Battlefield (video game series)
Encyclopedia
The Battlefield franchise is a series of computer and console games that started with the Windows
/Mac
game Battlefield 1942
. The series is developed by the Swedish company EA Digital Illusions CE, and published by Electronic Arts
. The games feature a greater focus on large maps, teamwork and vehicle warfare than traditional first-person shooter
s. The PC games
in the series are mainly focused on online multiplayer
. The Battlefield series has sold 17 million units as of 2008. The series has a recognizable 6-beat sting
which is often used in promotional material for the games.
was released on September 10, 2002, using the Refractor gaming engine, and introduced the "Conquest" gameplay mode, in which players fought for "capture points" throughout the map. Two expansion packs
were released, The Road to Rome
and Secret Weapons of WWII
.
Battlefield Vietnam
, released in 2004, moved the setting to the Vietnam War
, and was built on a modified Refractor engine with various gameplay improvements, such as firing personal weapons while seated in vehicles.
The 2005 game Battlefield 2
takes place in the modern day, during a fictional war between the United States
, China
, and the fictional Middle Eastern Coalition (MEC). Despite it requiring numerous software patches
due to the large number of bugs and glitches in the game upon its release, it was a commercial success, selling over 2,250,000 copies worldwide, as of July 2006. It also received widespread critical acclaim, with an aggregate review score of 91%. One expansion pack, Special Forces, and two booster packs
, Armored Fury and Euro Force, were also released. A version of the game called Battlefield 2: Modern Combat
was released for consoles, with an improved single player mode but more limited online play.
Battlefield 2142
was released in 2006, taking place during a global ice age
in the 22nd century. While much of it is graphically similar to Battlefield 2, it introduced a variety of equippable items to unlock and battles between two giant "Titan" airship
s. Its use of in-game advertising
was controversial among players. While generally praised by critics, it received lower review scores than its predecessors, with an average GameRankings score of 80%. The Northern Strike booster pack was later released, including new maps, vehicles, and a new game mode.
Battlefield: Bad Company
, released in 2008, followed the infamous "B" Company's AWOL
escapades and their search for mercenary gold. This new, modern day Battlefield game had modern day weapons, as well as a variety of vehicles for land, air and sea. It had a remarkably realistic destruction system that allowed the player to break, destroy, or create new environments, based on a new next generation gaming engine named Frostbite.
In 2009, EA released two download-only games, Battlefield Heroes
, a free-to-play
Refractor 2 engine game, supported by advertising and micropayment
s and Battlefield 1943
, a Frostbite engine game, released in July 2009, for Xbox 360
and PlayStation 3
, and was scheduled for release in Q1 2010, for PCs
, but was cancelled.
In 2010, a direct sequel to Battlefield: Bad Company, Battlefield: Bad Company 2
, was released, involving "B" Company's search for an EMP
weapon (called a scalar weapon ingame). It had a larger, and arguably better multiplayer than its predecessor "Bad Company", with updated graphics and new realistic effects (e.g. bullet-drop). It also featured a "VIP" system of content distribution where player with VIP codes gain free access to new maps released periodically. DICE also released an expansion for Bad Company 2, Battlefield: Bad Company 2: Vietnam.
Battlefield 3
was announced in 2009, and in 2010 it was confirmed that gamers who pre-ordered
Medal of Honor (2010)
Limited Edition or who pre-ordered from origin(in the U.S. only) would receive a beta of Battlefield 3 48 hours before the open beta was released. On February 4, 2011, the first teaser trailer for the game was revealed, with a preliminary release in the Fall of 2011. Among the features that remain in the game are Jets and the ability to go prone. The game still allows 64 (on the PC) players as in all previous Battlefield titles, though the consoles allow for 24 player matches. The Battlefield 3 Beta was released on September 29th, 2011.
Battlefield 3 was released on October 25th, 2011 and has received almost unanimous high review scores. This is despite the game being even more riddled with bugs on release than Battlefield 2, including many that were present in the beta's that were promised to be gone by release date. Some of these bugs are interfering with gameplay
On November 5, 2010, EASY Studios announced a follow-up to its free-to-play Battlefield Heroes
, Battlefield Play4Free
. EASY develops the free-to-play variants of Battlefield. Its latest offering gives players the same free-to-play pricing structure of Heroes, while still offering a more serious, core Battlefield experience (as opposed to Heroes lighthearted, cartoon-styled environment). Battlefield Play4Free went into open beta on April 4, 2011.
s as well as team-based infantry combat. Playing in squads has also become a major element of games in the series.
Since Battlefield 2
, all games in the series centrally record online statistics for each player allowing the players to receive rank promotions and weapon unlocks based on their statistics as well as awards such as medals, ribbons and pins.
A class system has been present within all the Battlefield games. Each class features a different type of primary weapon along with different equipment, differentiating roles on the battlefield.
The ability to melee other players with a knife has always been present in Battlefield games. Also since Battlefield 2142
, the series has included an award of dog tag
s for each player killed using a knife.
Microsoft Windows
Microsoft Windows is a series of operating systems produced by Microsoft.Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20, 1985 as an add-on to MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world's personal...
/Mac
Mac OS
Mac OS is a series of graphical user interface-based operating systems developed by Apple Inc. for their Macintosh line of computer systems. The Macintosh user experience is credited with popularizing the graphical user interface...
game Battlefield 1942
Battlefield 1942
Battlefield 1942 is a 3D World War II first-person shooter computer game developed by Swedish company Digital Illusions CE and published by Electronic Arts for Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh . The game can be played in singleplayer mode against the computer game AI or in multiplayer mode...
. The series is developed by the Swedish company EA Digital Illusions CE, and published by Electronic Arts
Electronic Arts
Electronic Arts, Inc. is a major American developer, marketer, publisher and distributor of video games. Founded and incorporated on May 28, 1982 by Trip Hawkins, the company was a pioneer of the early home computer games industry and was notable for promoting the designers and programmers...
. The games feature a greater focus on large maps, teamwork and vehicle warfare than traditional first-person shooter
First-person shooter
First-person shooter is a video game genre that centers the gameplay on gun and projectile weapon-based combat through first-person perspective; i.e., the player experiences the action through the eyes of a protagonist. Generally speaking, the first-person shooter shares common traits with other...
s. The PC games
Personal computer game
A PC game, also known as a computer game, is a video game played on a personal computer, rather than on a video game console or arcade machine...
in the series are mainly focused on online multiplayer
Online game
An online game is a game played over some form of computer network. This almost always means the Internet or equivalent technology, but games have always used whatever technology was current: modems before the Internet, and hard wired terminals before modems...
. The Battlefield series has sold 17 million units as of 2008. The series has a recognizable 6-beat sting
Sting (musical phrase)
A sting is a short musical phrase, primarily used in television shows and films as a form of punctuation—for example at the end of a scene, or as a dramatic climax is imminent...
which is often used in promotional material for the games.
History
Battlefield 1942Battlefield 1942
Battlefield 1942 is a 3D World War II first-person shooter computer game developed by Swedish company Digital Illusions CE and published by Electronic Arts for Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh . The game can be played in singleplayer mode against the computer game AI or in multiplayer mode...
was released on September 10, 2002, using the Refractor gaming engine, and introduced the "Conquest" gameplay mode, in which players fought for "capture points" throughout the map. Two expansion packs
Expansion pack
An expansion pack, expansion set, or supplement is an addition to an existing role-playing game, tabletop game or video game. These add-ons usually add new game areas, weapons, objects, and/or an extended storyline to a complete and already released game...
were released, The Road to Rome
Battlefield 1942: The Road to Rome
Battlefield: 1942: The Road to Rome is an expansion pack for the Battlefield 1942 video game. It was released February 4, 2003 by Electronic Arts and developed by Digital Illusions CE...
and Secret Weapons of WWII
Battlefield 1942: Secret Weapons of WWII
Battlefield 1942: Secret Weapons of WWII is the second of two expansions to the World War II first-person shooter computer game Battlefield 1942. It is developed by Digital Illusions CE and published by Electronic Arts for Microsoft Windows September 4, 2003 in North America and September 5, 2003...
.
Battlefield Vietnam
Battlefield Vietnam
Battlefield Vietnam is the second video game in Electronic Arts' Battlefield franchise after Battlefield 1942. The game was developed by the Swedish company Digital Illusions CE and published by Electronic Arts on March 15, 2004 in North America and days later in other parts of the world....
, released in 2004, moved the setting to the Vietnam War
Vietnam War
The Vietnam War was a Cold War-era military conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. This war followed the First Indochina War and was fought between North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the government of...
, and was built on a modified Refractor engine with various gameplay improvements, such as firing personal weapons while seated in vehicles.
The 2005 game Battlefield 2
Battlefield 2
Battlefield 2 is a computer game by the Swedish developer Digital Illusions CE . During development, Trauma Studios contributed to the development of the game after it was acquired by DICE...
takes place in the modern day, during a fictional war between the United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
, China
China
Chinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...
, and the fictional Middle Eastern Coalition (MEC). Despite it requiring numerous software patches
Patch (computing)
A patch is a piece of software designed to fix problems with, or update a computer program or its supporting data. This includes fixing security vulnerabilities and other bugs, and improving the usability or performance...
due to the large number of bugs and glitches in the game upon its release, it was a commercial success, selling over 2,250,000 copies worldwide, as of July 2006. It also received widespread critical acclaim, with an aggregate review score of 91%. One expansion pack, Special Forces, and two booster packs
Booster pack
In collectible card games and collectible miniature wargames, a booster pack is a sealed package of cards or figurines, designed to add to a player's collection....
, Armored Fury and Euro Force, were also released. A version of the game called Battlefield 2: Modern Combat
Battlefield 2: Modern Combat
Battlefield 2: Modern Combat is a first-person shooter video game in the Battlefield series, developed by Digital Illusions CE. Modern Combat is the first Battlefield game for video game consoles....
was released for consoles, with an improved single player mode but more limited online play.
Battlefield 2142
Battlefield 2142
Battlefield 2142 is a first-person shooter video game developed by Digital Illusions CE and produced by Electronic Arts . It is the fourth game in the Battlefield series...
was released in 2006, taking place during a global ice age
Ice age
An ice age or, more precisely, glacial age, is a generic geological period of long-term reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental ice sheets, polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers...
in the 22nd century. While much of it is graphically similar to Battlefield 2, it introduced a variety of equippable items to unlock and battles between two giant "Titan" airship
Airship
An airship or dirigible is a type of aerostat or "lighter-than-air aircraft" that can be steered and propelled through the air using rudders and propellers or other thrust mechanisms...
s. Its use of in-game advertising
In-game advertising
In-game advertising refers to advertising in computer and video games. IGA differs from advergaming, which refers to a game specifically made to advertise a product.The IGA industry is large and growing...
was controversial among players. While generally praised by critics, it received lower review scores than its predecessors, with an average GameRankings score of 80%. The Northern Strike booster pack was later released, including new maps, vehicles, and a new game mode.
Battlefield: Bad Company
Battlefield: Bad Company
Battlefield: Bad Company is a first-person shooter developed by EA DICE for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. It was released in North America on June 23 2008, followed by a European release on June 26. The game was hinted at just before the release of Battlefield 2, and then announced sixteen months later...
, released in 2008, followed the infamous "B" Company's AWOL
Desertion
In military terminology, desertion is the abandonment of a "duty" or post without permission and is done with the intention of not returning...
escapades and their search for mercenary gold. This new, modern day Battlefield game had modern day weapons, as well as a variety of vehicles for land, air and sea. It had a remarkably realistic destruction system that allowed the player to break, destroy, or create new environments, based on a new next generation gaming engine named Frostbite.
In 2009, EA released two download-only games, Battlefield Heroes
Battlefield Heroes
Battlefield Heroes is a cartoon-style action video game developed by DICE initially—now developed by —and published by EA for Microsoft Windows. It is played from a third-person EA are calling it FPS perspective. The game is less demanding on computer specifications than the previous games of the...
, a free-to-play
Free-to-play
Free-to-play refers to any video game that has the option of allowing its players to play without paying. The model was first popularly used in early massively multiplayer online games targeted towards casual gamers, before finding wider adoption among games released by major video game...
Refractor 2 engine game, supported by advertising and micropayment
Micropayment
A micropayment is a financial transaction involving a very small sum of money and usually one that occurs online. PayPal defines a micropayment as a transaction of less than 12 USD while Visa prefers transactions under 20 Australian dollars, and though micropayments were originally envisioned to...
s and Battlefield 1943
Battlefield 1943
Battlefield 1943 is an online multiplayer World War II first-person shooter video game developed by EA Digital Illusions CE and published by Electronic Arts for Xbox Live Arcade and PlayStation Network via digital download only. Unlike Battlefield 1942, this game takes place only in the Pacific...
, a Frostbite engine game, released in July 2009, for Xbox 360
Xbox 360
The Xbox 360 is the second video game console produced by Microsoft and the successor to the Xbox. The Xbox 360 competes with Sony's PlayStation 3 and Nintendo's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles...
and PlayStation 3
PlayStation 3
The is the third home video game console produced by Sony Computer Entertainment and the successor to the PlayStation 2 as part of the PlayStation series. The PlayStation 3 competes with Microsoft's Xbox 360 and Nintendo's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles...
, and was scheduled for release in Q1 2010, for PCs
Personal computer
A personal computer is any general-purpose computer whose size, capabilities, and original sales price make it useful for individuals, and which is intended to be operated directly by an end-user with no intervening computer operator...
, but was cancelled.
In 2010, a direct sequel to Battlefield: Bad Company, Battlefield: Bad Company 2
Battlefield: Bad Company 2
Battlefield: Bad Company 2 is a first-person shooter video game developed by the Swedish firm EA Digital Illusions CE and published by Electronic Arts for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, iOS and Mac OS X systems. It is a direct sequel to Battlefield: Bad Company and is part of the...
, was released, involving "B" Company's search for an EMP
Electromagnetic pulse
An electromagnetic pulse is a burst of electromagnetic radiation. The abrupt pulse of electromagnetic radiation usually results from certain types of high energy explosions, especially a nuclear explosion, or from a suddenly fluctuating magnetic field...
weapon (called a scalar weapon ingame). It had a larger, and arguably better multiplayer than its predecessor "Bad Company", with updated graphics and new realistic effects (e.g. bullet-drop). It also featured a "VIP" system of content distribution where player with VIP codes gain free access to new maps released periodically. DICE also released an expansion for Bad Company 2, Battlefield: Bad Company 2: Vietnam.
Battlefield 3
Battlefield 3
Battlefield 3 is a first-person shooter video game developed by EA Digital Illusions CE and published by Electronic Arts. The game was released in North America on October 25, 2011 and in Europe on October 28, 2011 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and EA Mobile confirmed a port for...
was announced in 2009, and in 2010 it was confirmed that gamers who pre-ordered
Pre-order
A pre-order is an order placed for an item which has not yet been released. The idea for pre-orders came when people found it hard to get popular items in stores due to their popularity. Companies were then given the idea to allow people to reserve their own personal copy, before the release, ...
Medal of Honor (2010)
Medal of Honor (2010 video game)
Medal of Honor is a first-person shooter video game and remake to the original Medal of Honor. Developed by Danger Close, a team within the EA Los Angeles studio, and DICE, it is the twelfth installment in the Medal of Honor series and was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360...
Limited Edition or who pre-ordered from origin(in the U.S. only) would receive a beta of Battlefield 3 48 hours before the open beta was released. On February 4, 2011, the first teaser trailer for the game was revealed, with a preliminary release in the Fall of 2011. Among the features that remain in the game are Jets and the ability to go prone. The game still allows 64 (on the PC) players as in all previous Battlefield titles, though the consoles allow for 24 player matches. The Battlefield 3 Beta was released on September 29th, 2011.
Battlefield 3 was released on October 25th, 2011 and has received almost unanimous high review scores. This is despite the game being even more riddled with bugs on release than Battlefield 2, including many that were present in the beta's that were promised to be gone by release date. Some of these bugs are interfering with gameplay
On November 5, 2010, EASY Studios announced a follow-up to its free-to-play Battlefield Heroes
Battlefield Heroes
Battlefield Heroes is a cartoon-style action video game developed by DICE initially—now developed by —and published by EA for Microsoft Windows. It is played from a third-person EA are calling it FPS perspective. The game is less demanding on computer specifications than the previous games of the...
, Battlefield Play4Free
Battlefield Play4Free
Battlefield Play4Free is a first-person shooter developed by EA and . Based on the Battlefield series, the game features a modern warfare setting. Play4Free is built on a modified version of Battlefield 2's engine, with improvements such as high resolution artwork and post-processing effects...
. EASY develops the free-to-play variants of Battlefield. Its latest offering gives players the same free-to-play pricing structure of Heroes, while still offering a more serious, core Battlefield experience (as opposed to Heroes lighthearted, cartoon-styled environment). Battlefield Play4Free went into open beta on April 4, 2011.
Game mechanics
Battlefield series games usually focus on large, online multiplayer battles, with emphasis on piloting a number of vehicleVehicle
A vehicle is a device that is designed or used to transport people or cargo. Most often vehicles are manufactured, such as bicycles, cars, motorcycles, trains, ships, boats, and aircraft....
s as well as team-based infantry combat. Playing in squads has also become a major element of games in the series.
Since Battlefield 2
Battlefield 2
Battlefield 2 is a computer game by the Swedish developer Digital Illusions CE . During development, Trauma Studios contributed to the development of the game after it was acquired by DICE...
, all games in the series centrally record online statistics for each player allowing the players to receive rank promotions and weapon unlocks based on their statistics as well as awards such as medals, ribbons and pins.
A class system has been present within all the Battlefield games. Each class features a different type of primary weapon along with different equipment, differentiating roles on the battlefield.
The ability to melee other players with a knife has always been present in Battlefield games. Also since Battlefield 2142
Battlefield 2142
Battlefield 2142 is a first-person shooter video game developed by Digital Illusions CE and produced by Electronic Arts . It is the fourth game in the Battlefield series...
, the series has included an award of dog tag
Dog tag
A pet ID tag, or pet tag is a small flat tag worn on pets' collars or harnesses.Humane societies and rescue organizations recommend that dogs and cats wear these tags, which contain information to enable someone encountering a stray animal to contact the owner.Some people object to pet id tags...
s for each player killed using a knife.
Games and platforms
| Year | Engine | Game | PC | Mac | XBox | PS2 | X360 | PS3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2002 | Refractor 2.0 | Battlefield 1942 Battlefield 1942 Battlefield 1942 is a 3D World War II first-person shooter computer game developed by Swedish company Digital Illusions CE and published by Electronic Arts for Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh . The game can be played in singleplayer mode against the computer game AI or in multiplayer mode... |
Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No |
| 2003 | Refractor 2.0 | Battlefield 1942: The Road to Rome Battlefield: 1942: The Road to Rome is an expansion pack for the Battlefield 1942 video game. It was released February 4, 2003 by Electronic Arts and developed by Digital Illusions CE... |
Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
| 2003 | Refractor 2.0 | Battlefield 1942: Secret Weapons of WWII Battlefield 1942: Secret Weapons of WWII is the second of two expansions to the World War II first-person shooter computer game Battlefield 1942. It is developed by Digital Illusions CE and published by Electronic Arts for Microsoft Windows September 4, 2003 in North America and September 5, 2003... |
Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No |
| 2004 | Refractor 2.0 | Battlefield Vietnam Battlefield Vietnam Battlefield Vietnam is the second video game in Electronic Arts' Battlefield franchise after Battlefield 1942. The game was developed by the Swedish company Digital Illusions CE and published by Electronic Arts on March 15, 2004 in North America and days later in other parts of the world.... |
Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
| 2005 | Refractor 2.0 | Battlefield 2 Battlefield 2 Battlefield 2 is a computer game by the Swedish developer Digital Illusions CE . During development, Trauma Studios contributed to the development of the game after it was acquired by DICE... |
Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
| 2005 | Refractor 2.0 | |
Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
| 2005 | RenderWare RenderWare RenderWare is a computer and video game middleware from British games developer Criterion Software.-Overview:RenderWare is a 3D API and graphics rendering engine used in video games, Active Worlds, and some VRML browsers... |
Battlefield 2: Modern Combat Battlefield 2: Modern Combat is a first-person shooter video game in the Battlefield series, developed by Digital Illusions CE. Modern Combat is the first Battlefield game for video game consoles.... |
No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| 2006 | Refractor 2.0 | |
Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
| 2006 | Refractor 2.0 | |
Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
| 2006 | Refractor 2.0 | Battlefield 2142 Battlefield 2142 Battlefield 2142 is a first-person shooter video game developed by Digital Illusions CE and produced by Electronic Arts . It is the fourth game in the Battlefield series... |
Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No |
| 2007 | Refractor 2.0 | |
Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No |
| 2008 | Frostbite 1.0 | Battlefield: Bad Company Battlefield: Bad Company Battlefield: Bad Company is a first-person shooter developed by EA DICE for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. It was released in North America on June 23 2008, followed by a European release on June 26. The game was hinted at just before the release of Battlefield 2, and then announced sixteen months later... |
No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| 2009 | Refractor 2.0 | Battlefield Heroes Battlefield Heroes Battlefield Heroes is a cartoon-style action video game developed by DICE initially—now developed by —and published by EA for Microsoft Windows. It is played from a third-person EA are calling it FPS perspective. The game is less demanding on computer specifications than the previous games of the... |
Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
| 2009 | Frostbite 1.5 | Battlefield 1943 Battlefield 1943 Battlefield 1943 is an online multiplayer World War II first-person shooter video game developed by EA Digital Illusions CE and published by Electronic Arts for Xbox Live Arcade and PlayStation Network via digital download only. Unlike Battlefield 1942, this game takes place only in the Pacific... |
No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| 2010 | Frostbite 1.5 | Battlefield: Bad Company 2 Battlefield: Bad Company 2 Battlefield: Bad Company 2 is a first-person shooter video game developed by the Swedish firm EA Digital Illusions CE and published by Electronic Arts for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, iOS and Mac OS X systems. It is a direct sequel to Battlefield: Bad Company and is part of the... |
Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| 2010 | Frostbite 1.5 | |
Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| 2010 | Refractor 2.0 | Battlefield Online Battlefield Online Battlefield Online is a free online first person shooter developed by Neowiz Games, Electronic Arts and EA Digital Illusions CE, and distributed by Neowiz Games. It is a remake of Battlefield 2. However, its game engine is not Battlefield 2's one, but Battlefield 2142's modified Refractor Engine... |
Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
| 2011 | Refractor 2.0 | Battlefield Play4Free Battlefield Play4Free Battlefield Play4Free is a first-person shooter developed by EA and . Based on the Battlefield series, the game features a modern warfare setting. Play4Free is built on a modified version of Battlefield 2's engine, with improvements such as high resolution artwork and post-processing effects... |
Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
| 2011 | Frostbite 2.0 | Battlefield 3 Battlefield 3 Battlefield 3 is a first-person shooter video game developed by EA Digital Illusions CE and published by Electronic Arts. The game was released in North America on October 25, 2011 and in Europe on October 28, 2011 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and EA Mobile confirmed a port for... |
Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |