Barry Gurary
Encyclopedia
Barry Gurary (b. in Rostov-on-Don
, Russia
November 2, 1923, d. Montclair
, New Jersey
, United States
March 3, 2005) was the only son of Rabbi Shemaryahu Gurary
and Rebbetzin
Chana Gurary, who was the elder daughter of Rabbi Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn. Barry Gurary was an ordained non-practicing Orthodox
rabbi
and physicist
. He became the focus of disputes as an estranged heir to the Chabad-Lubavitch
Hasidic
dynasty.
of the Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic
movement. This made Barry Gurary both the only grandson of the sixth Rebbe, Rabbi Joseph Isaac Schneerson, as well as the only nephew of Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka Schneerson
(1901–1988) and her husband the future seventh Rebbe, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson
(1902–1994) who were childless.
Barry Gurary's close family relationship with the leadership of Chabad-Lubavitch was a source of struggle and friction to himself, the Schneerso(h)n and Gurary families and to the Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic dynasty which they led - precisely because he was the only grandson and the last male relative related directly by birth to the sixth Rebbe. Little is known about Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson's own surviving relatives. Prior to his death Rabbi Menachem Schneerson appointed Rabbi Chaim Yehuda Krinsky
, a non-relative, as the sole executor of his will upon his death.
.
In the United States Barry Gurary studied at the famed Yeshiva Torah Vodaas
, receiving semichah ("ordination") from one of its faculty.
After the death of his grandfather in 1950, he did not follow his uncle Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson and eventually left the Chabad-Lubavitch movement entirely.
(known in Lubavitch by his initials as RaSHaG) (1898–1989) held the position of Director of the Central Lubavitcher Yeshiva - Tomchei Temimim
.
One year after the death of sixth Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson
became the choice of most Lubavitchers as the seventh Rebbe
of the movement, the second time a son-in-law had ever held such a position in the movement (the third rebbe was a grand son of the first rebbe and his father in law who was the second rebbe was also his uncle (he married his cousin), while Rabbi Shemaryahu Gurary, Barry Gurary's father, did not gain popular support and instead held on to the same positions of power he had in the past, and was loyal to his brother-in-law, who had become the seventh and was to be the last Rebbe of Chabad.
On the occasion of his Bar Mitzvah, there is a tradition that his grandfather delivered one of the longest and most inspiring talks of his tenure as Rebbe. The speech described the passion of some of the Lubavitcher Rebbes for books and book collecting, and suggested that Barry might want to collect as well.
As the only grandson of the sixth Rebbe he was one of the prime candidates for succession on his death despite being only 27 at the time. According to Scholar Avrum Erlich:
In other important present-day Hasidic groups, nephews of Rebbes have themselves in turn become the Rebbes following the passing of their uncles. For example, in similar recent historical circumstances, after Rabbi Joel Teitelbaum
the last Satmar
Rebbe died, his nephew, Rabbi Moshe Teitelbaum
became the next Satmar Rebbe and when Rabbi Aharon Rokeach
the previous and fourth Belzer
Rebbe died, there was a serious division of opinion within Belz, but ultimately his nephew Rabbi Yissachar Dov Rokeach
the present Rebbe took over. This did not happen in Lubavitch due in small part to Barry's above mentioned tendency to go against the Shulchan Aruch (Code of Jewish Law)(even though Rabbi Menachem Schneerson was himself a son-in-law to the previous Rebbe, a distant cousin) and Barry Gurary, as a direct grandson of the sixth Rebbe, was neither a candidate nor did anyone move to make him Rebbe after the passing of the last Rebbe in Chabad-Lubavitch. On the contrary, over the years, and culminating with a final legal battle, Barry Gurary became persona non grata
and cast out by the movement which his ancestors had headed from its inception, and which his father had helped build in America.
which also brought an internal family rivalry between Barry Gurary (supported by his mother) and his uncle the seventh Rebbe (supported by the "Rashag", Barry's father) into the public spotlight. Barry Gurary's grandfather, the sixth Rebbe, collected a vast library of Judaica, which included several rare volumes. As the sixth Rebbe's grandson, Barry believed he was entitled to a portion of the library and was supported in this belief by his mother and Rabbi Chaim Lieberman (the sixth Rebbe's librarian) as well as the will of his grandmother (the sixth Rebbe's wife).
In 1984, some 34 years after his grandfather's passing, Barry Gurary entered the library and clandestinely removed numerous Jewish books, including a first edition Passover
haggadah worth over $50,000, founder of Hasidism, and began selling the books. One illuminated Passover Haggadah dating back to 1757 was sold for $69,000 to a Swiss book dealer who soon found a private buyer to pay nearly $150,000 for it. He claimed to have both his mother's permission, as well as the permission of his aunt, the seventh Rebbe's wife, to take the books. However, his uncle, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the seventh Chabad Rebbe, was infuriated by these actions. He demanded that the volumes be returned. When Barry refused, also refusing his uncle's summons to Beth Din
, Rabbi Chaim Yehuda Krinsky
consulted rabbinic authorities on Jewish law who advised him that appeals can be made to a secular governmental court if justice cannot be effectuated in a Jewish court. On legal advice the Lubavitchers decided to obtain a temporary restraining order in the hope that this would resolve the matter.
Rabbi Schneerson argued that the volumes were not the "personal possession" of Gurary's grandfather, but the "communal property" of the Lubavitch Hasidim. In making this argument, basing himself on a letter from his father-in-law indicating that the books were the heritage of the entire Jewish community he implied that possession of the books legitimized a succession claim; therefore Barry's alleged theft constituted a challenge to his long-undisputed leadership of the Chabad movement. The organizational body that represents Lubavitch Chassidim - Agudas Chasidei Chabad
(ACC), filed suit to retrieve the books.
During the court hearing, Gurary's father supported his uncle's side, while his mother supported her son, Barry Gurary.
In 1986, the court ruled in favor of ACC, and that ruling was upheld on appeal in 1987. The volumes were returned to the library.
The Lubavitcher Rebbe then proclaimed this day as a special time of rejoicing for Lubavitch which they called Didan Notzach (which basically means "our case won," implying that it was God who helped them win).
When it came time for Chana Gurary to make arrangements for her final resting place, she and Barry negotiated a burial place with the Munkatcher
Rebbe of Borough Park, Brooklyn
. Chana was laid to rest in the cemetery of the Munkaczer Kehilla in Deans, New Jersey.
at Columbia University
and Johns Hopkins University
. He also published research papers mostly in physics
that are also available on the Internet, in some instances more than fifty years after their publication:
Rostov-on-Don
-History:The mouth of the Don River has been of great commercial and cultural importance since the ancient times. It was the site of the Greek colony Tanais, of the Genoese fort Tana, and of the Turkish fortress Azak...
, Russia
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
November 2, 1923, d. Montclair
Montclair, New Jersey
-Demographics:As of the census of 2000, there were 38,977 people, 15,020 households, and 9,687 families residing in the township. The population density was 6,183.6 people per square mile . There were 15,531 housing units at an average density of 2,464.0 per square mile...
, New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey is a state in the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic regions of the United States. , its population was 8,791,894. It is bordered on the north and east by the state of New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania and on the southwest by Delaware...
, United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
March 3, 2005) was the only son of Rabbi Shemaryahu Gurary
Shemaryahu Gurary
Rabbi Shemaryahu Gurary, also known by his Hebrew initials as The Rashag, was an Orthodox rabbi belonging to the Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic movement. His father was Rabbi Menachem Mendel Gurary. He was the son-in-law of Rabbi Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn , known as Rebbe Rayatz, the sixth Rebbe of the...
and Rebbetzin
Rebbetzin
Rebbitzin or Rabbanit is the title used for the wife of a rabbi, typically from the Orthodox, or Haredi, and Hasidic Jewish groups...
Chana Gurary, who was the elder daughter of Rabbi Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn. Barry Gurary was an ordained non-practicing Orthodox
Orthodox Judaism
Orthodox Judaism , is the approach to Judaism which adheres to the traditional interpretation and application of the laws and ethics of the Torah as legislated in the Talmudic texts by the Sanhedrin and subsequently developed and applied by the later authorities known as the Gaonim, Rishonim, and...
rabbi
Rabbi
In Judaism, a rabbi is a teacher of Torah. This title derives from the Hebrew word רבי , meaning "My Master" , which is the way a student would address a master of Torah...
and physicist
Physicist
A physicist is a scientist who studies or practices physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning all length scales: from sub-atomic particles of which all ordinary matter is made to the behavior of the material Universe as a whole...
. He became the focus of disputes as an estranged heir to the Chabad-Lubavitch
Chabad-Lubavitch
Chabad-Lubavitch is a Chasidic movement in Orthodox Judaism. One of the world's larger and best-known Chasidic movements, its official headquarters is in the Crown Heights section of Brooklyn, New York...
Hasidic
Hasidic Judaism
Hasidic Judaism or Hasidism, from the Hebrew —Ḥasidut in Sephardi, Chasidus in Ashkenazi, meaning "piety" , is a branch of Orthodox Judaism that promotes spirituality and joy through the popularisation and internalisation of Jewish mysticism as the fundamental aspects of the Jewish faith...
dynasty.
Family origins and history
Rabbi Joseph Isaac Schneersohn was the sixth RebbeRebbe
Rebbe , which means master, teacher, or mentor, is a Yiddish word derived from the Hebrew word Rabbi. It often refers to the leader of a Hasidic Jewish movement...
of the Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic
Hasidic Judaism
Hasidic Judaism or Hasidism, from the Hebrew —Ḥasidut in Sephardi, Chasidus in Ashkenazi, meaning "piety" , is a branch of Orthodox Judaism that promotes spirituality and joy through the popularisation and internalisation of Jewish mysticism as the fundamental aspects of the Jewish faith...
movement. This made Barry Gurary both the only grandson of the sixth Rebbe, Rabbi Joseph Isaac Schneerson, as well as the only nephew of Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka Schneerson
Chaya Mushka Schneerson
Chaya Mushka Schneerson , referred to by Lubavitchers as The Rebbetzin, was the wife of Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the seventh and last Rebbe of the Chabad-Lubavitch branch of Hasidic Judaism. She was the second of three daughters of the sixth Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi Yosef Yitzchok...
(1901–1988) and her husband the future seventh Rebbe, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson
Menachem Mendel Schneerson
Menachem Mendel Schneerson , known as the Lubavitcher Rebbe or just the Rebbe among his followers, was a prominent Hasidic rabbi who was the seventh and last Rebbe of the Chabad-Lubavitch movement. He was fifth in a direct paternal line to the third Chabad-Lubavitch Rebbe, Menachem Mendel...
(1902–1994) who were childless.
Barry Gurary's close family relationship with the leadership of Chabad-Lubavitch was a source of struggle and friction to himself, the Schneerso(h)n and Gurary families and to the Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic dynasty which they led - precisely because he was the only grandson and the last male relative related directly by birth to the sixth Rebbe. Little is known about Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson's own surviving relatives. Prior to his death Rabbi Menachem Schneerson appointed Rabbi Chaim Yehuda Krinsky
Chaim Yehuda Krinsky
Chaim Yehuda Krinsky is a Chabad Lubavitch Hasidic rabbi. He served for forty years in various positions as an important assistant to the late Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson. He served as chief spokesman for the Rebbe and the Lubavitch movement, and was named sole executor of...
, a non-relative, as the sole executor of his will upon his death.
Childhood and education
After the family emigrated to the United States in 1940, Barry evidently did not display a strong interest in his grandfather's, and father's work. He focused on his own pursuits, prominent among them being the study of physicsPhysics
Physics is a natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion through spacetime, along with related concepts such as energy and force. More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves.Physics is one of the oldest academic...
.
In the United States Barry Gurary studied at the famed Yeshiva Torah Vodaas
Yeshiva Torah Vodaas
Yeshiva Torah Vodaas is a yeshiva located in the Kensington neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York.- History :...
, receiving semichah ("ordination") from one of its faculty.
After the death of his grandfather in 1950, he did not follow his uncle Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson and eventually left the Chabad-Lubavitch movement entirely.
The place of Barry Gurary in Chabad-Lubavitch
During the lifetime of the sixth Rebbe, Barry Gurary's father, Rabbi Shemaryahu GuraryShemaryahu Gurary
Rabbi Shemaryahu Gurary, also known by his Hebrew initials as The Rashag, was an Orthodox rabbi belonging to the Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic movement. His father was Rabbi Menachem Mendel Gurary. He was the son-in-law of Rabbi Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn , known as Rebbe Rayatz, the sixth Rebbe of the...
(known in Lubavitch by his initials as RaSHaG) (1898–1989) held the position of Director of the Central Lubavitcher Yeshiva - Tomchei Temimim
Tomchei Temimim
Tomchei Temimim is the central Yeshiva of the Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic movement...
.
One year after the death of sixth Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson
Menachem Mendel Schneerson
Menachem Mendel Schneerson , known as the Lubavitcher Rebbe or just the Rebbe among his followers, was a prominent Hasidic rabbi who was the seventh and last Rebbe of the Chabad-Lubavitch movement. He was fifth in a direct paternal line to the third Chabad-Lubavitch Rebbe, Menachem Mendel...
became the choice of most Lubavitchers as the seventh Rebbe
Rebbe
Rebbe , which means master, teacher, or mentor, is a Yiddish word derived from the Hebrew word Rabbi. It often refers to the leader of a Hasidic Jewish movement...
of the movement, the second time a son-in-law had ever held such a position in the movement (the third rebbe was a grand son of the first rebbe and his father in law who was the second rebbe was also his uncle (he married his cousin), while Rabbi Shemaryahu Gurary, Barry Gurary's father, did not gain popular support and instead held on to the same positions of power he had in the past, and was loyal to his brother-in-law, who had become the seventh and was to be the last Rebbe of Chabad.
The only grandson of the sixth Rebbe
As the only grandson of the sixth Rebbe he was one of the prime candidates for succession on his death despite being only 27 at the time. According to Scholar Avrum Erlich:
As nephew to the seventh Rebbe
Barry Gurary was the nephew of the seventh Rebbe's wife, Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka Schneerson (1901–1988), who was the younger daughter of the sixth Rebbe.In other important present-day Hasidic groups, nephews of Rebbes have themselves in turn become the Rebbes following the passing of their uncles. For example, in similar recent historical circumstances, after Rabbi Joel Teitelbaum
Joel Teitelbaum
Joel Teitelbaum, known as Reb Yoelish or the Satmar Rav , was a prominent Hungarian Hasidic rebbe and Talmudic scholar. He was probably the best known Haredi opponent of all forms of modern political Zionism...
the last Satmar
Satmar (Hasidic dynasty)
Satmar is a Hasidic movement comprising mostly Hungarian and Romanian Hasidic Jewish Holocaust survivors and their descendants. It was founded and led by the late Hungarian-born Grand Rebbe Yoel Teitelbaum , who was the rabbi of Szatmárnémeti, Hungary...
Rebbe died, his nephew, Rabbi Moshe Teitelbaum
Moshe Teitelbaum (Satmar)
Moshe Teitelbaum was a Hasidic rebbe and the world leader of the Satmar Hasidim, which is believed to be one of the largest Hasidic communities in the world, with some 120,000 followers.-Early life:...
became the next Satmar Rebbe and when Rabbi Aharon Rokeach
Aharon Rokeach
Aharon Rokeach was the fourth Rebbe of the Belz Hasidic dynasty. He led the movement from 1926 until his death in 1957....
the previous and fourth Belzer
Belz (Hasidic dynasty)
Belz is a Hasidic dynasty named for the town of Belz in Western Ukraine, near the Polish border. The town has existed since at least the 10th century, with the Jewish community being established during the 14th century. The town became home to Hasidic Judaism in the early 19th century...
Rebbe died, there was a serious division of opinion within Belz, but ultimately his nephew Rabbi Yissachar Dov Rokeach
Yissachar Dov Rokeach (II)
Yissachar Dov Rokeach is the fifth and present Rebbe of the Hasidic dynasty of Belz. He is the son of Rabbi Mordechai of Bilgoray, the grandson of the third Belzer Rebbe, Rabbi Yissachar Dov Rokeach, and the nephew of the fourth Belzer Rebbe, Rabbi Aharon Rokeach, who raised him...
the present Rebbe took over. This did not happen in Lubavitch due in small part to Barry's above mentioned tendency to go against the Shulchan Aruch (Code of Jewish Law)(even though Rabbi Menachem Schneerson was himself a son-in-law to the previous Rebbe, a distant cousin) and Barry Gurary, as a direct grandson of the sixth Rebbe, was neither a candidate nor did anyone move to make him Rebbe after the passing of the last Rebbe in Chabad-Lubavitch. On the contrary, over the years, and culminating with a final legal battle, Barry Gurary became persona non grata
Persona non grata
Persona non grata , literally meaning "an unwelcome person", is a legal term used in diplomacy that indicates a proscription against a person entering the country...
and cast out by the movement which his ancestors had headed from its inception, and which his father had helped build in America.
Chabad library controversy
A family dispute arose about the library of the sixth RebbeChabad library
The Library Of Agudas Chassidei Chabad is a research library owned by Agudas Chasidei Chabad. It opened its reading room in 1992 and exhibition hall in 1994...
which also brought an internal family rivalry between Barry Gurary (supported by his mother) and his uncle the seventh Rebbe (supported by the "Rashag", Barry's father) into the public spotlight. Barry Gurary's grandfather, the sixth Rebbe, collected a vast library of Judaica, which included several rare volumes. As the sixth Rebbe's grandson, Barry believed he was entitled to a portion of the library and was supported in this belief by his mother and Rabbi Chaim Lieberman (the sixth Rebbe's librarian) as well as the will of his grandmother (the sixth Rebbe's wife).
In 1984, some 34 years after his grandfather's passing, Barry Gurary entered the library and clandestinely removed numerous Jewish books, including a first edition Passover
Passover
Passover is a Jewish holiday and festival. It commemorates the story of the Exodus, in which the ancient Israelites were freed from slavery in Egypt...
haggadah worth over $50,000, founder of Hasidism, and began selling the books. One illuminated Passover Haggadah dating back to 1757 was sold for $69,000 to a Swiss book dealer who soon found a private buyer to pay nearly $150,000 for it. He claimed to have both his mother's permission, as well as the permission of his aunt, the seventh Rebbe's wife, to take the books. However, his uncle, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the seventh Chabad Rebbe, was infuriated by these actions. He demanded that the volumes be returned. When Barry refused, also refusing his uncle's summons to Beth Din
Beth din
A beth din, bet din, beit din or beis din is a rabbinical court of Judaism. In ancient times, it was the building block of the legal system in the Biblical Land of Israel...
, Rabbi Chaim Yehuda Krinsky
Chaim Yehuda Krinsky
Chaim Yehuda Krinsky is a Chabad Lubavitch Hasidic rabbi. He served for forty years in various positions as an important assistant to the late Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson. He served as chief spokesman for the Rebbe and the Lubavitch movement, and was named sole executor of...
consulted rabbinic authorities on Jewish law who advised him that appeals can be made to a secular governmental court if justice cannot be effectuated in a Jewish court. On legal advice the Lubavitchers decided to obtain a temporary restraining order in the hope that this would resolve the matter.
Rabbi Schneerson argued that the volumes were not the "personal possession" of Gurary's grandfather, but the "communal property" of the Lubavitch Hasidim. In making this argument, basing himself on a letter from his father-in-law indicating that the books were the heritage of the entire Jewish community he implied that possession of the books legitimized a succession claim; therefore Barry's alleged theft constituted a challenge to his long-undisputed leadership of the Chabad movement. The organizational body that represents Lubavitch Chassidim - Agudas Chasidei Chabad
Agudas Chasidei Chabad
Agudas Chassidei Chabad is the umbrella organization for the worldwide Chabad-Lubavitch movement. It administers three of the main Lubavitch offices: Machneh Israel, Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch, and the Kehot Publication Society...
(ACC), filed suit to retrieve the books.
During the court hearing, Gurary's father supported his uncle's side, while his mother supported her son, Barry Gurary.
In 1986, the court ruled in favor of ACC, and that ruling was upheld on appeal in 1987. The volumes were returned to the library.
The Lubavitcher Rebbe then proclaimed this day as a special time of rejoicing for Lubavitch which they called Didan Notzach (which basically means "our case won," implying that it was God who helped them win).
When it came time for Chana Gurary to make arrangements for her final resting place, she and Barry negotiated a burial place with the Munkatcher
Munkacz (Hasidic dynasty)
Munkatch Hasidism is a Hasidic sect within Haredi Judaism of mostly Hungarian Hasidic Jews. It was founded and led by the late Polish-born Grand Rebbe Shlomo Spira, who was the rabbi of the town of Munkacs. Members of the congregation are mainly referred to as Munkacs Hasidim or Munkatcher Hasidim...
Rebbe of Borough Park, Brooklyn
Borough Park, Brooklyn
Borough Park , is a neighborhood in the southwestern part of the borough of Brooklyn, in New York City in the United States....
. Chana was laid to rest in the cemetery of the Munkaczer Kehilla in Deans, New Jersey.
Academic career
Barry Gurary studied and did research as a physicistPhysicist
A physicist is a scientist who studies or practices physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning all length scales: from sub-atomic particles of which all ordinary matter is made to the behavior of the material Universe as a whole...
at Columbia University
Columbia University
Columbia University in the City of New York is a private, Ivy League university in Manhattan, New York City. Columbia is the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of New York, the fifth oldest in the United States, and one of the country's nine Colonial Colleges founded before the...
and Johns Hopkins University
Johns Hopkins University
The Johns Hopkins University, commonly referred to as Johns Hopkins, JHU, or simply Hopkins, is a private research university based in Baltimore, Maryland, United States...
. He also published research papers mostly in physics
Physics
Physics is a natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion through spacetime, along with related concepts such as energy and force. More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves.Physics is one of the oldest academic...
that are also available on the Internet, in some instances more than fifty years after their publication:
- Gourary, Barry S.; Hart, Robert W. (Applied PhysicsApplied physicsApplied physics is a general term for physics which is intended for a particular technological or practical use.It is usually considered as a bridge or a connection between "pure" physics and engineering....
Laboratory, The Johns Hopkins University): Spherical ModelSpherical modelThe spherical model in statistical mechanics is a model of ferromagnetism similar to the Ising model, which was solved in 1952 by T.H. Berlin and M. Kac...
of an AntiferromagnetAntiferromagnetismIn materials that exhibit antiferromagnetism, the magnetic moments of atoms or molecules, usuallyrelated to the spins of electrons, align in a regular pattern with neighboring spins pointing in opposite directions. This is, like ferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism, a manifestation of ordered magnetism...
(1954, Physical ReviewPhysical ReviewPhysical Review is an American scientific journal founded in 1893 by Edward Nichols. It publishes original research and scientific and literature reviews on all aspects of physics. It is published by the American Physical Society. The journal is in its third series, and is split in several...
, vol. 95, Issue 3, pp. 676–686) http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1954PhRv...95..676G ; http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v95/i3/p676_1 - Barry S. Gourary and Frank J. Adrian: Approximate Wave FunctionsWavefunctionNot to be confused with the related concept of the Wave equationA wave function or wavefunction is a probability amplitude in quantum mechanics describing the quantum state of a particle and how it behaves. Typically, its values are complex numbers and, for a single particle, it is a function of...
for the F CenterF-CenterAn F-Center or Farbe center is a type of crystallographic defect in which an anionic vacancy in a crystal is filled by one or more electrons, depending on the charge of the missing ion in the crystal. Electrons in such a vacancy tend to absorb light in the visible spectrum such that a material...
, and Their Application to the Electron Spin Resonance Problem (1957, The American Physical SocietyAmerican Physical SocietyThe American Physical Society is the world's second largest organization of physicists, behind the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft. The Society publishes more than a dozen scientific journals, including the world renowned Physical Review and Physical Review Letters, and organizes more than 20...
) http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v105/i4/p1180_1 - Barry S. Gourary and Perry J. Luke: Approximate Wave Functions for the M-Center by the Point-IonIonAn ion is an atom or molecule in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons, giving it a net positive or negative electrical charge. The name was given by physicist Michael Faraday for the substances that allow a current to pass between electrodes in a...
Lattice Method (1957, The American Physical Society) http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v108/i6/p1647_7 - Barry S. Gourary, Applied PhysicsApplied physicsApplied physics is a general term for physics which is intended for a particular technological or practical use.It is usually considered as a bridge or a connection between "pure" physics and engineering....
Laboratory, The Johns Hopkins UniversityJohns Hopkins UniversityThe Johns Hopkins University, commonly referred to as Johns Hopkins, JHU, or simply Hopkins, is a private research university based in Baltimore, Maryland, United States...
, Silver Spring, Maryland : Approximate Wave Functions for the U Center by the Point-Ion-Lattice Method (1958, The American Physical Society) http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v112/i2/p337_1 - Cited in the correspondence in the John Clarke SlaterJohn C. SlaterJohn Clarke Slater was a noted American physicist who made major contributions to the theory of the electronic structure of atoms, molecules and solids. This work is of ongoing importance in chemistry, as well as in many areas of physics. He also made major contributions to microwave electronics....
Papers (1908–1976), Detailed inventory: Series I. Correspondence: Gourary, Barry S (American Philosophical SocietyAmerican Philosophical SocietyThe American Philosophical Society, founded in 1743, and located in Philadelphia, Pa., is an eminent scholarly organization of international reputation, that promotes useful knowledge in the sciences and humanities through excellence in scholarly research, professional meetings, publications,...
) http://www.amphilsoc.org/library/mole/s/slater.htm#boxfolder1
Modern-day Hasidic succession feuds and schisms
- Belz succession feud
- Bobov succession feud
- Chabad messianismChabad messianismChabad messianism, or Lubavitch messianism, is a term used to describe a spectrum of beliefs within the Chabad Hasidic movement regarding their late leader Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson and his purported position as the Messiah...
- Vizhnitz succsion feud
- Satmar succession feud
- Schisms among the JewsSchisms among the JewsSchisms among the Jews are cultural as well as religious. They have happened as a product of historical accident, geography, and theology.-First Temple era:...
Sources and external links
- Chmouel Lubecki: "Didan Notzach"
- Sholom Ber Levin: "Mishpat HaSfarim"
- Moshe Bogomilsky: "The story of Hey Teves"
- Pesach Burston: "Tshura - Hey Teves - South Africa"
- Shaul Shimon Deutsch, Larger than Life
- Avrum M. Ehrlich, Leadership in the HaBaD Movement ISBN 076576055X