Annappes
Encyclopedia
Communes of France
The commune is the lowest level of administrative division in the French Republic. French communes are roughly equivalent to incorporated municipalities or villages in the United States or Gemeinden in Germany...
of the Nord Department of France, on the Mark river
Mark (Dender)
The Mark or Marcq is a river in Belgium, right tributary of the Dender. It rises south-west of Enghien, Hainaut. It passes through the homonymous village Marcq, Enghien and Galmaarden. The Mark flows into the Dender between Lessines and Geraardsbergen. The Dender is a tributary of the Scheldt....
. In 1970, it was merged with the communes of Ascq and Flers-lez-Lille to form the new commune of Villeneuve d'Ascq
Villeneuve d'Ascq
Villeneuve-d'Ascq is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. With more than 60,000 inhabitants, it is one of the main cities of the Urban Community of Lille Métropole and the largest in area after Lille ; it is also one of the main cities of the Nord-Pas de Calais region.Built up...
. It is today still a district of the commune.
Etymology of the name “Annappes”
The origin of the name is very turbid. Theodore Leuridan :fr:Théodore Leuridan, in a historical note on Annappes, considers several solutions- asnapis formed of the radical goth ap , ahva = water ( aqua' in Latin);
- word meaning into Celtic " with a curve of rivière" ;
- contraction of " AD Menapios" : Annappes was located at the end of the territory of Nerviens towards the country of Ménapiens. Dauzat and Rostaing, in the Etymological dictionary of the place names in France , think that the name comes from Germanic the hanap , hemp.
Origins
In 1980, a fragment of polished flint axe was found, in the park of the current saint-Adrien school. It is estimated to date from approximately 2000 BC. Other axes of this kind were discovered in the area of Lille, in particular in the alluvia of DeûleDeûle
The Deûle is a river of northern France which is currently channeled for the main part of its course . The upstream part is still partly free-flowing and is known as the Souchez...
. The historians allot them to populations using cut stone tools, but already devoted to the cattle breeding, and agriculture. However, it is not proof that man was sedentary at this place; indeed the archaeologists have not found traces of human occupation, at the end of independent Gallic
Gauls
The Gauls were a Celtic people living in Gaul, the region roughly corresponding to what is now France, Belgium, Switzerland and Northern Italy, from the Iron Age through the Roman period. They mostly spoke the Continental Celtic language called Gaulish....
era, in particular of sling stones, on the level of the Center Marc-Sautelet. However, it is probable that this place was not a place of residence, but simply one of these folds in the forest, (described by Julius Caesar
Julius Caesar
Gaius Julius Caesar was a Roman general and statesman and a distinguished writer of Latin prose. He played a critical role in the gradual transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire....
), where the Gallic people of the area took refuge from the Roman legion
Roman legion
A Roman legion normally indicates the basic ancient Roman army unit recruited specifically from Roman citizens. The organization of legions varied greatly over time but they were typically composed of perhaps 5,000 soldiers, divided into maniples and later into "cohorts"...
s.
The field; Asnapio
Annappes and its surroundings are with the Middle Ages the site of a royal field, as indicated on a text from the reign of CharlemagneCharlemagne
Charlemagne was King of the Franks from 768 and Emperor of the Romans from 800 to his death in 814. He expanded the Frankish kingdom into an empire that incorporated much of Western and Central Europe. During his reign, he conquered Italy and was crowned by Pope Leo III on 25 December 800...
. He must certainly have passed by the field of Asnapio, to go to inaugurate the battle of Saint-Riquier
Saint-Riquier
Saint-Riquier is a commune in the Somme department in Picardie in northern France.-Geography:The commune is situated northeast of Abbeville, on the D925 and D32 crossroads.-Abbey:...
in the year 800. In 836, the emperor Louis the Pious
Louis the Pious
Louis the Pious , also called the Fair, and the Debonaire, was the King of Aquitaine from 781. He was also King of the Franks and co-Emperor with his father, Charlemagne, from 813...
gave the royal field to his daughter Gisele, wife of Eberhard of Friuli
Eberhard of Friuli
Eberhard was the Frankish Duke of Friuli from 846. His name is alternatively spelled Everard, Evrard, Erhard, Eberhard, or Eberard, or in Latinized fashion Everardus, Eberardus, or Eberhardus. He wrote his own name "Evvrardus"...
. This noble couple will found the abbey of Cysoing
Cysoing
Cysoing is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.It is southeast of Lille.-Heraldry:-References:*...
. The 1st marquis Berenger, one of their sons, will inherit Annappes; he will be king of Lombards thereafter, then emperor of the Romans. At the time of the arrival of Charlemagne
Charlemagne
Charlemagne was King of the Franks from 768 and Emperor of the Romans from 800 to his death in 814. He expanded the Frankish kingdom into an empire that incorporated much of Western and Central Europe. During his reign, he conquered Italy and was crowned by Pope Leo III on 25 December 800...
for the inauguration of the battle of Saint-Riquier in 800, his royal envoys drew up an inventory at Annappes. The description was so meticulous, that it was recopied as an example, in a handbook of management of the imperial farms, the Capitulary of Villis. Asnapio (its name at the time) was a very rich Carolingian field. A hundred people lived there in the farm, surrounded by orchards. The peasants cultivated cereals on Mélantois
Péronne-en-Mélantois
-References:*...
. The outputs were raised enough, and five mills and four breweries which manufactured the barley beer of the tenants were installed close to the Mark river
Mark (Dender)
The Mark or Marcq is a river in Belgium, right tributary of the Dender. It rises south-west of Enghien, Hainaut. It passes through the homonymous village Marcq, Enghien and Galmaarden. The Mark flows into the Dender between Lessines and Geraardsbergen. The Dender is a tributary of the Scheldt....
. The field had been built close to the marshes, and Asnapio was also a stud farm, which supplied the imperial cavalry. Here the composition of its livestock in 799:
- 51 mares, 3 standards, 10 foals, 2 asses,
- 16 oxen, 50 cows having calved, 20 heifers, 3 bulls, 38 calves,
- 260 pigs, 100 piglets, 5 boars,
- 150 ewe, 120 sheep, 200 lambs,
- 30 goats, 3 goats, 30 kids; 30 geese, 80 chickens, 22 peacocks.
It was thus, at time of the invasion of the continent by the Vikings. In 881, the Norman
Normans
The Normans were the people who gave their name to Normandy, a region in northern France. They were descended from Norse Viking conquerors of the territory and the native population of Frankish and Gallo-Roman stock...
plunder of their camp of Courtrai, the its field; Annappes, and no text mentions it any more.
Comté of Flanders
during the Tenth Century, the count de FlanderCounty of Flanders
The County of Flanders was one of the territories constituting the Low Countries. The county existed from 862 to 1795. It was one of the original secular fiefs of France and for centuries was one of the most affluent regions in Europe....
, installed with Lille, and monopolized the territory of Annappes. All the villagers from now on are subjected to the authority of Counts of Comtal. The count appoints a mayor, an officer comtal, to manage the fields, Annappes. In 1066, Baudouin V of Flanders gives, by the charter of equipment Saint-Pierre of Lille, two thirds of the incomes of the church of Annappes. However, it is not known, is there is a bond between this church and the current church Saint-Sebastien of Annappes? At that time, Annappes maintains the close relationships with its neighbors, the villages of Ascq
Ascq
Ascq is a former village in the Nord department in northern France on the Marque river. Today, it is part of the city of Villeneuve-d'Ascq. Ascq is unfortunately known for the Ascq massacre of 1 April 1944, where the Nazis massacred 86 men.-Heraldry:...
and of Flers-lez-Lille
Flers-lez-Lille
Flers-lez-Lille is a former commune in the Nord department in northern France, merged into Villeneuve-d'Ascq in 1970.-Heraldry:-See also:*Communes of the Nord department...
. The count Baudouin IX dimolished part of this field of the town hall of Annappes, to build a stronghold to Gilbert de Bourghelles; this one creates there, about 1200, its manor, the strong house of Quiquempois. Gilbert, married with the widow of the lord of the manor of Lille, provides this military function the beginning of the Thirteenth Century. At the time of the departure of the count for the crusades, Gilbert de Bourghelles, lord of Quiquempois is one of the four baillif-procurateurs of the county of Flanders. After the disappearance of Baudouin IX, who become emperor of Constantinople, in 1205, the lord of Quiquempois plays an eminent role, near the heiresses of the county. In 1214, it is he who advises the new count de Flanders, Ferrand of Portugal. The alliance with Jean sans Terre, and Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor
Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor
Otto IV of Brunswick was one of two rival kings of the Holy Roman Empire from 1198 on, sole king from 1208 on, and emperor from 1209 on. The only king of the Welf dynasty, he incurred the wrath of Pope Innocent III and was excommunicated in 1215.-Early life:Otto was the third son of Henry the...
, will be fatal for him, at the time of Battle of Bouvines
Battle of Bouvines
The Battle of Bouvines, 27 July 1214, was a conclusive medieval battle ending the twelve year old Angevin-Flanders War that was important to the early development of both the French state by confirming the French crown's sovereignty over the Angevin lands of Brittany and Normandy.Philip Augustus of...
, on 27 July 1214.
The count equips the religious establishments with some of his grounds. For example, the hospital Saint-Saver, which has a large farm with corn with Annappes in the Thirteenth Century. It is at that time that Preudhomme, middle-class inhabitant of Lille, recovers the town hall comtale of Annappes, and that the échevinage, (municipal council) is given the responsibility to define payments common to the three villages of Annappes, Ascq
Ascq
Ascq is a former village in the Nord department in northern France on the Marque river. Today, it is part of the city of Villeneuve-d'Ascq. Ascq is unfortunately known for the Ascq massacre of 1 April 1944, where the Nazis massacred 86 men.-Heraldry:...
, and Flers-lez-Lille. Although the territory is rich, the country population is very precarious, and must undergo several famines, from the Fourteenth to the Fifteenth Centuries, in particular during the year 1316, following bad harvests the year before. Another misfortune that cuts down on the area, is the war, of 1297 and 1304, when French troops of Philip IV of France
Philip IV of France
Philip the Fair was, as Philip IV, King of France from 1285 until his death. He was the husband of Joan I of Navarre, by virtue of which he was, as Philip I, King of Navarre and Count of Champagne from 1284 to 1305.-Youth:A member of the House of Capet, Philip was born at the Palace of...
and those of Flemings devastate the cultures and burn the village. In 1340, at the beginning of the Hundred Years' War
Hundred Years' War
The Hundred Years' War was a series of separate wars waged from 1337 to 1453 by the House of Valois and the House of Plantagenet, also known as the House of Anjou, for the French throne, which had become vacant upon the extinction of the senior Capetian line of French kings...
, the village is militarily occupied. In 1349, it is the black death
Black Death
The Black Death was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, peaking in Europe between 1348 and 1350. Of several competing theories, the dominant explanation for the Black Death is the plague theory, which attributes the outbreak to the bacterium Yersinia pestis. Thought to have...
, which cuts down on the area, and the population of Annappes decreases considerably. During the Fourteenth Century, the economy of the village is growing gently, in spite of the periodic plagues, bad harvests, and the almost constant presence of soldiers. After being burned by the troops of Louis XI, the church is rebuilt; the oldest parts of the church of Annappes go back to this time.
The Burgundians
The county of Flanders is attached to Duchy of BurgundyDuchy of Burgundy
The Duchy of Burgundy , was heir to an ancient and prestigious reputation and a large division of the lands of the Second Kingdom of Burgundy and in its own right was one of the geographically larger ducal territories in the emergence of Early Modern Europe from Medieval Europe.Even in that...
by the marriage in 1369 of Marguerite III of Flanders, countess of Flanders, and Philip the Bold
Philip the Bold
Philip the Bold , also Philip II, Duke of Burgundy , was the fourth and youngest son of King John II of France and his wife, Bonne of Luxembourg. By his marriage to Margaret III, Countess of Flanders, he also became Count Philip II of Flanders, Count Philip IV of Artois and Count-Palatine Philip IV...
, duke of Burgundy. The population starts to grow again very quickly, even if Annappes remains smaller than Ascq
Ascq
Ascq is a former village in the Nord department in northern France on the Marque river. Today, it is part of the city of Villeneuve-d'Ascq. Ascq is unfortunately known for the Ascq massacre of 1 April 1944, where the Nazis massacred 86 men.-Heraldry:...
, and Flers-lez-Lille. In 1449, tax investigations count 78 inhabitants within Annappes. After the confrontations between Charles the Bold of Burgundy and Louis XI of France, the population is 410 inhabitants, in 1498. In 1505, 500 people live the village, and the livestock is 34 horses, 20 foals, 284 cows, 408 sheep. In 1477, when the last duke of Burgundy, Charles the Bold died, title passed to Mary of Burgundy
Mary of Burgundy
Mary of Burgundy ruled the Burgundian territories in Low Countries and was suo jure Duchess of Burgundy from 1477 until her death...
wife of Habsburg Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
Maximilian I , the son of Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor and Eleanor of Portugal, was King of the Romans from 1486 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1493 until his death, though he was never in fact crowned by the Pope, the journey to Rome always being too risky...
, who thus takes the title of count of Flanders. At the end of the reign of the Germanic Roman Emperor Charles V
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Charles V was ruler of the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 and, as Charles I, of the Spanish Empire from 1516 until his voluntary retirement and abdication in favor of his younger brother Ferdinand I and his son Philip II in 1556.As...
, Spanish Flanders fall to his or her oldest son. Annappes thus passes under the supervision of Philip II
Philip II of Spain
Philip II was King of Spain, Portugal, Naples, Sicily, and, while married to Mary I, King of England and Ireland. He was lord of the Seventeen Provinces from 1556 until 1581, holding various titles for the individual territories such as duke or count....
, king of Spain and remains under Spanish authority until the reign of Philip IV
Philip IV
Philip IV may refer to:* Philip IV of Spain * Philip IV of France * Philip IV of Macedon * Philip IV of Burgundy * Philip IV of Aragon...
of Spain.
Starting in France
In 1667, Louis XIV made to it to Lille, and the took the city. In 1668, Annappes then becomes a village French by the treaty of AachenTreaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668)
The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle or Treaty of Aachen was signed on May 2, 1668 in Aachen. It ended the war of Devolution between France and Spain. It was mediated by the Triple Alliance of England, the Dutch Republic and Sweden at the first Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle...
. The village undergoes the evils of the war constantly: housing of the troops, requisition in all kind, devastations and exaction of the soldiers. From 1708 until 1713, the area is occupied by the Britannico-Dutchmen of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough
John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough
John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, Prince of Mindelheim, KG, PC , was an English soldier and statesman whose career spanned the reigns of five monarchs through the late 17th and early 18th centuries...
, who will return in 1744. In 1737, the priest of Annappes supports a long lawsuit to obtain the catch of load of a vicar by the Saint-Pierre chapter. Thanks to him, one knows that the cantons of Marchenelles, Hempempont, and the Collection were called small Hollande because the inhabitants very seldom attended the churches. This same year, one index of Annappes, shows 180 households and 1021 inhabitants.
The king allows in 1774, the division of the marshes between the three villages and their neighbors, and those will be drained in 1781. The elimination of illiteracy progresses: between 1737 and 1789, 50% of the men and 32% of the women can sign their marriage certificate in Annappes. The cultural life also develops, with ducasse, (aa traditional village festival), twice a year in the village. People celebrate there also Midsummer's Day, the Saint Martin's day and Saint-Éloi. In Annappes as in Flers-lez-Lille shooting contests are organized.
Révolution and Napoleonic Wars
As in Lille, there is not the popular revolution, by the peasants in 1789; more events Parisians arrive after several days of delay, and they are occupied with the distribution of their communal marsh. In January 1790, Jean-Baptiste Fancy is elected mayor of Annappes. A. Boussemart will succeed him. In April 1792, at the time of the declaration of war against AustriaAustria
Austria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country of roughly 8.4 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the...
, the regiments gather between Lille and Baisieux, to be directed towards the enemy. But with the approach of the enemy near Baisieux
Baisieux
Baisieux is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.It is part of the Urban Community of Lille Métropole.-Heraldry:-References:*...
, as of the first cannonades, they beat a retreat towards Lille, where the crowd killed the general Théobald Dillon
Théobald Dillon
Théobald Dillon was count of Dillon and an Irish-born general in the French army. He was the grandson of Arthur Dillon, the nephew of the bishop Arthur Richard Dillon and the cousin of general Arthur Dillon .On 29 April 1792, following the loss of a skirmish with Austrian forces, Dillon was...
, believing him to be guilty of collusion with the Austrians.
Austrians directed by Prince Albert of Saxony, Duke of Teschen
Prince Albert of Saxony, Duke of Teschen
Prince Albert Casimir August of Saxony, Duke of Teschen was a German prince from the House of Wettin who married into the Habsburg imperial family...
occupy the area after having taken Roubaix
Roubaix
Roubaix is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. It is located between the cities of Lille and Tourcoing.The Gare de Roubaix railway station offers connections to Lille, Tourcoing, Antwerp, Ostend and Paris.-Culture:...
, Tourcoing
Tourcoing
Tourcoing is a city in northern France. It is designated municipally as a commune within the département of Nord.Tourcoing is situated near the cities of Lille and Roubaix and the Belgian border.-Main sights:...
and Lannoy
Lannoy
The name Lannoy or de Lannoy or of Lannoy can refer toPlaces*Lannoy, Nord, a commune of the Nord department, France*Lannoy-Cuillère, a village and commune in the Oise département, France...
. However, they raise the Siege of Lille on 8 October, vis-a-vis the impossibility of seizing the city. The Mark river, separates the republican troops stationed in Flers, Annappes and Ascq, and of the Austrians at the end of 1792 until the beginning of 1794. The coalition formed against France invades the village in 1794, but the victory of Tourcoing, on 18 May 1794, push back the enemy. Under the Reign of Terror
Reign of Terror
The Reign of Terror , also known simply as The Terror , was a period of violence that occurred after the onset of the French Revolution, incited by conflict between rival political factions, the Girondins and the Jacobins, and marked by mass executions of "enemies of...
, the goods of the emigrants are confiscated. In the same way, silverware and objects of worship of Saint-Sebastien church are inventoried, sent to Lille and are recovered by the State. The church will be even sold on 29 September 1798 with the bidding at the same time as those of Ascq
Ascq
Ascq is a former village in the Nord department in northern France on the Marque river. Today, it is part of the city of Villeneuve-d'Ascq. Ascq is unfortunately known for the Ascq massacre of 1 April 1944, where the Nazis massacred 86 men.-Heraldry:...
and of Flers-lez-Lille
Flers-lez-Lille
Flers-lez-Lille is a former commune in the Nord department in northern France, merged into Villeneuve-d'Ascq in 1970.-Heraldry:-See also:*Communes of the Nord department...
, but will not be demolished. After Legal settlement, it will be taken again by the monks. From 1800, the mayors are named by prefect
Prefect
Prefect is a magisterial title of varying definition....
. The first will be P.J. Mahieu for Annappes.
Nineteenth century
Annappes remains primarily artisanal and agricultural. Great landowners remain with the authority of the borough, like the baron of Worsen Romain Joseph baron de Brigode - deputy of Northern (department) during 19 years between 1805 and 1837 and mayor of the commune from 1814 until 1848 - and his friends De Clercy, and the Count de Montalembert, which dominate the village. Still at that time, the villages suffer from the epidemics and difficult work conditions (Sunday rest not respected, child work, etc.). Annappes remains very rural, and was slow to accept progress, thus the motorists of Annappes are seen being advised in 1903 to yield to horses. In 1875, Louis Spriet, farmer from Annappes, decide to develop the family business and builds in 1876 an agricultural distilling of grains. Its successor, another farmer (of Bouvines), which becomes owner of the building in 1898, transforms activity, and builds a brewery that he baptizes first name of his wife Holy-Marie brewery. The farm continues to function, while the brewery becomes a very flourishing company. In 1971, with the construction of the new city, expropriation is decided upon, and the brewery shut down in 1973.Twentieth century
Beginning in October 1914, the GermansGermany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
occupy the area, up to the liberation by British in October 1918. With the population increase which involves the townsmen towards the periphery of Lille, the population of the village increases considerably. In 1939, Annappes counts approximately 4000 inhabitants. In first half of the 20th century, Annappes is made up to 75% of workmen, and guard his village character with few liberal professions or industrial middle-class. During the Second world war, Annappes depends on the German command on Brussels
Brussels
Brussels , officially the Brussels Region or Brussels-Capital Region , is the capital of Belgium and the de facto capital of the European Union...
, and will not have belonged to Vichy France
Vichy France
Vichy France, Vichy Regime, or Vichy Government, are common terms used to describe the government of France that collaborated with the Axis powers from July 1940 to August 1944. This government succeeded the Third Republic and preceded the Provisional Government of the French Republic...
. The German occupation lasted from May 1940 until September 1944, and the zone will once again be liberated by the British. In 1958 the Association of the paralysed :fr:Association des Paralysés de France the creates the Marc-Sautelet Center of functional rehabilitation, which continues developing. From 1964 until 1967, a scientific university campus is created on grounds mainly located at the south of the commune; Annappes. The Faculty of Science of Lille, today Lille University of Science and Technology is there. In 1967, it Urban Community of Lille Métropole
Urban Community of Lille Métropole
The Urban Community of Lille Métropole is the intercommunal structure gathering the commune of Lille and that part of the Lille metropolitan area that lies in France....
is created and gathers 89 communes of which Annappes, Ascq and Flers. On 4 February 1970, at the time of a press conference, the town halls of Annappes, of Ascq and of Flers announce that their communes will amalgamate. On 25 February, Annappes no longer exists as a commune, and becomes a simple district of the new city of Villeneuve d'Ascq
Villeneuve d'Ascq
Villeneuve-d'Ascq is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. With more than 60,000 inhabitants, it is one of the main cities of the Urban Community of Lille Métropole and the largest in area after Lille ; it is also one of the main cities of the Nord-Pas de Calais region.Built up...
. In 1974, Annappes numbers 13,800 inhabitants.