Visual thinking
Encyclopedia
Picture thinking, visual thinking , visual/spatial learning or right brained learning is the common phenomenon of thinking through visual processing using the part of the brain that is emotional and creative to organize information in an intuitive and simultaneous way.
Thinking in pictures, is one of a number of other recognized forms of non-verbal thought such as kinesthetic
, musical and mathematical thinking. Multiple thinking and learning styles, including visual, kinesthetic, musical, mathematical and verbal thinking styles are a common part of many current teacher training courses.
While visual thinking and visual learners are not synonymous, those who think in pictures have generally claimed to be best at visual learning. Also, while preferred learning and thinking styles may differ from person to person, precluding perceptual or neurological damage or deficits diminishing the use of some types of thinking, most people (visual thinkers included) will usually employ some range of diverse thinking and learning styles whether they are conscious of the differences or not.
Concepts related to visual thinking have played an important role in art and design education over the past several decades. Important literature on this subject includes Rudolf Arnheim's Visual Thinking (1969), Robert McKim's Experiences in Visual Thinking (1971), and Betty Edwards
' Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain (1979). Contemporary literature includes In The Minds Eye (1997) by Thomas G. West, Upside Down Brilliance (2002) by Linda Silverman, and The Einstein Factor (2004) by Win Wenger.
Many point out the seemingly common-sense realization that upon introspection, we seem to think in the language we speak. A number of writers and theorists have extrapolated upon this idea.
The Sapir–Whorf hypothesis in linguistics
(i) the strong version states that language determines thought and that linguistic categories alone limit and determine cognitive categories.
In 1969 the premise was rejected when a study by Brent Berlin and Paul Kay used a color terminology study to completely discredit the Wharfian strong construct.
In his book, The Language Gene, Stephen Pinker proposes the following: if we are not born with language, how can we be engineered to think in words alone? In 1981, Roger Sperry won a Nobel Prize
for his split brain research: the right [non-verbal] hemisphere, he concluded, is indeed a conscious system in its own right – it perceives, thinks, remembers, reasons, wills and emotes, all at a characteristically human level. The left and right hemisphere may be simultaneously conscious in different, even mutually conflicting, mental experiences that run in parallel. Research which builds on Sperry's Nobel Prize-winning split brain research is reinforced by anecdotal evidence
, which supports the premise that different architectures lend themselves to one of the channels, at the expense of the others. Einstein's personal history as an academic outsider from an early age, a self-confessed visual thinker, and a lifelong advocate of educational reform lends credibility to this hypothesis.
Today, applications of visual thinking are varied. They include the stock market
, law and order, advanced math, aeronautical engineering, architecture and design, and memory and learning. More prosaically, visual thinking contributes to quotidian activities such as driving, flying, navigating, playing chess, catching a ball, calculating speed trajectory time, and even subtle changes to one's everyday language.
In the field of Cognitive therapy
, founded by Aaron T. Beck
, it is claimed that human emotions and behavior are caused by internal dialogue. We can change ourselves by learning to challenge and refute our own thoughts, particularly a number of specific mistaken thought patterns called "cognitive distortions." In NLP
[linguistic programming], the skillful use of language "patterns" are used to influence not just your own thoughts and behavior, but those of others. NLP is a controversial discipline, and it would be fair to say that the general public is uneasy with what is perceives to be subliminal manipulation. Founded by Richard Bandler
and John Grinder
, NLP draws on hypnotic techniques to render subjects suggestible. NLP is particularly popular with the business community and pressure groups. As a business tool, NLP throws up parallels with the mind control research of Pavlov
, Sargent and B. F. Skinner
, whose work on conditioned responses in human reflex and reinforcement places little value on free will.
Less widely known is the fact that NLP has branched. It was originally conceived to accelerate learning. Human systems are broken down into visual, action and acoustic channels. These NLP ideas have been recycled by Fleming, who's VAK learning styles model is directly derived from NLP. What you see, what you hear and what you do are identified for each channel, and the message personalized.
Supporters of Galton, who advanced the idea of hereditary intelligence, disagree. Galton influenced Burt whose work on standardization of psychological tests led to the introduction of IQ testing, bringing Burt into contact with eugenics. Burt was educated in Stratford upon Avon, the birthplace of Shakespeare, a town steeped in the tradition of the written and spoken word. His possibly fraudulent research poured oil on the troubled waters of an already divisive area. Intelligence is intelligence, it is understood, a fixed constant measurable by the one test to rule them all, if you are good at one aspect of the test you are good at at all aspects of the IQ test. Gardner's multiple intelligences theory rejects this premise, areas of competence are just as likely to be mutually exclusive as reinforcing. It is Gardner argues, the test that is flawed. A more nuanced argument anchors itself in learning styles and the nature of communication. A facility with language unquestionably confers systemic bias. Education and the work that leads to, creates feedback loops. In today's society distinct from Burt's the link between IQ and educated has weakened, but the idea of educated and intelligent has become synonymous, interchangeable; reinforced by verbalizers being better able to internalize information, advocate systems and design jobs that monetarily reward strengths, a cycle that is self perpetuating.
'Theorist Linda Kreger Silverman suggests that less than 30% of the population strongly uses visual/spatial thinking, another 45% uses both visual/spatial thinking and thinking in the form of words, and 25% thinks exclusively in words. According to Kreger Silverman, of the 30% of the general population who use visual/spatial thinking, only a small percentage would use this style over and above all other forms of thinking, and can be said to be 'true' picture thinkers like a certain Albert Einstein.
(photographic memory) may co-occur in visual thinkers as much as in any type of thinking style as it is a memory function associated with having vision rather than a thinking style. Eidetic Memory can still occur in those with visual agnosia
, who, unlike visual thinkers, may be limited in the use of visualization skills for mental reasoning.
Psychologist E.R Jaensch states that Eidetic Memory apart of visual thinking has to do with Eidetic images fading between the line of the after image and the memory image. It is suggested that a fine relationship exist between the after image and the memory image, which causes visual thinkers from not seeing the Eidetic image but rather drawing upon perception and useful information. As stated earlier, individuals diagnosed with agnosia, may not be able to perform mental reasoning. Possibly,one of the reasons as to why individuals are not able to identify the Eidetic image, as clearly as possible.
, kinesthetic
and visual-spatial learning, which are associated with the sensory organs (receptors), sensory system
and sense
, respectively ears with hearing, eyes with sight, skin, limbs and bodily movements with touch and body gestures. Research suggests that dyslexia is a symptom of a predominant visual/spatial learning from the earliest studies, circa 1896 -1925 by Morgan (1896), Hinselwood (1900) and Orton (1925). Morgan used the term 'word blindness,' in 1896; Hinselwood expanded on 'word blindness' to describe the reversing of letters and similar phenomenon in 1900s; Orton suggested that individuals have difficulty associating the visual with the verbal form of words, in 1925. Further studies using technologies (PET and MRI) and wider and varied user groups in various languages support the earlier findings. Visual-spatial symptoms (dyslexia
, dyspraxia
, Auditory Processing Disorder
(APD) and the like) arise in non-visual and non-spatial environments and situations; hence, visual/spatial learning is aggravated by an education system based upon information presented in written text instead of presented via multimedia
and hands-on experience.
to be an origin for delayed speech in people with autism
. However, picture thinking itself is only one form of "non-linguistic thinking" which includes physical (kinaesthetic), aural (musical) and logical (mathematical/systems) style of thought. Among those whose main form of thought and learning style is a non-linguistic form, visual thinking is the most common, while most people have a combination of thinking and learning styles. It has been suggested that visual thinking has some necessary connection with autism. However, given that current statistics by the National Autistic Society UK put the incidence of ASD around 1 in 100 people and that up to 60%–65% of the population think in pictures, it cannot be concluded that visual thinking has any necessary connection with autism. Moreover, unless those with autism have sensory-perceptual disorders limiting their capacity to develop visual thinking, such as visual agnosias or blindness since infancy, many people with autism, just as many non-autistic people, are equally likely to think in pictures. As visual thinking is the most common mode of thought, it might be expected that the incidence of visual thinking in the autistic community may be reflective of that in the general population, being around 60%–65% of the general population.
It has to be understood however, that the reasoning employed here uses the fact that these 60 to 65% percent of people are people who "strongly" or "sometimes" use thinking in pictures, but also use other forms of thinking. They think in pictures almost to the exclusion of other kinds of thinking. Such persons, real "picture thinkers", make up only a very small percentage of the population. Thus the "Controversy" described above might be moot when considering this.
Contrary to the apparent lack of interest in visual thinking in the US, in the Netherlands there is a strong and growing interest in the phenomenon of 'true' "picture thinking", or "Beelddenken" as its called in the Netherlands http://beelddenken.startpagina.nl/. As a result from increased media coverage during the last few years, there is an acceptance of its existence by the general public, although criticism remains from some Dutch psychologists and development theorists. Since its discovery a decade ago, a significant amount of empirical evidence in favor of its existence has been discovered, and much research is being done on visual thinking a Dutch nonprofit organization named the "Maria J. Krabbe Stichting Beelddenken" http://www.euronet.nl/~mjkbeeld/. They've also developed a test, named the "Ojemann wereldspel", to identify children who rely primarily on visual-spatial thinking, in which children are asked to build a village with toy houses and then replicate it a few days later.
Thinking in pictures, is one of a number of other recognized forms of non-verbal thought such as kinesthetic
Kinesthetic learning
Kinesthetic learning is a learning style in which learning takes place by the student actually carrying out a physical activity, rather than listening to a lecture or merely watching a demonstration. It is also referred to as tactile learning...
, musical and mathematical thinking. Multiple thinking and learning styles, including visual, kinesthetic, musical, mathematical and verbal thinking styles are a common part of many current teacher training courses.
While visual thinking and visual learners are not synonymous, those who think in pictures have generally claimed to be best at visual learning. Also, while preferred learning and thinking styles may differ from person to person, precluding perceptual or neurological damage or deficits diminishing the use of some types of thinking, most people (visual thinkers included) will usually employ some range of diverse thinking and learning styles whether they are conscious of the differences or not.
Concepts related to visual thinking have played an important role in art and design education over the past several decades. Important literature on this subject includes Rudolf Arnheim's Visual Thinking (1969), Robert McKim's Experiences in Visual Thinking (1971), and Betty Edwards
Betty Edwards
Betty Edwards is an American art teacher and author, best known for her 1979 book, Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain. She taught and did research at the California State University, Long Beach until she retired in the late '90s...
' Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain (1979). Contemporary literature includes In The Minds Eye (1997) by Thomas G. West, Upside Down Brilliance (2002) by Linda Silverman, and The Einstein Factor (2004) by Win Wenger.
Theoretical basis
A variety of different authors, theories and fields purport influences between language and thought.Many point out the seemingly common-sense realization that upon introspection, we seem to think in the language we speak. A number of writers and theorists have extrapolated upon this idea.
The Sapir–Whorf hypothesis in linguistics
(i) the strong version states that language determines thought and that linguistic categories alone limit and determine cognitive categories.
In 1969 the premise was rejected when a study by Brent Berlin and Paul Kay used a color terminology study to completely discredit the Wharfian strong construct.
In his book, The Language Gene, Stephen Pinker proposes the following: if we are not born with language, how can we be engineered to think in words alone? In 1981, Roger Sperry won a Nobel Prize
Nobel Prize
The Nobel Prizes are annual international awards bestowed by Scandinavian committees in recognition of cultural and scientific advances. The will of the Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite, established the prizes in 1895...
for his split brain research: the right [non-verbal] hemisphere, he concluded, is indeed a conscious system in its own right – it perceives, thinks, remembers, reasons, wills and emotes, all at a characteristically human level. The left and right hemisphere may be simultaneously conscious in different, even mutually conflicting, mental experiences that run in parallel. Research which builds on Sperry's Nobel Prize-winning split brain research is reinforced by anecdotal evidence
Anecdotal evidence
The expression anecdotal evidence refers to evidence from anecdotes. Because of the small sample, there is a larger chance that it may be true but unreliable due to cherry-picked or otherwise unrepresentative of typical cases....
, which supports the premise that different architectures lend themselves to one of the channels, at the expense of the others. Einstein's personal history as an academic outsider from an early age, a self-confessed visual thinker, and a lifelong advocate of educational reform lends credibility to this hypothesis.
Today, applications of visual thinking are varied. They include the stock market
Stock market
A stock market or equity market is a public entity for the trading of company stock and derivatives at an agreed price; these are securities listed on a stock exchange as well as those only traded privately.The size of the world stock market was estimated at about $36.6 trillion...
, law and order, advanced math, aeronautical engineering, architecture and design, and memory and learning. More prosaically, visual thinking contributes to quotidian activities such as driving, flying, navigating, playing chess, catching a ball, calculating speed trajectory time, and even subtle changes to one's everyday language.
In the field of Cognitive therapy
Cognitive therapy
Cognitive behavioral therapy is a psychotherapeutic approach: a talking therapy. CBT aims to solve problems concerning dysfunctional emotions, behaviors and cognitions through a goal-oriented, systematic procedure in the present...
, founded by Aaron T. Beck
Aaron T. Beck
Aaron Temkin Beck is an American psychiatrist and a professor emeritus in the department of psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania. He is widely regarded as the father of cognitive therapy, and his pioneering theories are widely used in the treatment of clinical depression...
, it is claimed that human emotions and behavior are caused by internal dialogue. We can change ourselves by learning to challenge and refute our own thoughts, particularly a number of specific mistaken thought patterns called "cognitive distortions." In NLP
NLP
- Artificial intelligence :* Natural language processing, a field of computer science and linguistics concerned with the interactions between computers and human languages- Medicine and biology :...
[linguistic programming], the skillful use of language "patterns" are used to influence not just your own thoughts and behavior, but those of others. NLP is a controversial discipline, and it would be fair to say that the general public is uneasy with what is perceives to be subliminal manipulation. Founded by Richard Bandler
Richard Bandler
Richard Wayne Bandler is an American author and trainer in the field of self-help. He is best known as the co-inventor of Neuro-linguistic programming , a collection of concepts and techniques intended to understand and change human behavior-patterns...
and John Grinder
John Grinder
John Grinder, Ph.D., is an American linguist, author, management consultant, trainer and speaker. Grinder is credited with the co-creation with Richard Bandler of the field of Neuro-linguistic programming. He is co-director of Quantum Leap Inc., a management consulting firm founded by his partner...
, NLP draws on hypnotic techniques to render subjects suggestible. NLP is particularly popular with the business community and pressure groups. As a business tool, NLP throws up parallels with the mind control research of Pavlov
Pavlov
-People:*Pavlov *Ivan Pavlov, a psychologist famous for his experiment in classical conditioning.-Places:*in the Czech Republic:**Pavlov **Pavlov **Pavlov **Pavlov...
, Sargent and B. F. Skinner
B. F. Skinner
Burrhus Frederic Skinner was an American behaviorist, author, inventor, baseball enthusiast, social philosopher and poet...
, whose work on conditioned responses in human reflex and reinforcement places little value on free will.
Less widely known is the fact that NLP has branched. It was originally conceived to accelerate learning. Human systems are broken down into visual, action and acoustic channels. These NLP ideas have been recycled by Fleming, who's VAK learning styles model is directly derived from NLP. What you see, what you hear and what you do are identified for each channel, and the message personalized.
Supporters of Galton, who advanced the idea of hereditary intelligence, disagree. Galton influenced Burt whose work on standardization of psychological tests led to the introduction of IQ testing, bringing Burt into contact with eugenics. Burt was educated in Stratford upon Avon, the birthplace of Shakespeare, a town steeped in the tradition of the written and spoken word. His possibly fraudulent research poured oil on the troubled waters of an already divisive area. Intelligence is intelligence, it is understood, a fixed constant measurable by the one test to rule them all, if you are good at one aspect of the test you are good at at all aspects of the IQ test. Gardner's multiple intelligences theory rejects this premise, areas of competence are just as likely to be mutually exclusive as reinforcing. It is Gardner argues, the test that is flawed. A more nuanced argument anchors itself in learning styles and the nature of communication. A facility with language unquestionably confers systemic bias. Education and the work that leads to, creates feedback loops. In today's society distinct from Burt's the link between IQ and educated has weakened, but the idea of educated and intelligent has become synonymous, interchangeable; reinforced by verbalizers being better able to internalize information, advocate systems and design jobs that monetarily reward strengths, a cycle that is self perpetuating.
'Theorist Linda Kreger Silverman suggests that less than 30% of the population strongly uses visual/spatial thinking, another 45% uses both visual/spatial thinking and thinking in the form of words, and 25% thinks exclusively in words. According to Kreger Silverman, of the 30% of the general population who use visual/spatial thinking, only a small percentage would use this style over and above all other forms of thinking, and can be said to be 'true' picture thinkers like a certain Albert Einstein.
Eidetic Memory
Eidetic MemoryEidetic memory
Eidetic , commonly referred to as photographic memory, is a medical term, popularly defined as the ability to recall images, sounds, or objects in memory with extreme precision and in abundant volume. The word eidetic, referring to extraordinarily detailed and vivid recall not limited to, but...
(photographic memory) may co-occur in visual thinkers as much as in any type of thinking style as it is a memory function associated with having vision rather than a thinking style. Eidetic Memory can still occur in those with visual agnosia
Agnosia
Agnosia is a loss of ability to recognize objects, persons, sounds, shapes, or smells while the specific sense is not defective nor is there any significant memory loss...
, who, unlike visual thinkers, may be limited in the use of visualization skills for mental reasoning.
Psychologist E.R Jaensch states that Eidetic Memory apart of visual thinking has to do with Eidetic images fading between the line of the after image and the memory image. It is suggested that a fine relationship exist between the after image and the memory image, which causes visual thinkers from not seeing the Eidetic image but rather drawing upon perception and useful information. As stated earlier, individuals diagnosed with agnosia, may not be able to perform mental reasoning. Possibly,one of the reasons as to why individuals are not able to identify the Eidetic image, as clearly as possible.
Dyslexia
Individuals use a variety of learning styles or strategies, among these are auditoryAuditory learning
Auditory learning is a learning style in which a person learns through listening. An auditory learner depends on hearing and speaking as a main way of learning. Auditory learners must be able to hear what is being said in order to understand and may have difficulty with instructions that are written...
, kinesthetic
Kinesthetic learning
Kinesthetic learning is a learning style in which learning takes place by the student actually carrying out a physical activity, rather than listening to a lecture or merely watching a demonstration. It is also referred to as tactile learning...
and visual-spatial learning, which are associated with the sensory organs (receptors), sensory system
Sensory system
A sensory system is a part of the nervous system responsible for processing sensory information. A sensory system consists of sensory receptors, neural pathways, and parts of the brain involved in sensory perception. Commonly recognized sensory systems are those for vision, hearing, somatic...
and sense
Sense
Senses are physiological capacities of organisms that provide inputs for perception. The senses and their operation, classification, and theory are overlapping topics studied by a variety of fields, most notably neuroscience, cognitive psychology , and philosophy of perception...
, respectively ears with hearing, eyes with sight, skin, limbs and bodily movements with touch and body gestures. Research suggests that dyslexia is a symptom of a predominant visual/spatial learning from the earliest studies, circa 1896 -1925 by Morgan (1896), Hinselwood (1900) and Orton (1925). Morgan used the term 'word blindness,' in 1896; Hinselwood expanded on 'word blindness' to describe the reversing of letters and similar phenomenon in 1900s; Orton suggested that individuals have difficulty associating the visual with the verbal form of words, in 1925. Further studies using technologies (PET and MRI) and wider and varied user groups in various languages support the earlier findings. Visual-spatial symptoms (dyslexia
Dyslexia
Dyslexia is a very broad term defining a learning disability that impairs a person's fluency or comprehension accuracy in being able to read, and which can manifest itself as a difficulty with phonological awareness, phonological decoding, orthographic coding, auditory short-term memory, or rapid...
, dyspraxia
Dyspraxia
Developmental dyspraxia is a motor learning difficulty that can affect planning of movements and co-ordination as a result of brain messages not being accurately transmitted to the body...
, Auditory Processing Disorder
Auditory processing disorder
Auditory Processing Disorder , also known as Central Auditory Processing Disorder is an umbrella term for a variety of disorders that affect the way the brain processes auditory information. It is not a peripheral hearing disorder as individuals with APD usually have normal peripheral hearing...
(APD) and the like) arise in non-visual and non-spatial environments and situations; hence, visual/spatial learning is aggravated by an education system based upon information presented in written text instead of presented via multimedia
Multimedia
Multimedia is media and content that uses a combination of different content forms. The term can be used as a noun or as an adjective describing a medium as having multiple content forms. The term is used in contrast to media which use only rudimentary computer display such as text-only, or...
and hands-on experience.
Autism
Visual thinking has been argued by Temple GrandinTemple Grandin
Temple Grandin is an American doctor of animal science and professor at Colorado State University, bestselling author, and consultant to the livestock industry on animal behavior...
to be an origin for delayed speech in people with autism
Autism
Autism is a disorder of neural development characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior. These signs all begin before a child is three years old. Autism affects information processing in the brain by altering how nerve cells and their...
. However, picture thinking itself is only one form of "non-linguistic thinking" which includes physical (kinaesthetic), aural (musical) and logical (mathematical/systems) style of thought. Among those whose main form of thought and learning style is a non-linguistic form, visual thinking is the most common, while most people have a combination of thinking and learning styles. It has been suggested that visual thinking has some necessary connection with autism. However, given that current statistics by the National Autistic Society UK put the incidence of ASD around 1 in 100 people and that up to 60%–65% of the population think in pictures, it cannot be concluded that visual thinking has any necessary connection with autism. Moreover, unless those with autism have sensory-perceptual disorders limiting their capacity to develop visual thinking, such as visual agnosias or blindness since infancy, many people with autism, just as many non-autistic people, are equally likely to think in pictures. As visual thinking is the most common mode of thought, it might be expected that the incidence of visual thinking in the autistic community may be reflective of that in the general population, being around 60%–65% of the general population.
Spatial-Temporal Reasoning or Spatial Visualization
Visual thinkers describe thinking in pictures. As approximately 60%–65% of the general population, it's possible that a visual thinker may be as likely as any human being to also have good spatial-temporal reasoning or visual spatial ability without the two having any necessary direct relationship. Acute spatial ability is also a trait of kinesthetic learners (those who learn through movement, physical patterning and doing) and logical thinkers (mathematical thinkers who think in patterns and systems) who may not be strong visual thinkers at all. Similarly, visual thinking has been described as seeing words as a series of pictures which, alone, is not exactly the same phenomena spatial-temporal reasoning.It has to be understood however, that the reasoning employed here uses the fact that these 60 to 65% percent of people are people who "strongly" or "sometimes" use thinking in pictures, but also use other forms of thinking. They think in pictures almost to the exclusion of other kinds of thinking. Such persons, real "picture thinkers", make up only a very small percentage of the population. Thus the "Controversy" described above might be moot when considering this.
Research
Research by Child Development Theorist Linda Kreger Silverman suggests that less than 30% of the population strongly uses visual/spatial thinking, another 45% uses both visual/spatial thinking and thinking in the form of words, and 25% thinks exclusively in words. According to Kreger Silverman, of the 30% of the general population who use visual/spatial thinking, only a small percentage would use this style over and above all other forms of thinking, and can be said to be 'true' "picture thinkers".Contrary to the apparent lack of interest in visual thinking in the US, in the Netherlands there is a strong and growing interest in the phenomenon of 'true' "picture thinking", or "Beelddenken" as its called in the Netherlands http://beelddenken.startpagina.nl/. As a result from increased media coverage during the last few years, there is an acceptance of its existence by the general public, although criticism remains from some Dutch psychologists and development theorists. Since its discovery a decade ago, a significant amount of empirical evidence in favor of its existence has been discovered, and much research is being done on visual thinking a Dutch nonprofit organization named the "Maria J. Krabbe Stichting Beelddenken" http://www.euronet.nl/~mjkbeeld/. They've also developed a test, named the "Ojemann wereldspel", to identify children who rely primarily on visual-spatial thinking, in which children are asked to build a village with toy houses and then replicate it a few days later.
See also
- Rich pictures
- Visual languageVisual languageA visual language is a system of communication using visual elements. Speech as a means of communication cannot strictly be separated from the whole of human communicative activity which includes the visual and the term 'language' in relation to vision is an extension of its use to describe the...
- New Epoch Notation Painting
- Image schemaImage schemaAn image schema is a recurring structure within our cognitive processes which establishes patterns of understanding and reasoning. Image schemas are formed from our bodily interactions, from linguistic experience, and from historical context...
- Concept mapConcept mapFor concept maps in generic programming, see Concept .A concept map is a diagram showing the relationships among concepts. It is a graphical tool for organizing and representing knowledge....
- Intellectual giftednessIntellectual giftednessIntellectual giftedness is an intellectual ability significantly higher than average. It is different from a skill, in that skills are learned or acquired behaviors...
- Rudolf Arnheim
- Mind mapMind mapA mind map is a diagram used to represent words, ideas, tasks, or other items linked to and arranged around a central key word or idea. Especially in British English, the terms spidergram and spidergraph are more common, but they can cause confusion with the term spider diagram used in mathematics...
- Picture dictionaryPicture dictionaryA picture dictionary or pictorial dictionary is a dictionary where the definition of a word is displayed in the form of a drawing or photograph. Picture dictionaries are useful in a variety of teaching environments, such as teaching a young child about their native language, or instructing older...
External links
- Visualspatial.org
- maria krabbe foundation (Dutch)
- New forum for picture thinking (mostly Dutch visitors)
- Just different (Dutch)
- Neural bases of exogenous versus endogenous visual spatial attention (German)
- LE VISUO-SPATIAL (French)
- (MIT) Do Humanities and Science Faculty Differ in Verbal & Visuospatial Working Memory Processes?
- howard gardner, multiple intelligences and education
- Yahoo group beelddenken