Tucumán
Encyclopedia
San Miguel de Tucumán is the capital of the Tucumán Province
Tucumán Province
Tucumán is the most densely populated, and the smallest by land area, of the provinces of Argentina. Located in the northwest of the country, the capital is San Miguel de Tucumán, often shortened to Tucumán. Neighboring provinces are, clockwise from the north: Salta, Santiago del Estero and...

, located in northern Argentina
Argentina
Argentina , officially the Argentine Republic , is the second largest country in South America by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires...

 at 1311 kilometres (814.6 mi) from Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires is the capital and largest city of Argentina, and the second-largest metropolitan area in South America, after São Paulo. It is located on the western shore of the estuary of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern coast of the South American continent...

. It is the fifth biggest city of Argentina after Buenos Aires, Córdoba
Córdoba, Argentina
Córdoba is a city located near the geographical center of Argentina, in the foothills of the Sierras Chicas on the Suquía River, about northwest of Buenos Aires. It is the capital of Córdoba Province. Córdoba is the second-largest city in Argentina after the federal capital Buenos Aires, with...

, Rosario
Rosario
Rosario is the largest city in the province of Santa Fe, Argentina. It is located northwest of Buenos Aires, on the western shore of the Paraná River and has 1,159,004 residents as of the ....

 and Mendoza
Mendoza, Argentina
Mendoza is the capital city of Mendoza Province, in Argentina. It is located in the northern-central part of the province, in a region of foothills and high plains, on the eastern side of the Andes. As of the , Mendoza's population was 110,993...

, and it is also the most important city of Northern Argentina. It was founded in 1565 by Spanish Conquistador
Conquistador
Conquistadors were Spanish soldiers, explorers, and adventurers who brought much of the Americas under the control of Spain in the 15th to 16th centuries, following Europe's discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus in 1492...

 Diego de Villarroel during an expedition from Peru
Peru
Peru , officially the Republic of Peru , is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean....

, and was moved to its present site in 1685.

Overview

The city is bordered on the north by Las Talitas (Tafí Viejo
Tafí Viejo, Tucumán
Tafí Viejo is an Argentine town in the Province of Tucumán. The municipality's population, as of the , was 48,459 inhabitants. Tafí Viejo is located 15 km north of the city of San Miguel de Tucumán, just west of National Route 9; today, it is an important suburb in the larger city's metro...

), on the east by Banda del Río Salí
Banda del Río Salí
Banda del Río Salí is a city in the Tucumán Province, Argentina. It is the department seat and the largest and most populated city in the Cruz Alta Department. The 2001 Census counted a population of 64,591....

 and Alderetes (Cruz Alta), on the west by the city of Yerba Buena
Yerba Buena, Tucumán
Yerba Buena is the capital of the Yerba Buena Department in the province of Tucumán, Argentina. It's located at an altitude of around 466 metres ....

, and on the south by Lules.

The city sits on the slopes of the Aconquija mountains, the easternmost mountain range before the large Chaco
Gran Chaco
The Gran Chaco is a sparsely populated, hot and semi-arid lowland region of the Río de la Plata basin, divided among eastern Bolivia, Paraguay, northern Argentina and a portion of the Brazilian states of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul, where it is connected with the Pantanal region...

-Pampean flats. It is the commercial center of an irrigated area that produces large quantities of sugarcane
Sugarcane
Sugarcane refers to any of six to 37 species of tall perennial grasses of the genus Saccharum . Native to the warm temperate to tropical regions of South Asia, they have stout, jointed, fibrous stalks that are rich in sugar, and measure two to six metres tall...

, rice
Rice
Rice is the seed of the monocot plants Oryza sativa or Oryza glaberrima . As a cereal grain, it is the most important staple food for a large part of the world's human population, especially in East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, and the West Indies...

, tobacco
Tobacco
Tobacco is an agricultural product processed from the leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. It can be consumed, used as a pesticide and, in the form of nicotine tartrate, used in some medicines...

, and fruit
Fruit
In broad terms, a fruit is a structure of a plant that contains its seeds.The term has different meanings dependent on context. In non-technical usage, such as food preparation, fruit normally means the fleshy seed-associated structures of certain plants that are sweet and edible in the raw state,...

, and provides the province with its nickname, the Garden of the Republic. The National University of Tucumán (1914) and the Saint Thomas Aquinas University of the North (1965) are in the city.

On July 9, 1816, a congress gathered in Tucumán
Congress of Tucumán
The Congress of Tucumán was the representative assembly, initially meeting in Tucumán, that declared the independence of the United Provinces of South America on July 9, 1816, from the Spanish Empire....

 declared independence from Spain
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...

, which did not officially recognize it until 1862. The meeting place of the congress, the House of Tucumán
House of Tucumán
The House of Tucumán is a historical building and museum located in San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina, where an assembly of delegates from several provinces of the country declared independence from Spain on 9 July 1816.Distinguishable by its Solomonic columns...

, has been reconstructed as a national monument.

Its telephone code is 0381, and its postal codes are T4000 (Center), T4001 (North), T4002 (South) and T4003 (East).

Climate

San Miguel de Tucuman lies in a transition zone between temperate climates to the south, and subtropical climates to the north. Summers are hot and long, falls arrive relatively late, winters are extremely dry and pleasant, and springs tend to be hot and dry, becoming more humid later. The precipitation pattern is monsoonal: out of the 848 mm (33.4 in) that fall annually, 667 mm (26.2 in) fall in the hottest 5 months, the other 7 being essentially dry.

In the summer, one can expect daytime highs ranging from 30°C (86F) to 35°C (95F) with very high humidity; at night, 18°C (64F) to 23°C (73F) are the norm. Heat waves are frequent, and bring temperatures up to 40°C (104F); however, some relief is possible after cold fronts, which are less usual than further south, or during intense precipitation.

April marks the beginning of the fall, but temperatures remain warm: 21°C to 27°C (70F to 81F) during the day, and 12°C to 18°C (54F to 64F) at night, with less rainfall.
Winter is short and relatively mild; days usually average 15°C (59F) to 21°C (70F) and nights go from 4°C (39F) to 10°C (50F). Winter warm spells with days up to 30°C (86F) are common, as well as cold waves that keep afternoon temperatures around 10°C (50F). Frost can occur in the winter but is usually light, almost always above -2°C (28F). Snow is extremely rare, but in 2007, it reached the city centre. There have been other episodes of sleet and snow in the mountains around the city, and in 2010, sleet was reported downtown again, a very rare event.

Springs are very short, and by October, summer weather settles in the city, with highs beyond 30°C (86F) very common. This is due to the dryness of the season: daytime highs are close to those in the summer, when rainfall and clouds are persistent, whereas spring is often sunny and arid.

Main sights

  • Independence House
  • Tucumán Government Palace
    Tucumán Government Palace
    The Tucumán Government Palace is the executive office building of the Government of the Province of Tucumán.-Overview:Tucumán Province, the most populous and economically important in the Argentine Northwest, lacked architecturally significant government offices, early in the 20th Century...

  • Ninth of July Park
    Ninth of July Park
    Ninth of July Park is the largest public park in the city of San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.-History and overview:Economic growth in the Argentine Northwest city of Tucumán, as in cities nationwide, created the need for unprecedented urban improvements during the late nineteenth century...

  • Timoteo Navarro Museum of Art
    Timoteo Navarro Museum of Art
    The Timoteo Navarro Provincial Museum of Fine Arts is the leading museum of its kind in Tucumán Province, Argentina.-Overview:The museum was first proposed by a prominent local lawyer and educator, Juan Bautista Terán, who in 1912 established the National University of Tucumán...

  • Cementerio del Oeste
  • President Avellaneda's House
  • Independence Square
  • Museum of Northern Folklore
  • Federación Económica Building
  • Padilla House
  • San Francisco Basilica
  • Cathedral
  • Museum of Sacred Art
  • La Merced Church

Cultural life and education

For decades, San Miguel de Tucumán has been one of the most outstanding cultural spots in the country, in part, due to the influence of the prestigious National University of Tucumán. It has been the birthplace and/or the home of well-known personalities such as folk singer Mercedes Sosa
Mercedes Sosa
Haydée Mercedes Sosa, known as La Negra, was an Argentine singer who was popular throughout South America and some countries outside the continent. With her roots in Argentine folk music, Sosa became one of the preeminent exponents of nueva canción. She gave voice to songs written by both...

, Rutgers University literature professor and noted author Tomas Eloy Martínez
Tomás Eloy Martínez
Tomás Eloy Martínez was an Argentine journalist and writer.-Life and work:Born in San Miguel de Tucumán, Martínez obtained a degree in Spanish and Latin American literature from the University of Tucumán, and an MA at the University of Paris...

, musician Miguel Ángel Estrella, botanist Miguel Lillo, painter Luis Lobo de la Vega, and many others.

Two large theaters (San Martín and Alberdi) and several smaller and independent theaters offer a wide array of events, including plays, concerts, operas, and ballet, all year round. The Septiembre Musical is by far the most important cultural event during the year. This music festival, generally held at Independence Square, brings together several local and national artists who perform different musical styles ranging from folk music to rock.

There are two public universities in the city, the National University of Tucumán and the National Technological University
National Technological University
The National Technological University is a National University of Argentina, specializing in engineering and exact sciences. Hosting over 75,000 students, its student body is comparable to Argentina's third-largest university and exceeded significantly only by the University of Buenos Aires...

, and two private ones, the Saint Thomas Aquinas University of the North and the Saint Paul T University.

The city, since August 2008, has witnessed trials against high-ranking war criminals from the 1976–83 dictatorship
National Reorganization Process
The National Reorganization Process was the name used by its leaders for the military government that ruled Argentina from 1976 to 1983. In Argentina it is often known simply as la última junta militar or la última dictadura , because several of them existed throughout its history.The Argentine...

. Luciano Menéndez, a former colonel, was convicted for crimes against humanity including the kidnapping and disappearance of a senator (Guillermo Vargas Aignasse) on the night of the golpe (coup). Many Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo have been seen in and around the Tucumán trials. The Menéndez and Ricardo Bussi trials were the first convictions against any military leaders of the dictatorship of Jorge Rafael Videla. The two condemnations were seen as symbolic victories (no conviction can ever replace their losses) for the mothers and grandmothers whose sons and husbands were disappeared by the military during that dark period of Argentine history.

Sports

As in the rest of Argentina, association football is the favourite sport in the city. San Miguel's main football clubs are Club Atlético San Martín de Tucumán and Club Atlético Tucumán
Club Atlético Tucumán
Club Atlético Tucumán is a sports club from the city of San Miguel in Tucumán, Argentina. Its football team currently plays in the Primera B Nacional....

.

The city is also a rugby union
Rugby union
Rugby union, often simply referred to as rugby, is a full contact team sport which originated in England in the early 19th century. One of the two codes of rugby football, it is based on running with the ball in hand...

 hotbed and hosts the Unión de Rugby de Tucumán
Unión de Rugby de Tucumán
The Tucuman Rugby Union or URT is the organisational body that controls the game of rugby union in the province of Tucumán, Argentina.- History :...

, as well as the province's two best clubs Tucumán Rugby Club
Tucumán Rugby Club
Tucumán Rugby Club, is a sports club from San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina. Although other sports Tucumán Rugby Club, is a sports club from San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina. Although other sports Tucumán Rugby Club, is a sports club from San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina. Although other sports (such...

 and Universitario Tucumán
Universitario Rugby Club de Tucumán
Universitario Rugby Club, or simply Uni Tucumán, is a rugby union club from San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina. Founded in 1943 by students, Universitario is registered with the Unión de Rugby de Tucumán....

. The Rugby of Tucumán is, indubious, the second powerful in the Argentine, behind the Rugby of the Buenos Aires Union. For eight times, the "Naranjas" (Oranges) by the colour of its jerseys, won the Argentine Championship of Unions that is the greatest number of times where hinterland unions won these championship. Other importants Rugby Clubs of the city are the Cardenales R.C., the Natación y Gimnasia R.C. Los Tarcos R.C. and others. The fans of the Rugby of Tucumán are the most passionate among the Argentine, almost "soccer fans" but with the behaviour own of the Rugby peoples.

Transport

The city is served by several bus lines that have routes within the city limits, and some others that connect it to the neighbouring cities of Yerba Buena, El Manantial, Tafí Viejo, Las Talitas, Banda del Río Salí, and Alderetes.

The Teniente General Benjamín Matienzo International Airport (TUC/SANT) is the city's airport (though located 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) east of the city, in the neighboring department of Cruz Alta) serving over 290,000 passengers a year. There are daily flights to Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires is the capital and largest city of Argentina, and the second-largest metropolitan area in South America, after São Paulo. It is located on the western shore of the estuary of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern coast of the South American continent...

, Jujuy, Santiago del Estero
Santiago del Estero
Santiago del Estero is the capital of Santiago del Estero Province in northern Argentina. It has a population of 244,733 inhabitants, making it the twelfth largest city in the country, with a surface area of 2,116 km². It lies on the Dulce River and on National Route 9, at a distance of...

, Campo Arenal, the Minera Alumbrera
Campo Arenal Aerodrome
Campo Arenal Aerodrome is an airport in Campo Arenal in the Catamarca Province of Argentina.The airport was built in 1995, by Minera La Alumbrera. It has many regular flights by a company called American Jet, flying small aircraft bringing workers from larger cities...

 Gold Mine, as well as international flghts to Santa Cruz de la Sierra
Santa Cruz de la Sierra
Santa Cruz de la Sierra, commonly known as Santa Cruz, is the capital of the Santa Cruz department in eastern Bolivia and the largest city in the country...

, Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia officially known as Plurinational State of Bolivia , is a landlocked country in central South America. It is the poorest country in South America...

. The Mauricio Gilli Aerodrome
Mauricio Gilli Aerodrome
Mauricio Gilli Aerodrome is an airport situated 16 km west of Yerba Buena, a city in the Province of Tucumán in the North Western Argentina. It's commonly known as Aeroclub Tucumán. The main airport of Tucumán is the Teniente General Benjamín Matienzo International Airport, which has scheduled...

 is a Private Airport, located 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) west from the city, for Private Aviation. It is locally known as Aeroclub.

There are two weekly railway service to the Retiro station in Buenos Aires, departing from the Ferrocarril Bartolomé Mitre station located near downtown (in Plaza Alberdi).

San Miguel de Tucumán enjoys one of the largest bus stations in Argentina. The 30,000 m² estación central de ómnibus opened in 1994) is the point from where hundreds of bus services arrive from and depart to almost all of the largest and mid-size cities throughout the country.

Media

San Miguel de Tucumán is home to two free-to-air television stations (Channel 8
Channel 8 - Tucumán
Canal 8 de Tucumán is a television station transmitting from San Miguel de Tucumán, the capital of the Argentine province of Tucumán.-Local programming:...

 and Channel 10
Channel 10 - Tucumán
LW 83 TV Channel 10 Tucumán is one of the two free-to-air channels in the province of Tucumán, Argentina. It is owned and run by the National University of Tucumán. Its headquarters and studios are located in Yerba Buena, and its antenna in Villa Nougués...

), four newspapers (La Gaceta
La Gaceta (Tucumán)
La Gaceta is a daily newspaper founded in Tucumán, Argentina, and the most prominent in the Argentine Northwest.La Gaceta was established on August 4, 1912, by Alberto García Hamilton, an Uruguayan publisher who left for neighboring Argentina following a political dispute...

, El Siglo
El Siglo (Tucumán)
El Siglo is a newspaper edited in the city of San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán Province, Argentina. It was founded on December 4, 1990, as Siglo XXI, but following its sale in 1998, the name was changed to its current form. The daily ranks third in the city of Tucumán by circulation, behind La Gaceta...

, El Periódico, El Tribuno), three cable television companies (CCC, ATS, and TCC) and several radio stations.

Notable residents

  • Lola Mora
    Lola Mora
    Lola Mora was a sculptor, born in a barn in the , though generally considered native to Trancas, province of Tucumán, where she was recorded and baptized. She is known today as a rebel and a pioneer of women in her artistic field...

    , sculptor.
  • Mercedes Sosa
    Mercedes Sosa
    Haydée Mercedes Sosa, known as La Negra, was an Argentine singer who was popular throughout South America and some countries outside the continent. With her roots in Argentine folk music, Sosa became one of the preeminent exponents of nueva canción. She gave voice to songs written by both...

    , folk music singer.
  • César Pelli
    César Pelli
    César Pelli is an Argentine architect known for designing some of the world's tallest buildings and other major urban landmarks. In 1991, the American Institute of Architects listed Pelli among the ten most influential living American architects...

    , architect.
  • Juan Bautista Alberdi
    Juan Bautista Alberdi
    Juan Bautista Alberdi was an Argentine political theorist and diplomat. Although he lived most of his life in exile in Montevideo and Chile, he was one of the most influential Argentine liberals of his age.-Biography:...

    , lawyer, writer, political theorist and diplomat.
  • Tomás Eloy Martínez
    Tomás Eloy Martínez
    Tomás Eloy Martínez was an Argentine journalist and writer.-Life and work:Born in San Miguel de Tucumán, Martínez obtained a degree in Spanish and Latin American literature from the University of Tucumán, and an MA at the University of Paris...

    , journalist and writer, author of Santa Evita.
  • Gregorio Aráoz de Lamadrid
    Gregorio Aráoz de Lamadrid
    Comandante General Gregorio Aráoz de Lamadrid was an Argentine military leader and, briefly, governor of several provinces like Córdoba, Mendoza and his native province of Tucumán.Lamadrid fought beside General Belgrano and General San Martín during the Argentine War of Independence, as a prominent...

  • Julio A. Roca, former President of the Argentine.
  • Nicolás Avellaneda
    Nicolás Avellaneda
    Nicolás Remigio Aurelio Avellaneda Silva was an Argentine politician and journalist, and president of Argentina from 1874 to 1880. Avellaneda's main projects while in office were banking and education reform, leading to Argentina's economic growth...

     also former President.
  • Carlos Alvarado-Larroucau
    Carlos Alvarado-Larroucau
    Carlos Alvarado-Larroucau is a novelist, poet and essayist, born in San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina in 1964. After he completed his secondary education in the province of Tucumán, he settled in Buenos Aires, where he studied Languages, Philosophy and Law...

    , francophone writer.
  • Mercedes María Paz
    Mercedes Paz
    Mercedes María Paz is a former professional tennis player from Argentina, who won three singles titles during her career on the WTA Tour. The right-hander reached her highest career ranking on April 29, 1991, when she became the number 28 of the world...

    , professional tennis player.
  • Omar Hasan
    Omar Hasan
    Omar Hasan Jalil is a retired Argentine rugby union footballer. He last played for Stade Toulousain in the domestic French club competition, the Top 14. He has also played for Argentina, usually as a prop. He has played in over 50 Tests for the Pumas and has an international career with Argentina...

    , former professional/international rugby player.
  • Lorena Bernal
    Lorena Bernal
    Lorena Bernal Pascual is an actress and model with Argentine and Spanish nationality.-Early life:...

    , model and actress.
  • Juan Ángel Krupoviesa, football player.
  • Alejandro Romay
    Alejandro Romay
    Alejandro Romay is an Argentine businessman working with theater and TV. He worked for many years at Channel 9, and became known as the "Czar of television".-Biography:...

    , television and theatre producer.
  • Pablo Rodríguez, Canadian Member of Parliament, Honoré-Mercier Riding.
  • José María Núñez Piossek
    José María Núñez Piossek
    José María Núñez Piossek is an Argentine rugby union footballer, currently playing for Scottish club Glasgow Warriors in the Magners League. He has also represented the Argentina national team, including being a part of their 2003 Rugby World Cup squad...

    , former international/professional rugby player.

External links

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