Vanguerieae
Encyclopedia
Vanguerieae is a tribe
of flowering plant
s in the Rubiaceae
family
and contains about 600 species
in 25 genera
. The tribe is a common and important constituent of many different kinds of habitat
s. Species of Vanguerieae are found in both extremely wet habitats, such as the rain forests of tropical Africa
, and in the very dry desert-like areas of the horn of Africa
and of the southernmost part of Madagascar
. The tribe is represented at altitude
s of over 2000 m (6,561.7 ft) in the mountains of Malawi and Tanzania, but also at sea-level along the coast of South Africa
. This wide distribution
is accompanied by a wide range of morphological
adaptation
s. Several different life forms
such as geofructices (plants with woody, underground stems), shrub
s, tree
s, and climbers
are represented. There is also a wide range of flower sizes and fruit morphologies, suggesting different adaptations to pollination
and dispersal
. Most of the species are probably pollinated
by insect
s, but it is suspected that at least some of the large-flowered species of Fadogia
are bird-pollinated
. The edibility of many fruits suggests that they are dispersed by animal
s. Vangueria madagascariensis
or Spanish tamarind is grown for its tasty fruits and is the only species that is used by man to any great extent.
Former genera
is based on molecular phylogenetic studies
of DNA sequence
s.
Tribe (biology)
In biology, a tribe is a taxonomic rank between family and genus. It is sometimes subdivided into subtribes.Some examples include the tribes: Canini, Acalypheae, Hominini, Bombini, and Antidesmeae.-See also:* Biological classification* Rank...
of flowering plant
Flowering plant
The flowering plants , also known as Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta, are the most diverse group of land plants. Angiosperms are seed-producing plants like the gymnosperms and can be distinguished from the gymnosperms by a series of synapomorphies...
s in the Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
The Rubiaceae is a family of flowering plants, variously called the coffee family, madder family, or bedstraw family. The group contains many commonly known plants, including the economically important coffee , quinine , and gambier , and the horticulturally valuable madder , west indian jasmine ,...
family
Family (biology)
In biological classification, family is* a taxonomic rank. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, genus, and species, with family fitting between order and genus. As for the other well-known ranks, there is the option of an immediately lower rank, indicated by the...
and contains about 600 species
Species
In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. While in many cases this definition is adequate, more precise or differing measures are...
in 25 genera
Genera
Genera is a commercial operating system and development environment for Lisp machines developed by Symbolics. It is essentially a fork of an earlier operating system originating on the MIT AI Lab's Lisp machines which Symbolics had used in common with LMI and Texas Instruments...
. The tribe is a common and important constituent of many different kinds of habitat
Habitat
* Habitat , a place where a species lives and grows*Human habitat, a place where humans live, work or play** Space habitat, a space station intended as a permanent settlement...
s. Species of Vanguerieae are found in both extremely wet habitats, such as the rain forests of tropical Africa
Africa
Africa is the world's second largest and second most populous continent, after Asia. At about 30.2 million km² including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area...
, and in the very dry desert-like areas of the horn of Africa
Horn of Africa
The Horn of Africa is a peninsula in East Africa that juts hundreds of kilometers into the Arabian Sea and lies along the southern side of the Gulf of Aden. It is the easternmost projection of the African continent...
and of the southernmost part of Madagascar
Madagascar
The Republic of Madagascar is an island country located in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern coast of Africa...
. The tribe is represented at altitude
Altitude
Altitude or height is defined based on the context in which it is used . As a general definition, altitude is a distance measurement, usually in the vertical or "up" direction, between a reference datum and a point or object. The reference datum also often varies according to the context...
s of over 2000 m (6,561.7 ft) in the mountains of Malawi and Tanzania, but also at sea-level along the coast of South Africa
South Africa
The Republic of South Africa is a country in southern Africa. Located at the southern tip of Africa, it is divided into nine provinces, with of coastline on the Atlantic and Indian oceans...
. This wide distribution
Range (biology)
In biology, the range or distribution of a species is the geographical area within which that species can be found. Within that range, dispersion is variation in local density.The term is often qualified:...
is accompanied by a wide range of morphological
Plant morphology
Plant morphology or phytomorphology is the study of the physical form and external structure of plants. This is usually considered distinct from plant anatomy, which is the study of the internal structure of plants, especially at the microscopic level...
adaptation
Adaptation
An adaptation in biology is a trait with a current functional role in the life history of an organism that is maintained and evolved by means of natural selection. An adaptation refers to both the current state of being adapted and to the dynamic evolutionary process that leads to the adaptation....
s. Several different life forms
Habit (biology)
Habit, when used in the context of biology, refers to the instinctive actions of animals and the natural tendencies of plants.In zoology, this term most often refers to specific behavioral characteristics, even when directly related to physiology...
such as geofructices (plants with woody, underground stems), shrub
Shrub
A shrub or bush is distinguished from a tree by its multiple stems and shorter height, usually under 5–6 m tall. A large number of plants may become either shrubs or trees, depending on the growing conditions they experience...
s, tree
Tree
A tree is a perennial woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or trunk with clear apical dominance. A minimum height specification at maturity is cited by some authors, varying from 3 m to...
s, and climbers
Vine
A vine in the narrowest sense is the grapevine , but more generally it can refer to any plant with a growth habit of trailing or scandent, that is to say climbing, stems or runners...
are represented. There is also a wide range of flower sizes and fruit morphologies, suggesting different adaptations to pollination
Pollination
Pollination is the process by which pollen is transferred in plants, thereby enabling fertilisation and sexual reproduction. Pollen grains transport the male gametes to where the female gamete are contained within the carpel; in gymnosperms the pollen is directly applied to the ovule itself...
and dispersal
Seed dispersal
Seed dispersal is the movement or transport of seeds away from the parent plant. Plants have limited mobility and consequently rely upon a variety of dispersal vectors to transport their propagules, including both abiotic and biotic vectors. Seeds can be dispersed away from the parent plant...
. Most of the species are probably pollinated
Pollination
Pollination is the process by which pollen is transferred in plants, thereby enabling fertilisation and sexual reproduction. Pollen grains transport the male gametes to where the female gamete are contained within the carpel; in gymnosperms the pollen is directly applied to the ovule itself...
by insect
Insect
Insects are a class of living creatures within the arthropods that have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body , three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes, and two antennae...
s, but it is suspected that at least some of the large-flowered species of Fadogia
Fadogia
Fadogia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. The genera Rytigynia and Fadogia form a strongly supported clade but neither of these genera is monophyletic.-Species:* Fadogia ancylantha Schweinf....
are bird-pollinated
Ornithophily
Ornithophily or Bird Pollination is the pollination of flowering plants by birds. This coevolutionary association is derived from insect pollination and is particularly well developed in some parts of the world, especially in the tropics and on some island chains. The association involves several...
. The edibility of many fruits suggests that they are dispersed by animal
Animal
Animals are a major group of multicellular, eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom Animalia or Metazoa. Their body plan eventually becomes fixed as they develop, although some undergo a process of metamorphosis later on in their life. Most animals are motile, meaning they can move spontaneously and...
s. Vangueria madagascariensis
Vangueria madagascariensis
Vangueria madagascariensis, commonly known by the names Spanish-tamarind, or tamarind-of-the-Indies, is a species of flowering plant in the Rubiaceae family native to the African continent having edible fruit...
or Spanish tamarind is grown for its tasty fruits and is the only species that is used by man to any great extent.
Genera
Currently accepted genera- AfrocanthiumAfrocanthiumAfrocanthium is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. It consists of deciduous, unarmed, trees, and shrubs. They are native to East Africa, from Sudan and Ethiopia to South Africa.-Taxonomy:...
(Bridson) Lantz & B.Bremer - BullockiaBullockiaBullockia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. It was originally descripted as a subgenus of Canthium. The genus is distributed in eastern and southern Africa and Madagascar in bushland, woodland, savannas, and dry, deciduous forests...
(Bridson) Razafim., Lantz & B.Bremer - CanthiumCanthiumCanthium is a genus of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family. They are shrubs and small trees. The leaves are deciduous and the stems are usually thorny.-Distribution:They are native to India, Sri Lanka, and tropical East Africa.-Taxonomy:...
Lam.Jean-Baptiste LamarckJean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de la Marck , often known simply as Lamarck, was a French naturalist... - CuvieraCuvieraCuviera is a genus of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family. It was originally described by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle in 1807 and is named after the french naturalist Georges Cuvier.-Taxonomy:...
DC. - CyclophyllumCyclophyllumCyclophyllum is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. It is found from New Guinea to the Pacific.-Species:* Cyclophyllum baladense Guillaumin* Cyclophyllum balansae Guillaumin...
Hook.f.Joseph Dalton HookerSir Joseph Dalton Hooker OM, GCSI, CB, MD, FRS was one of the greatest British botanists and explorers of the 19th century. Hooker was a founder of geographical botany, and Charles Darwin's closest friend... - EriosemopsisEriosemopsisEriosemopsis is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family. It was descripted by Walter Robyns in 1928 and no changes have been made since then. The genus contains only one species, i.e. Eriosemopsis subanisophylla, which is endemic to South Africa...
RobynsFrans Hubert Edouard Arthur Walter RobynsFrans Hubert Edouard Arthur Walter Robyns, known as Walter Robyns, was a Belgian botanist.After two long stays in Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, travels in central Africa and taxonomic work on many groups of tropical African plants, amongst others Rubiaceae, grasses and legumes, he became director of... - EveristiaEveristiaEveristia is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family. The genus contains only one species, i.e. Everistia vacciniifolia, which is endemic to nordeastern Australia....
S.T.Reynolds & R.J.F.Hend. - FadogiaFadogiaFadogia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. The genera Rytigynia and Fadogia form a strongly supported clade but neither of these genera is monophyletic.-Species:* Fadogia ancylantha Schweinf....
Schweinf.Georg August SchweinfurthGeorg August Schweinfurth was a Baltic German botanist, traveller in East Central Africa and ethnologist.... - FadogiellaFadogiellaFadogiella is a genus of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family. It was descripted by Walter Robyns in 1928. This genus is morphologically similar to Fadogia and is related to the latter genus...
RobynsFrans Hubert Edouard Arthur Walter RobynsFrans Hubert Edouard Arthur Walter Robyns, known as Walter Robyns, was a Belgian botanist.After two long stays in Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, travels in central Africa and taxonomic work on many groups of tropical African plants, amongst others Rubiaceae, grasses and legumes, he became director of... - HutchinsoniaHutchinsoniaHutchinsonia is a genus of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family. It was descripted by Walter Robyns in 1928 and was named after his friend and colleague John Hutchinson. It is found in west tropical Africa.-Species:* Hutchinsonia barbata Robyns...
RobynsFrans Hubert Edouard Arthur Walter RobynsFrans Hubert Edouard Arthur Walter Robyns, known as Walter Robyns, was a Belgian botanist.After two long stays in Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, travels in central Africa and taxonomic work on many groups of tropical African plants, amongst others Rubiaceae, grasses and legumes, he became director of... - KeetiaKeetiaKeetia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. It consists of climbers or scrambling shrubs, rarely small trees.-Taxonomy:...
E.Philipps - MeynaMeynaMeyna is a genus of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family.-Distribution:It has representatives in both nordeastern tropical Africa and tropical Asia.-Taxonomy:...
Roxb.William RoxburghWilliam Roxburgh was a Scottish surgeon and botanist. He has been called the Father of Indian Botany.-Early life:Roxburgh was born at Underwood in the parish of Craigie, Ayrshire. He studied medicine in Edinburgh...
ex LinkJohann Heinrich Friedrich LinkJohann Heinrich Friedrich Link was a German naturalist and botanist.Link was born at Hildesheim as a son of the minister August Heinrich Link , who taught him the love for nature through collection of 'natural objects'... - MultidentiaMultidentiaMultidentia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae.-Distribution:Multidentia is restricted to tropical Africa with the greatest concentration of species occurring in eastern Africa.-Taxonomy:...
Gilli - PeponidiumPeponidiumPeponidium is a genus of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family. It is native to the Comoros and Madagascar.-Species:* Peponidium alleizettei Razafim., Lantz & B.Bremer...
(Baill.Henri Ernest BaillonHenri Ernest Baillon was a French botanist and physician. He was born in Calais on November 30, 1827 and died in Paris on July 19, 1895.Baillon spent his professional life as a professor of natural history, and he published numerous works on botany...
) Arènes - PerakanthusPerakanthusPerakanthus is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family. The genus contains only one species, i.e. Perakanthus velutinus, which is endemic to Malaysia....
RobynsFrans Hubert Edouard Arthur Walter RobynsFrans Hubert Edouard Arthur Walter Robyns, known as Walter Robyns, was a Belgian botanist.After two long stays in Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, travels in central Africa and taxonomic work on many groups of tropical African plants, amongst others Rubiaceae, grasses and legumes, he became director of...
ex Ridl.Henry Nicholas RidleyHenry Nicholas Ridley CMG , MA , FRS, FLS, F.R.H.S. was an English botanist and geologist.Born at West Harling Hall, Norfolk, England... - PlectroniellaPlectroniellaPlectroniella is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family. It was descripted by Walter Robyns in 1928. The genus contains only one species, i.e. Plectroniella armata, which is found in southern Mozambique and nordeastern South Africa. The species is characterized by the...
RobynsFrans Hubert Edouard Arthur Walter RobynsFrans Hubert Edouard Arthur Walter Robyns, known as Walter Robyns, was a Belgian botanist.After two long stays in Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, travels in central Africa and taxonomic work on many groups of tropical African plants, amongst others Rubiaceae, grasses and legumes, he became director of... - PsydraxPsydraxPsydrax is a genus of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family. It consists of trees, shrubs, and a few lianas of the paleotropics.-Taxonomy:...
Gaertn.Joseph GaertnerJoseph Gaertner was a German botanist, best known for his work on seeds, De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum .... - PygmaeothamnusPygmaeothamnusPygmaeothamnus is a genus of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family. It was descripted by Walter Robyns in 1928 and originally held four species. It is found in central and southern Africa.-Species:* Pygmaeothamnus chamaedendrum Robyns...
RobynsFrans Hubert Edouard Arthur Walter RobynsFrans Hubert Edouard Arthur Walter Robyns, known as Walter Robyns, was a Belgian botanist.After two long stays in Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, travels in central Africa and taxonomic work on many groups of tropical African plants, amongst others Rubiaceae, grasses and legumes, he became director of... - PyrostriaPyrostriaPyrostria is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae.-Species:* Pyrostria affinis Bridson* Pyrostria alaotrensis Arènes ex Cavaco* Pyrostria alluaudii Arènes ex Cavaco...
Comm. ex A.Juss.Adrien-Henri de JussieuAdrien-Henri de Jussieu was a French botanist.Born in Paris as the son of botanist Antoine Laurent de Jussieu, he received the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1824 with a treatise of the plant family Euphorbiaceae. When his father retired in 1826, he succeeded him at the Jardin des Plantes; in... - RobynsiaRobynsiaRobynsia is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family. It was descripted by John Hutchinson and was named after his friend and colleague Walter Robyns. The genus contains only one species, i.e. Robynsia glabrata, which is found in Ghana, Ivory Coast and Nigeria...
Hutch.John Hutchinson (botanist)John Hutchinson, OBE, FRS was a renowned English botanist, taxonomist and author.-Life and career:... - RytigyniaRytigyniaRytigynia is a genus of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family. It is found in tropical and southern Africa. The genera Rytigynia and Fadogia form a strongly supported clade but neither of these genera is monophyletic.-Species:...
BlumeCarl Ludwig BlumeCharles Ludwig de Blume or Karl Ludwig von Blume was a German-Dutch botanist.He was born at Braunschweig in Germany, but studied at Leiden University and spent his professional life working in the Dutch East Indies and in the Netherlands, where he was Director of the Rijksherbarium at Leiden... - TemnocalyxTemnocalyxTemnocalyx is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. It was originally described by Walter Robyns in 1928 and contained five species. Since then most of these species have been made synonym and currently only one species name remains valid, i.e. Temnocalyx nodulosa. The...
RobynsFrans Hubert Edouard Arthur Walter RobynsFrans Hubert Edouard Arthur Walter Robyns, known as Walter Robyns, was a Belgian botanist.After two long stays in Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, travels in central Africa and taxonomic work on many groups of tropical African plants, amongst others Rubiaceae, grasses and legumes, he became director of... - VangueriaVangueriaVangueria is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae.-Distribution:The genus contains over 50 species distributed in Africa south of the Sahara with one species occurring in Madagascar . The centre of diversity is in East Africa and they are rare in West Africa.-Gousiekte:Several...
Juss.Antoine Laurent de JussieuAntoine Laurent de Jussieu was a French botanist, notable as the first to propose a natural classification of flowering plants; much of his system remains in use today.-Life:... - VangueriellaVangueriellaVangueriella is a genus of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family. The genus is found in tropical Africa.-Taxonomy:It was originally described in 1987 by Bernard Verdcourt who transferred species from Vangueriopsis subgenus Brachyanthus to the newly erected genus. The genus has two sections, V....
Verdc.Bernard VerdcourtBernard Verdcourt was a biologist and taxonomist, most widely known as a botanist and latterly an Honorary Research Fellow at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew in London. Prior to coming to Kew in 1964, he was associated with the East African Herbarium for 15 years... - VangueriopsisVangueriopsisVangueriopsis is a genus of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family.-Distribution:The genus is found in central and south tropical Africa .-Taxonomy:...
RobynsFrans Hubert Edouard Arthur Walter RobynsFrans Hubert Edouard Arthur Walter Robyns, known as Walter Robyns, was a Belgian botanist.After two long stays in Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, travels in central Africa and taxonomic work on many groups of tropical African plants, amongst others Rubiaceae, grasses and legumes, he became director of...
Former genera
- AncylanthosAncylanthosAncylanthos was a genus of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family but is no longer recognized. It was originally described by René Louiche Desfontaines in 1818. In 2005, it was sunk into synonymy with Vangueria, based on a phylogenetic study of DNA sequences....
Desf.René Louiche DesfontainesRené Louiche Desfontaines was a French botanist.Desfontaines was born near Tremblay in Brittany. He attended the Collège de Rennes and in 1773 went to Paris to study medicine. His interest in botany originated from lectures at the Jardin des Plantes given by Louis Guillaume Lemonnier...
> VangueriaVangueriaVangueria is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae.-Distribution:The genus contains over 50 species distributed in Africa south of the Sahara with one species occurring in Madagascar . The centre of diversity is in East Africa and they are rare in West Africa.-Gousiekte:Several... - Clusiophyllea Baill.Henri Ernest BaillonHenri Ernest Baillon was a French botanist and physician. He was born in Calais on November 30, 1827 and died in Paris on July 19, 1895.Baillon spent his professional life as a professor of natural history, and he published numerous works on botany...
> CanthiumCanthiumCanthium is a genus of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family. They are shrubs and small trees. The leaves are deciduous and the stems are usually thorny.-Distribution:They are native to India, Sri Lanka, and tropical East Africa.-Taxonomy:... - Dinocanthium Bremek. > PyrostriaPyrostriaPyrostria is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae.-Species:* Pyrostria affinis Bridson* Pyrostria alaotrensis Arènes ex Cavaco* Pyrostria alluaudii Arènes ex Cavaco...
- DondisiaDondisiaDondisia was a genus of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family but is no longer recognized. It has been sunk into synonymy with Canthium. It was originally described by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle in 1830.-Former species:...
DC. > CanthiumCanthiumCanthium is a genus of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family. They are shrubs and small trees. The leaves are deciduous and the stems are usually thorny.-Distribution:They are native to India, Sri Lanka, and tropical East Africa.-Taxonomy:... - GlobulostylisGlobulostylisGlobulostylis was a genus of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family but is no longer recognized. It has been sunk into synonymy with Cuviera.-Taxonomy:...
Wernham > CuvieraCuvieraCuviera is a genus of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family. It was originally described by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle in 1807 and is named after the french naturalist Georges Cuvier.-Taxonomy:... - LagyniasLagyniasLagynias was a genus of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family but is no longer recognized. In 2005, it was sunk into synonymy with Vangueria, based on a phylogenetic study of DNA sequences....
E.Mey.Ernst Heinrich Friedrich MeyerErnst Heinrich Friedrich Meyer was a German botanist and botanical historian. Born in Hanover, he lectured in Göttingen and in 1826 became a professor of botany at the University of Königsberg, as well as Director of the Botanical Garden. His botanical specialty was the Juncaceae, or family of...
ex RobynsFrans Hubert Edouard Arthur Walter RobynsFrans Hubert Edouard Arthur Walter Robyns, known as Walter Robyns, was a Belgian botanist.After two long stays in Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, travels in central Africa and taxonomic work on many groups of tropical African plants, amongst others Rubiaceae, grasses and legumes, he became director of...
> VangueriaVangueriaVangueria is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae.-Distribution:The genus contains over 50 species distributed in Africa south of the Sahara with one species occurring in Madagascar . The centre of diversity is in East Africa and they are rare in West Africa.-Gousiekte:Several... - LeroyaLeroyaLeroya was a genus of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family but is no longer recognized. The genus contained two species, i.e. L. madagascariensis and L. richardiae, which are endemic to Madagascar. It was sunk into synonymy with Pyrostria....
Cavaco > PyrostriaPyrostriaPyrostria is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae.-Species:* Pyrostria affinis Bridson* Pyrostria alaotrensis Arènes ex Cavaco* Pyrostria alluaudii Arènes ex Cavaco... - Lycioserissa Roem. & Schult.Josef August SchultesJosef August Schultes 1773-1831 was an Austrian botanist and professor in Vienna. Together with Johann Jacob Roemer, he published the 16th edition of Linnaeus' Systema Vegetabilium. In 1821, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.Father of Julius Hermann...
> CanthiumCanthiumCanthium is a genus of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family. They are shrubs and small trees. The leaves are deciduous and the stems are usually thorny.-Distribution:They are native to India, Sri Lanka, and tropical East Africa.-Taxonomy:... - MesopteraMesoptera (Rubiaceae genus)Mesoptera was a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family but is no longer recognized. It was originally described by Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1873. The genus contained only one species, i.e. Mesoptera maingayi. It was sunk into synonymy with Psydrax....
Hook.f.Joseph Dalton HookerSir Joseph Dalton Hooker OM, GCSI, CB, MD, FRS was one of the greatest British botanists and explorers of the 19th century. Hooker was a founder of geographical botany, and Charles Darwin's closest friend...
> PsydraxPsydraxPsydrax is a genus of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family. It consists of trees, shrubs, and a few lianas of the paleotropics.-Taxonomy:... - MitrastigmaMitrastigmaMitrastigma was a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family but is no longer recognized. It was originally described by William Henry Harvey in 1842. The genus contained only one species, i.e. Mitrastigma lucidum. It was sunk into synonymy with Psydrax....
Harv.William Henry HarveyWilliam Henry Harvey was an Irish botanist who specialised in algae.- Biography :William Henry Harvey was born at Summerville near Limerick, Ireland, in 1811, the youngest of 11 children. His father Joseph Massey Harvey, was a Quaker and prominent merchant...
> PsydraxPsydraxPsydrax is a genus of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family. It consists of trees, shrubs, and a few lianas of the paleotropics.-Taxonomy:... - NeoleroyaNeoleroyaNeoleroya was a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family but is no longer recognized. The genus contained only one species, i.e. Neoleroya verdcourtii, which is endemic to Madagascar. It was sunk into synonymy with Pyrostria....
Cavaco > PyrostriaPyrostriaPyrostria is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae.-Species:* Pyrostria affinis Bridson* Pyrostria alaotrensis Arènes ex Cavaco* Pyrostria alluaudii Arènes ex Cavaco... - PachystigmaPachystigmaPachystigma was a genus of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family but is no longer recognized. In 2005, it was sunk into synonymy with Vangueria, based on a phylogenetic study of DNA sequences....
Hochst.Christian Ferdinand Friedrich HochstetterChristian Ferdinand Friedrich Hochstetter was a German botanist and Protestant minister who was a native of Stuttgart. He was the father of geologist Ferdinand Hochstetter ....
> VangueriaVangueriaVangueria is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae.-Distribution:The genus contains over 50 species distributed in Africa south of the Sahara with one species occurring in Madagascar . The centre of diversity is in East Africa and they are rare in West Africa.-Gousiekte:Several... - PhallariaPhallaria (plant genus)Phallaria was a genus of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family but is no longer recognized. It has been sunk into synonymy with Psydrax. It was originally described by Heinrich Christian Friedrich Schumacher and Peter Thonning in 1827 to accommodate two West African species, P. horizontalis and...
Schumach.Heinrich Christian Friedrich SchumacherHeinrich Christian Friedrich Schumacher , was a Danish surgeon, botanist and professor of anatomy at the University of Copenhagen...
& Thonn.Peter ThonningPeter Thonning was a Danish physician and botanist.He was sent to Ghana by the Danish government to supervise the plantations of that colony, and he lived there from 1799 to 1803. His herbarium was destroyed during the shelling of Copenhagen by the British in 1807...
> PsydraxPsydraxPsydrax is a genus of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family. It consists of trees, shrubs, and a few lianas of the paleotropics.-Taxonomy:... - Plectronia Lour.João de LoureiroJoão de Loureiro was a Portuguese Jesuit missionary, paleontologist, physician and botanist.In 1742 he travelled to Cochinchina, remaining there for 30 years. He became a specialist in Asian flora and on his return published Flora Cochinchinensis .- References :...
> CanthiumCanthiumCanthium is a genus of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family. They are shrubs and small trees. The leaves are deciduous and the stems are usually thorny.-Distribution:They are native to India, Sri Lanka, and tropical East Africa.-Taxonomy:...
, PeponidiumPeponidiumPeponidium is a genus of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family. It is native to the Comoros and Madagascar.-Species:* Peponidium alleizettei Razafim., Lantz & B.Bremer...
, PsydraxPsydraxPsydrax is a genus of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family. It consists of trees, shrubs, and a few lianas of the paleotropics.-Taxonomy:... - PseudopeponidiumPseudopeponidiumPseudopeponidium was a genus of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family but is no longer recognized. It was sunk into synonymy with Pyrostria....
Homolle ex Arènes > PyrostriaPyrostriaPyrostria is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae.-Species:* Pyrostria affinis Bridson* Pyrostria alaotrensis Arènes ex Cavaco* Pyrostria alluaudii Arènes ex Cavaco... - PsilostomaPsilostomaPsilostoma was a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family but is no longer recognized. It was originally described in 1837. The genus contained only one species, i.e. Psilostoma cilliata, from South Africa. It was sunk into synonymy with Canthium....
KlotzschJohann Friedrich KlotzschJohann Friedrich Klotzsch was a German pharmacist and botanist.His principal work was in the field of mycology, with the study and description of many species of mushroom.-Selected works:...
ex Eckl.Christian Friedrich EcklonChristian Friedrich Ecklon was a Danish botanical collector and apothecary.Ecklon collected extensively in South Africa. His first visit was in 1823, as first an apothecary's apprentice and then pharmacist, looking for plants with medicinal value...
& Zeyh.Karl Ludwig Philipp ZeyherKarl Ludwig Philipp Zeyher , was a botanical and insect collector who collected extensively in South Africa...
> CanthiumCanthiumCanthium is a genus of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family. They are shrubs and small trees. The leaves are deciduous and the stems are usually thorny.-Distribution:They are native to India, Sri Lanka, and tropical East Africa.-Taxonomy:... - RhopalobrachiumRhopalobrachiumRhopalobrachium was a genus of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family but is no longer recognized. It has been sunk into synonymy with Cyclophyllum. It was originally described by Rudolf Schlechter and Kurt Krause in 1908 to accommodate two New Caledonian species, R. congestum and R. fragrans...
Schltr. & K.Krause > CyclophyllumCyclophyllumCyclophyllum is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. It is found from New Guinea to the Pacific.-Species:* Cyclophyllum baladense Guillaumin* Cyclophyllum balansae Guillaumin... - ScyphochlamysScyphochlamysScyphochlamys was a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family but is no longer recognized. It was originally described by Isaac Bayley Balfour in 1877. The genus contained only one species, i.e. Scyphochlamys revoluta, which is found on Rodrigues, the smallest of the Mascarene...
Balf.f.Isaac Bayley BalfourSir Isaac Bayley Balfour FRS FRSE was a Scottish botanist. He was the son of John Hutton Balfour who was also a botanist.-Biography:...
> PyrostriaPyrostriaPyrostria is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae.-Species:* Pyrostria affinis Bridson* Pyrostria alaotrensis Arènes ex Cavaco* Pyrostria alluaudii Arènes ex Cavaco... - TapiphyllumTapiphyllumTapiphyllum was a genus of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family but is no longer recognized. In 2005, a molecular phylogenetic study showed that the type species, Tapiphyllum cinerascens, is more closely related to Vangueria than to Tapiphyllum obtusifolium and Tapiphyllum velutinum...
RobynsFrans Hubert Edouard Arthur Walter RobynsFrans Hubert Edouard Arthur Walter Robyns, known as Walter Robyns, was a Belgian botanist.After two long stays in Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, travels in central Africa and taxonomic work on many groups of tropical African plants, amongst others Rubiaceae, grasses and legumes, he became director of...
> VangueriaVangueriaVangueria is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae.-Distribution:The genus contains over 50 species distributed in Africa south of the Sahara with one species occurring in Madagascar . The centre of diversity is in East Africa and they are rare in West Africa.-Gousiekte:Several... - VavangaVavangaVavanga was a genus of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family but is no longer recognized. It was originally described by Julius von Röhr in 1792 to accommodate the species V. chinensis. A second species, V. edulis, was added by Martin Vahl. The species have been sunk into synonymy with Vangueria....
RohrJulius von RöhrJulius Philip Benjamin von Röhr was a Prussian-born botanist and plant collector, naturalist, medical doctor and watercolourist, in Danish service who sent many plants to Europe from South America and the West Indies...
> VangueriaVangueriaVangueria is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae.-Distribution:The genus contains over 50 species distributed in Africa south of the Sahara with one species occurring in Madagascar . The centre of diversity is in East Africa and they are rare in West Africa.-Gousiekte:Several...
Phylogeny
The following Phylogenetic treePhylogenetic tree
A phylogenetic tree or evolutionary tree is a branching diagram or "tree" showing the inferred evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other entities based upon similarities and differences in their physical and/or genetic characteristics...
is based on molecular phylogenetic studies
Research
Research can be defined as the scientific search for knowledge, or as any systematic investigation, to establish novel facts, solve new or existing problems, prove new ideas, or develop new theories, usually using a scientific method...
of DNA sequence
DNA sequence
The sequence or primary structure of a nucleic acid is the composition of atoms that make up the nucleic acid and the chemical bonds that bond those atoms. Because nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, are unbranched polymers, this specification is equivalent to specifying the sequence of...
s.