NG642&collectionPublisherSection=work
- The Vision of Saint Augustine (c. 1518) - National Gallery, London http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/cgi-bin/WebObjects.dll/CollectionPublisher.woa/wa/largeImage?workNumber=NG81&collectionPublisherSection=work
- An Allegory of Love (c. 1527-1539) - National Gallery, London http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/cgi-bin/WebObjects.dll/CollectionPublisher.woa/wa/largeImage?workNumber=NG1362&collectionPublisherSection=work
- Christ and the Samaritan Woman (1536)http://www.imj.org.il/eng/exhibitions/2005/40/sanctus/
- Conversion of Saint Paul (1545)- Galleria Borghese, Rome
- Madonna with Saint John and Saint Elisabeth - Courtauld Institute, London http://www.artandarchitecture.org.uk/images/gallery/3dc3f4f7.html
- Jesus in the Orchardhttp://www.anticoantico.com/antiquari/mod/prod_dett.asp?s_IDantiquario=439&s_IDarticolo=11281
- The Triumph of Bacchus (1517 unfinished draft by Raffael, 1540 finished by Garofalo) - Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, Dresden, Germany
- Holy Familyhttp://www.artothek.de/cgi-bin/art_pl/artdetail.pl?language=044&Bildnr=020638&ID=80785
- The Miracle of the Swine (circa 1535) - Alnwick CastleAlnwick CastleAlnwick Castle is a castle and stately home in the town of the same name in the English county of Northumberland. It is the residence of the Duke of Northumberland, built following the Norman conquest, and renovated and remodelled a number of times. It is a Grade I listed building.-History:Alnwick...
, Northumberland - Mars, Venus and Cupido - Wawel Royal Castle, Krakow
- Madonna and Child Enthroned Dunedin Public Art GalleryDunedin Public Art GalleryThe Dunedin Public Art Gallery holds the main public art collection of the city of Dunedin, New Zealand. Located in The Octagon in the heart of the city, it is close to the city's public library, municipal chambers, and other facilities such as the Regent Theatre.-History:The gallery was founded by...
, Dunedin.
External links
- Works by Garofalo at Census of Ferrarese Paintings and Drawings