Vynohradiv
Encyclopedia
Vynohradiv is a city in western Ukraine
, Zakarpattia Oblast
. It has 27,600 inhabitants (2010). It is center of Vynohradiv Raion
.
and the border with Romania
. It is 35 kilometres from Berehove
.
transliteration of szőllős) in 1946, then became Vynohradiv. Vinogradovo, Vynohradiv, and Nagyszőlős all mean 'Grape City' in Russian
, Ukrainian
, and Hungarian
respectively. It was also known as Vynohradovo in the Old Ukrainian language (Ruthenian language
).
, since the area is an important wine district. The town was one of the oldest in Ugocsa
comitatus, and was inhabited by winemakers of the royal court. In 1329 King Charles Robert
granted privileges to the town, which became the seat of the comitatus (the city held this rank until the Treaty of Trianon
was signed in 1920).
In 1717 most of the citizens of the town were killed by an invading Tartar horde.
By 1880 the population was about 4,400 (with 500 native Romanians
). In 1881 a secondary school was opened.
In 1910 it had a population of 7,811 (5943 or 76% Hungarians, 1266 or 16% Ruthenians (Rusyns
) and 540 or 7% Germans). The religious make-up was 3311 Greek Catholics (42.5%), 2237 Jewish (28.6%) and 1124 Calvinists (14.4%).
This city had a Jewish ghetto in 1944, at its height from May to June 1944 when most of the Jews of this section of northern Transylvania were deported to the Auschwitz concentration camp
to be gassed shortly after arrival. Jews from the area typically spent about 2 weeks in the ghetto before being deported. Conditions were extremely cramped with many families housed in a single room, a deliberate arrangement meant to cause suffering and disease.
In 1944, Carpathian Ruthenia became part of the Soviet Union
.
Today 26% of the population is Hungarian (census of 2001).
with:
Nyírbátor
in Hungary
Fehérgyarmat
in Hungary
Dynów
in Poland
Vranov nad Topľou
in Slovakia
Ukraine
Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after Russia...
, Zakarpattia Oblast
Zakarpattia Oblast
The Zakarpattia Oblast is an administrative oblast located in southwestern Ukraine. Its administrative center is the city of Uzhhorod...
. It has 27,600 inhabitants (2010). It is center of Vynohradiv Raion
Vynohradiv Raion
Vynohradiv Raion is a raion in Zakarpattia Oblast in western Ukraine. Its administrative center is Vynohradiv. It has a population of 117957.-External links:*...
.
Location
The city lies near the river TiszaTisza
The Tisza or Tisa is one of the main rivers of Central Europe. It rises in Ukraine, and is formed near Rakhiv by the junction of headwaters White Tisa, whose source is in the Chornohora mountains and Black Tisa, which springs in the Gorgany range...
and the border with Romania
Romania
Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea...
. It is 35 kilometres from Berehove
Berehove
Berehove is a city located in the Zakarpattia Oblast in western Ukraine, near the border with Hungary.Serving as the administrative center of the Berehove Raion , the city itself is also designated as a separate raion within the oblast...
.
Name
The city was called Sevlush (the RusynRusyn language
Rusyn , also known in English as Ruthenian, is an East Slavic language variety spoken by the Rusyns of Central Europe. Some linguists treat it as a distinct language and it has its own ISO 639-3 code; others treat it as a dialect of Ukrainian...
transliteration of szőllős) in 1946, then became Vynohradiv. Vinogradovo, Vynohradiv, and Nagyszőlős all mean 'Grape City' in Russian
Russian language
Russian is a Slavic language used primarily in Russia, Belarus, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. It is an unofficial but widely spoken language in Ukraine, Moldova, Latvia, Turkmenistan and Estonia and, to a lesser extent, the other countries that were once constituent republics...
, Ukrainian
Ukrainian language
Ukrainian is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. It is the official state language of Ukraine. Written Ukrainian uses a variant of the Cyrillic alphabet....
, and Hungarian
Hungarian language
Hungarian is a Uralic language, part of the Ugric group. With some 14 million speakers, it is one of the most widely spoken non-Indo-European languages in Europe....
respectively. It was also known as Vynohradovo in the Old Ukrainian language (Ruthenian language
Ruthenian language
Ruthenian, or Old Ruthenian , is a term used for the varieties of Eastern Slavonic spoken in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later in the East Slavic territories of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth....
).
History
It was first mentioned in 1262 by the name Zceuleus. Its Hungarian name, Nagyszőlős comes from the word szőlő meaning grapeGrape
A grape is a non-climacteric fruit, specifically a berry, that grows on the perennial and deciduous woody vines of the genus Vitis. Grapes can be eaten raw or they can be used for making jam, juice, jelly, vinegar, wine, grape seed extracts, raisins, molasses and grape seed oil. Grapes are also...
, since the area is an important wine district. The town was one of the oldest in Ugocsa
Ugocsa
Ugocsa is the name of a historic administrative county of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory is presently in north-western Romania and western Ukraine...
comitatus, and was inhabited by winemakers of the royal court. In 1329 King Charles Robert
Charles I of Hungary
Charles I , also known as Charles Robert , was the first King of Hungary and Croatia of the House of Anjou. He was also descended from the old Hungarian Árpád dynasty. His claim to the throne of Hungary was contested by several pretenders...
granted privileges to the town, which became the seat of the comitatus (the city held this rank until the Treaty of Trianon
Treaty of Trianon
The Treaty of Trianon was the peace agreement signed in 1920, at the end of World War I, between the Allies of World War I and Hungary . The treaty greatly redefined and reduced Hungary's borders. From its borders before World War I, it lost 72% of its territory, which was reduced from to...
was signed in 1920).
In 1717 most of the citizens of the town were killed by an invading Tartar horde.
By 1880 the population was about 4,400 (with 500 native Romanians
Romanians
The Romanians are an ethnic group native to Romania, who speak Romanian; they are the majority inhabitants of Romania....
). In 1881 a secondary school was opened.
In 1910 it had a population of 7,811 (5943 or 76% Hungarians, 1266 or 16% Ruthenians (Rusyns
Rusyns
Carpatho-Rusyns are a primarily diasporic ethnic group who speak an Eastern Slavic language, or Ukrainian dialect, known as Rusyn. Carpatho-Rusyns descend from a minority of Ruthenians who did not adopt the use of the ethnonym "Ukrainian" in the early twentieth century...
) and 540 or 7% Germans). The religious make-up was 3311 Greek Catholics (42.5%), 2237 Jewish (28.6%) and 1124 Calvinists (14.4%).
This city had a Jewish ghetto in 1944, at its height from May to June 1944 when most of the Jews of this section of northern Transylvania were deported to the Auschwitz concentration camp
Auschwitz concentration camp
Concentration camp Auschwitz was a network of Nazi concentration and extermination camps built and operated by the Third Reich in Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany during World War II...
to be gassed shortly after arrival. Jews from the area typically spent about 2 weeks in the ghetto before being deported. Conditions were extremely cramped with many families housed in a single room, a deliberate arrangement meant to cause suffering and disease.
In 1944, Carpathian Ruthenia became part of the Soviet Union
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....
.
Today 26% of the population is Hungarian (census of 2001).
Demographics
According to the 2001 census, the population included: http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Zakarpattia/- Ukrainians (71.4%)
- Hungarians (26.2%)
- Russians (1.2%)
- Roma people (0.8%)
Tourist sights
- Ugocsa Castle (ruins; 13th century). It was first mentioned in 1308. In 1315 King Charles Robert attacked and destroyed it. In the 15th century the area was given to monks of the Franciscan order, they built a monastery there, which was inhabited until 1558. There is a small 14th century chapel south of the ruins.
- Perényi Castle. It was built by the Perényi noble family from 1399, later rebuilt in Baroque style into a mansion.
- Franciscan church and monastery (built in 1744, rebuilt in 1889).
- Our Lady's Church (13th century, rebuilt in the 15th century in Gothic style, restored in the early 20th century. Its furniture was destroyed after 1945. The Church got it back in 1989.
- Franciscan monastery (founded in the 15th century). In 1556 local Protestants attacked the monastery, killed the monks and threw the body of St. John Capistrano into a well. The Perényi family invited monks of the order to the town again, but the monastery burnt down in 1747. Its current building was erected in 1889.
- Protestant church (NeoclassicalNeoclassical architectureNeoclassical architecture was an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century, manifested both in its details as a reaction against the Rococo style of naturalistic ornament, and in its architectural formulas as an outgrowth of some classicizing...
, 1828). - Old county hall (now the building of the Zsigmond Perényi Secondary School) and statue of Perényi (1906).
Famous people
- Composer Béla BartókBéla BartókBéla Viktor János Bartók was a Hungarian composer and pianist. He is considered one of the most important composers of the 20th century and is regarded, along with Liszt, as Hungary's greatest composer...
lived in the house opposing the mansion between 1889 and 1892; his mother worked here as a teacher. Bartók held his first concert here in the county hall. - József Csorba doctor, physicist was born here in 1789.
- János Majos KurucKurucThe kuruc was a term used to denote the armed anti-Habsburg rebels in Royal Hungary between 1671 and 1711....
captain was born here. - Imre Révész painter was born here in 1859. He is buried in the local cemetery.
- Endre Nagy writer, stage director was born here in 1877.
Other Names
- RusynRusyn languageRusyn , also known in English as Ruthenian, is an East Slavic language variety spoken by the Rusyns of Central Europe. Some linguists treat it as a distinct language and it has its own ISO 639-3 code; others treat it as a dialect of Ukrainian...
: Cивлюш (Syvlyush),Севлюш (Sevlyush)(before 1946)" - RussianRussian languageRussian is a Slavic language used primarily in Russia, Belarus, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. It is an unofficial but widely spoken language in Ukraine, Moldova, Latvia, Turkmenistan and Estonia and, to a lesser extent, the other countries that were once constituent republics...
: Виноградoв (Vinogradov) - HungarianHungarian languageHungarian is a Uralic language, part of the Ugric group. With some 14 million speakers, it is one of the most widely spoken non-Indo-European languages in Europe....
: Nagyszől(l)ős, - RomanianRomanian languageRomanian Romanian Romanian (or Daco-Romanian; obsolete spellings Rumanian, Roumanian; self-designation: română, limba română ("the Romanian language") or românește (lit. "in Romanian") is a Romance language spoken by around 24 to 28 million people, primarily in Romania and Moldova...
: Seleuşu Mare, - SlovakSlovak languageSlovak , is an Indo-European language that belongs to the West Slavic languages .Slovak is the official language of Slovakia, where it is spoken by 5 million people...
: (Veľký) Sevľuš / Vinohradov - CzechCzech languageCzech is a West Slavic language with about 12 million native speakers; it is the majority language in the Czech Republic and spoken by Czechs worldwide. The language was known as Bohemian in English until the late 19th century...
: (Velká) Sevl(j)uš / Vinohradov - PolishPolish languagePolish is a language of the Lechitic subgroup of West Slavic languages, used throughout Poland and by Polish minorities in other countries...
: Winogradów - Yiddish: סעליש Seylesh, Selish
Twin towns — Sister cities
Vynohradiv is twinnedTown twinning
Twin towns and sister cities are two of many terms used to describe the cooperative agreements between towns, cities, and even counties in geographically and politically distinct areas to promote cultural and commercial ties.- Terminology :...
with:
Nyírbátor
Nyírbátor
Nyírbátor /ˈɲiːɾbaːtoɾ/ is a town in Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg county, in the Northern Great Plain region of eastern Hungary. With its historic atmosphere, this city is known for its 15th- and 16th-century ecclesiastic and secular built heritage and for the family of the former landowners, the Báthory...
in Hungary
Hungary
Hungary , officially the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is situated in the Carpathian Basin and is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine and Romania to the east, Serbia and Croatia to the south, Slovenia to the southwest and Austria to the west. The...
Fehérgyarmat
Fehérgyarmat
Fehérgyarmat is a town in Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg county, in the Northern Great Plain region of eastern Hungary.-Geography:It covers an area of and has a population of 8712 people .-Twin towns — Sister cities:Fehérgyarmat is twinned with:...
in Hungary
Hungary
Hungary , officially the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is situated in the Carpathian Basin and is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine and Romania to the east, Serbia and Croatia to the south, Slovenia to the southwest and Austria to the west. The...
Dynów
Dynów
Dynów is a town in Rzeszów County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, Poland, with a population of 6,058 .-Massacre during Second World War:...
in Poland
Poland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
Vranov nad Topľou
Vranov nad Toplou
Vranov nad Topľou is a city of approximately 23,000 inhabitants in eastern Slovakia, situated near Košice and Prešov, and between the Topľa River and the Ondava River....
in Slovakia
Slovakia
The Slovak Republic is a landlocked state in Central Europe. It has a population of over five million and an area of about . Slovakia is bordered by the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south...
See also
- Zakarpattia OblastZakarpattia OblastThe Zakarpattia Oblast is an administrative oblast located in southwestern Ukraine. Its administrative center is the city of Uzhhorod...
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