The 49th Test and Evaluation Squadron is an active United States Air Force

United States Air Force

The United States Air Force is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the American uniformed services. Initially part of the United States Army, the USAF was formed as a separate branch of the military on September 18, 1947 under the National Security Act of...

 unit. Its current assignment is with the 53d Wing

53d Wing

The 53d Wing is a wing of the United States Air Force based out of Eglin Air Force Base, Florida.-Mission:The 53d Wing serves as the focal point for the Combat Air Forces in electronic warfare, armament and avionics, chemical defense, reconnaissance, and aircrew training devices...

, based at Barksdale Air Force Base

Barksdale Air Force Base

Barksdale Air Force Base is a United States Air Force base located approximately east-southeast of Bossier City, Louisiana.The host unit at Barksdale is the 2d Bomb Wing , the oldest Bomb Wing in the Air Force. It is assigned to the Air Force Global Strike Command's Eighth Air Force...

, Louisiana

Louisiana

Louisiana is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America. Its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the only state in the U.S. with political subdivisions termed parishes, which are local governments equivalent to counties...

.

Mission

The 49th Test and Evaluation Squadron is home to several bomber operational test programs. Primary among these are the Nuclear Weapon System Evaluation Program, the bomber portion of the Air to Ground Weapon System Evaluation Program, and initial operational test of the Joint Direct Attack Munition and the Wind Corrected Munitions Dispenser. The squadron is an Air Combat Command (ACC) unit tasked to support and conduct operational testing from all three Air Force bombers. The squadron’s main focus is on the B-52 with additional testing being conducted on the B-1 and B-2. To accomplish its mission, the squadron must use operational bombers as there are no test coded bombers in ACC.

Lineage

• Organized as 49th Aero Squadron on 6 August 1917

Demobilized on 22 March 1919

• Reconstituted and consolidated (16 October 1936) with 166th Aero Squadron which was organized on 18 December 1917 and redesignated 49th Squadron on 14 March 1921

Redesignated: 49th Bombardment Squadron on 25 January 1923

Redesignated: 49th Bombardment Squadron (Heavy) on 6 December 1939

Inactivated on 28 February 1946

• Redesignated: 49th Bombardment Squadron (Very Heavy) On 5 April 1946

Activated on 1 July 1947

Redesignated: 49th Bombardment Squadron (Medium) on 28 May 1948

Inactivated on 1 April 1963

• Redesignated 49th Test Squadron and activated on 1 July 1986

Redesignated: 49th Test and Evaluation Squadron on 1 July 1992

Assignments

49th Aero Squadron

• Unknown, 6 August 1917-28 July 1918
• 3d Pursuit Group, 28 July 1918
• 2d Pursuit Group, 2 August-December 1918
• Unknown, December 1918-22 March 1919.

166th Aero (later 49th Bombardment) Squadron

• Unknown, 17 December 1917-September 1918
• 1st Day Bombardment Group, September-November 1918
• Unknown, November 1918-18 September 1919
• 1st Day Bombardment (later 2d Bombardment) Group, 18 September 1919 to consolidation in 1936

Detached for operations with ist Provisional Air Brigade, May-October 1921

Attached to Ordnance Department for service, August 1922-January 1928

Consolidated Squadron

• 2d Bombardment Group, from consolidation in 1936 to 28 February 1946

Attached to Newfoundland Base Command, December 1941-June 1942

• 2d Bombardment Group, 1 July 1947
• 2d Bombardment Wing, 16 June 1952-1 April 1963
• Strategic Air Command
  Strategic Air Command
  The Strategic Air Command was both a Major Command of the United States Air Force and a "specified command" of the United States Department of Defense. SAC was the operational establishment in charge of America's land-based strategic bomber aircraft and land-based intercontinental ballistic...
  
  , 1 Jul 1986

Attached to Strategic Air Combat Operations Staff, 1 Jul 1986-1 Jun 1992

• USAF Air Warfare Center, 1 Jun 1992
• 79th Test and Evaluation Group, 15 Apr 1993
• 53d Test and Evaluation Group
  53d Test and Evaluation Group
  The 53d Test and Evaluation Group is a group of the United States Air Force. It is a part of the 53d Wing, and is headquartered at Nellis Air Force Base in Nevada. The unit consists of seven squadrons, two detachments, and a named flight...
  
  , 20 Nov 1998-Presnet

Stations

49th Aero Squadron

• Kelly Field, Texas
  Texas
  Texas is the second largest U.S. state by both area and population, and the largest state by area in the contiguous United States.The name, based on the Caddo word "Tejas" meaning "friends" or "allies", was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves and to the region of their settlement in...
  
  , 6 August-28 December 1917
• Castle Bromwich, England
  England
  England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
  
  , c. 1 February-24 June 1918
• Issoudun, France
  France
  The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
  
  , 2 July 1918
• Vaucouleurs, France
  France
  The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
  
  , 28 July 1918
• Toul, France
  France
  The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
  
  , 2 August 1918
• Bebrain, France
  France
  The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
  
  , 23 September 1918
• Souilly, France
  France
  The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
  
  , 7 November 1918
• Colombey-les-Belles, France
  France
  The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
  
  , c. 7 December 1918-unkn
• Garden City
  Garden City, New York
  Garden City is a village in the town of Hempstead in central Nassau County, New York, in the United States. It was founded by multi-millionaire Alexander Turney Stewart in 1869, and is located on Long Island, to the east of New York City, from mid-town Manhattan, and just south of the town of...
  
  , New York
  New York
  New York is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east...
  
  , March-22 March 1919

166th Aero (later 49th Bombardment) Squadron

• Kelly Field, Texas
  Texas
  Texas is the second largest U.S. state by both area and population, and the largest state by area in the contiguous United States.The name, based on the Caddo word "Tejas" meaning "friends" or "allies", was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves and to the region of their settlement in...
  
  , 18 December 1917
• Wilbur Wright Field, Ohio
  Ohio
  Ohio is a Midwestern state in the United States. The 34th largest state by area in the U.S.,it is the 7th‑most populous with over 11.5 million residents, containing several major American cities and seven metropolitan areas with populations of 500,000 or more.The state's capital is Columbus...
  
  , 24 December 1917-20 February 1918
• Catterick Bridge, England
  England
  England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
  
  , 25 March-7 August 1918
• Delouze, France
  France
  The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
  
  , 26 August 1918
• Vinets-sur-Aube, France
  France
  The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
  
  , 1 September 1918
• Delouze, France
  France
  The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
  
  , 7 September 1918
• Colombey-les-Belles, France
  France
  The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
  
  , 12 September 1918
• Amanty, France
  France
  The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
  
  , 21 September 1918
• Maulan, France
  France
  The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
  
  , 25 September 1918
• Joppecourt, France
  France
  The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
  
  , 22 November 1918
• Trier, Germany
  Germany
  Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
  
  , 5 January 1919
• Colombey-les-Belles, France
  France
  The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
  
  , 17 April 1919
• Le Mans, France
  France
  The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
  
  , 3 May 1919
• Brest, France
  France
  The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
  
  , 19 May-3 June 1919
• Mitchel Field, New York
  New York
  New York is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east...
  
  , 17 June 1919
• Ellington Field
  Ellington Field
  Ellington International Airport is a joint civil-military airport located in the U.S. state of Texas within the city of Houston— southeast of Downtown. Established by the Army Air Service on 21 May 1917, Ellington Field was one of the initial World War I Army Air Service installations when...
  
  , Texas
  Texas
  Texas is the second largest U.S. state by both area and population, and the largest state by area in the contiguous United States.The name, based on the Caddo word "Tejas" meaning "friends" or "allies", was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves and to the region of their settlement in...
  
  , July 1919
• Kelly Field, Texas
  Texas
  Texas is the second largest U.S. state by both area and population, and the largest state by area in the contiguous United States.The name, based on the Caddo word "Tejas" meaning "friends" or "allies", was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves and to the region of their settlement in...
  
  , 26 September 1919

Operated from Langley Field, Virginia

Virginia

The Commonwealth of Virginia , is a U.S. state on the Atlantic Coast of the Southern United States. Virginia is nicknamed the "Old Dominion" and sometimes the "Mother of Presidents" after the eight U.S. presidents born there...

, 20 May-26 October 1921

• Langley Field, Virginia
  Virginia
  The Commonwealth of Virginia , is a U.S. state on the Atlantic Coast of the Southern United States. Virginia is nicknamed the "Old Dominion" and sometimes the "Mother of Presidents" after the eight U.S. presidents born there...
  
  , 30 June 1922
• Aberdeen Proving Ground
  Aberdeen Proving Ground
  Aberdeen Proving Ground is a United States Army facility located near Aberdeen, Maryland, . Part of the facility is a census-designated place , which had a population of 3,116 at the 2000 census.- History :...
  
  , Maryland
  Maryland
  Maryland is a U.S. state located in the Mid Atlantic region of the United States, bordering Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and Delaware to its east...
  
  , 17 August 1922
• Langley Field, Virginia
  Virginia
  The Commonwealth of Virginia , is a U.S. state on the Atlantic Coast of the Southern United States. Virginia is nicknamed the "Old Dominion" and sometimes the "Mother of Presidents" after the eight U.S. presidents born there...
  
  , 18 January 1928 to consolidation in 1936.

Consolidated Squadron

• Langley Field, Virginia
  Virginia
  The Commonwealth of Virginia , is a U.S. state on the Atlantic Coast of the Southern United States. Virginia is nicknamed the "Old Dominion" and sometimes the "Mother of Presidents" after the eight U.S. presidents born there...
  
  , from consolidation in 1936 to 23 November 1941
• Newfoundland Airport (later RCAF Station Torbay)
  St. John's International Airport
  St. John's International Airport is an international airport located northwest of St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada that serves the St. John's Metro Area and the Avalon Peninsula. The airport is part of the National Airports System, and is operated by St...
  
  , Newfoundland
  Dominion of Newfoundland
  The Dominion of Newfoundland was a British Dominion from 1907 to 1949 . The Dominion of Newfoundland was situated in northeastern North America along the Atlantic coast and comprised the island of Newfoundland and Labrador on the continental mainland...
  
  , 13 December 1941

Air echelon, en route to Newfoundland

Dominion of Newfoundland

The Dominion of Newfoundland was a British Dominion from 1907 to 1949 . The Dominion of Newfoundland was situated in northeastern North America along the Atlantic coast and comprised the island of Newfoundland and Labrador on the continental mainland...

, arrived Mitchel Field, New York

New York

New York is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east...

, 1 December 1941

Ordered to west coast for emergency duty, 8 December 1941; operated from Geiger Field, Washington, in conjunction with 12th Reconnaissance Squadron

12th Reconnaissance Squadron

The 12th Reconnaissance Squadron is a United States Air Force reconnaissance unit based at Beale Air Force Base, near Marysville, California. It is a component of the 9th Reconnaissance Wing and operates the RQ-4 Global Hawk unmanned aerial vehicle...

 until echelon dissolved in late December 1941

• Argentia Airfield
  Naval Station Argentia
  Naval Station Argentia is a former base of the United States Navy that operated from 1941-1994. It was established in the community of Argentia in what was then the Dominion of Newfoundland, which later became the tenth Canadian province .-Construction:Established under the British-U.S...
  
  , Newfoundland
  Dominion of Newfoundland
  The Dominion of Newfoundland was a British Dominion from 1907 to 1949 . The Dominion of Newfoundland was situated in northeastern North America along the Atlantic coast and comprised the island of Newfoundland and Labrador on the continental mainland...
  
  , 16 January-June 1942
• Langley Field, Virginia
  Virginia
  The Commonwealth of Virginia , is a U.S. state on the Atlantic Coast of the Southern United States. Virginia is nicknamed the "Old Dominion" and sometimes the "Mother of Presidents" after the eight U.S. presidents born there...
  
  , 24 June 1942
• Ephrata
  Ephrata
  Ephrata is the name of several places in the United States of America, named for Biblical Ephrath. The modern Israeli settlement-city of Efrata in the West Bank occupies a site assumed to be near the ancient one.-Places:*Suriname**Ephrata, Suriname...
  
  , Washington, 29 October 1942
• Lewistown
  Lewistown Municipal Airport
  Lewistown Municipal Airport is a public-use airport located two nautical miles southwest of the central business district of Lewistown, a city in Fergus County, Montana, United States. It is owned by the City of Lewistown and Fergus County...
  
  , Montana
  Montana
  Montana is a state in the Western United States. The western third of Montana contains numerous mountain ranges. Smaller, "island ranges" are found in the central third of the state, for a total of 77 named ranges of the Rocky Mountains. This geographical fact is reflected in the state's name,...
  
  , 28 November 1942-c. 13 March 1943
• Navarin Airfield
  Navarin Airfield
  Navarin Airfield is a World War II military airfield in Algeria, located approximately 10 km est of El Eulma in Sétif Province. It was used by the United States Army Air Force Twelfth Air Force during the North African Campaign for heavy B-17 Flying Fortress bombers against the German Afrika...
  
  , Algeria
  Algeria
  Algeria , officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria , also formally referred to as the Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of Northwest Africa with Algiers as its capital.In terms of land area, it is the largest country in Africa and the Arab...
  
  , 25 April 1943
• Chateau-dun-du-Rhumel Airfield
  Chateau-dun-du-Rhumel Airfield
  Chateau-dun-du-Rhumel Airfield is an abandoned military airfield in Algeria, located about 6 km north-northwest of Chelghoum el Aid, in Mila province, about 47 km southwest of Constantine....
  
  , Algeria
  Algeria
  Algeria , officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria , also formally referred to as the Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of Northwest Africa with Algiers as its capital.In terms of land area, it is the largest country in Africa and the Arab...
  
  , 27 April 1943
• Ain M'lila Airfield
  Ain M'lila Airfield
  Ain M'lila Airfield is an abandoned World War II military airfield in Algeria, located approximately 17 km north-northwest of Aïn Kercha in Oum el Bouaghi province, about 50 km south-southeast of Constantine...
  
  , Algeria
  Algeria
  Algeria , officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria , also formally referred to as the Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of Northwest Africa with Algiers as its capital.In terms of land area, it is the largest country in Africa and the Arab...
  
  , 17 June 1943
• Massicault Airfield, Tunisia
  Tunisia
  Tunisia , officially the Tunisian RepublicThe long name of Tunisia in other languages used in the country is: , is the northernmost country in Africa. It is a Maghreb country and is bordered by Algeria to the west, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Its area...
  
  , 31 July 1943
• Amendola Airfield, Italy
  Italy
  Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...
  
  , c. 10 December 1943
• Foggia Airfield, Italy
  Italy
  Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...
  
  , 29 October 1945-28 February 1946
• Andrews Field, Maryland
  Maryland
  Maryland is a U.S. state located in the Mid Atlantic region of the United States, bordering Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and Delaware to its east...
  
  , 1 July 1947
• Davis-Monthan Field, Arizona
  Arizona
  Arizona ; is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States. It is also part of the western United States and the mountain west. The capital and largest city is Phoenix...
  
  , 24 September 1947
• Chatham AFB
  Savannah/Hilton Head International Airport
  "Savannah/Hilton Head International Airport , formerly Savannah International Airport, Travis Field and Chatham Field, is a joint civil-military airport located northwest of Savannah, Georgia just off Interstate 95, between Savannah and the city of Pooler, Georgia...
  
  , Georgia
  Georgia (U.S. state)
  Georgia is a state located in the southeastern United States. It was established in 1732, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies. The state is named after King George II of Great Britain. Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2, 1788...
  
  , i May 1949
• Hunter Air Force Base, Georgia
  Georgia (U.S. state)
  Georgia is a state located in the southeastern United States. It was established in 1732, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies. The state is named after King George II of Great Britain. Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2, 1788...
  
  , 29 September 1950-1 April 1963
• Barksdale AFB, Louisiana
  Louisiana
  Louisiana is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America. Its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the only state in the U.S. with political subdivisions termed parishes, which are local governments equivalent to counties...
  
  , 1 July 1986–present

Aircraft

49th Aero Squadron

• IN-4, 1917
• SPAD S.XIII
  SPAD S.XIII
  |-See also:-Bibliography:* Bruce, J.M. The Aeroplanes of the Royal Flying Corps . London: Putnam, 1982. ISBN 0-370-30084-X.* Sharpe, Michael. Biplanes, Triplanes, and Seaplanes. London: Friedman/Fairfax Books, 2000. ISBN 1-58663-300-7....
  
  , 1918

166th Aero (later 49th Bombardment) Squadron

• Airco DH.4, 1918–1919
• Included DH-4, Caproni bomber, and MB-2 (NBS-1), during period 1919-1929
• Included LB-5, LB-7, B-3, and B-5 during period 1928-1932
• In addition to B-6, c. 1931-1936, included Y1B-9 during period 1932-1936

Consolidated squadron

• In addition to B-10, B-17, and B-18, included A-20, XB-15, and B-23, during period 1936-1942
• B-17 Flying Fortress, 1942–1945
• B-29 Superfortress
  B-29 Superfortress
  The B-29 Superfortress is a four-engine propeller-driven heavy bomber designed by Boeing that was flown primarily by the United States Air Forces in late-World War II and through the Korean War. The B-29 was one of the largest aircraft to see service during World War II...
  
  , 1947–1950
• B-50 Superfortress
  B-50 Superfortress
  The Boeing B-50 Superfortress strategic bomber was a post-World War II revision of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress, fitted with more powerful Pratt & Whitney R-4360 radial engines, stronger structure, a taller fin, and other improvements. It was the last piston-engined bomber designed by Boeing for...
  
  , 1949–1954
• B-47 Stratojet
  B-47 Stratojet
  The Boeing Model 450 B-47 Stratojet was a long-range, six-engined, jet-powered medium bomber built to fly at high subsonic speeds and at high altitudes. It was primarily designed to drop nuclear bombs on the Soviet Union...
  
  , 1954–1963

Operations

49th Aero Squadron

Primary flying training unit, September-November 1917; combat as pursuit unit with First Army, 10 August-10 November 1918.

166th Aero (later 49th Bombardment) Squadron

Combat as day bombardment unit with First Army, 18 October-5 November 1918; subsequently served with Third Army as part of army of occupation until April 1919. Participated in demonstrations of effectiveness of aerial bombardment on warships, June-September 1921; mercy mission in relief of marooned inhabitants of islands in the frozen Chesapeake, 9-11 February 1936.

Consolidated squadron

Participated in good-will flights to Argentina, 15-27 February 1938, Colombia, 3-12 August 1938, Mexico, 9-15 June 1939, and Brazil, 10-28 November 1939; in a famous demonstration of the long-range capabilities of the B-17, intercepted Italian liner Rex 725 miles at sea, 12 May 1938; mercy mission in relief of earthquake victims in Santiago, Chile, 4-14 February 1939. Antisubmarine patrols off Pacific coast, December 1941, and Atlantic coast, 25 July-c. 28 October 1942; combat in MTO and ETO, 28 April 1943-1 May 1945.

External links