Treaty of İstanbul (1736)
Encyclopedia
Treaty of İstanbul was a treaty between Ottoman Empire
and Safavid Persia signed on 24 September 1736.
(1732) between the two countries had been found unsatisfactory in both countries. Ottoman Sultan Mahmut I didn’t approve the abandonment of Tebriz and Nader
, the future shah
of Iran dethroned Tahmasp II
for accepting Ottoman control on Caucasus
.
and Caucasus. In Iraq, after some initial victories such as capturing Kirkuk
, he was repelled. But in Caucasus he was more successful. In less than two years Ottomans had to abandon both Tiblisi and Yerevan
. Meanwhile Russian Empire
was about to attack Ottoman Empire in Crimea
and Ukraina (see Russo-Turkish War, 1735-1739
).. So the porte was compelled to sign a peace treaty.
s of Islam
resulted heated discussions in the following sessions in İstanbul
. Finally the terms were;
. That’s why he renewed war in 1743. But this time, he was not successful. (see Treaty of Kerden
)
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman EmpireIt was usually referred to as the "Ottoman Empire", the "Turkish Empire", the "Ottoman Caliphate" or more commonly "Turkey" by its contemporaries...
and Safavid Persia signed on 24 September 1736.
Background
Treaty of Ahmet PashaTreaty of Ahmet Pasha
The Treaty of Ahmet Pasha was a treaty signed on 10 January 1732 between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Persia.- Background :...
(1732) between the two countries had been found unsatisfactory in both countries. Ottoman Sultan Mahmut I didn’t approve the abandonment of Tebriz and Nader
Nader Shah
Nāder Shāh Afshār ruled as Shah of Iran and was the founder of the Afsharid dynasty. Because of his military genius, some historians have described him as the Napoleon of Persia or the Second Alexander...
, the future shah
Shah
Shāh is the title of the ruler of certain Southwest Asian and Central Asian countries, especially Persia , and derives from the Persian word shah, meaning "king".-History:...
of Iran dethroned Tahmasp II
Tahmasp II
Tahmasp II was one of the last Safavid rulers of Persia . Tahmasp was the son of Husayn , the Shah of Iran at that time. When Husayn was forced to abdicate by the Afghans in 1722, Prince Tahmasp wished to claim the throne. He fled to Tabriz where he established a government...
for accepting Ottoman control on Caucasus
Caucasus
The Caucasus, also Caucas or Caucasia , is a geopolitical region at the border of Europe and Asia, and situated between the Black and the Caspian sea...
.
War
Shortly after the treaty of Ahmet Pasha, Nader decleared war and attacked IraqIraq
Iraq ; officially the Republic of Iraq is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert....
and Caucasus. In Iraq, after some initial victories such as capturing Kirkuk
Kirkuk
Kirkuk is a city in Iraq and the capital of Kirkuk Governorate.It is located in the Iraqi governorate of Kirkuk, north of the capital, Baghdad...
, he was repelled. But in Caucasus he was more successful. In less than two years Ottomans had to abandon both Tiblisi and Yerevan
Yerevan
Yerevan is the capital and largest city of Armenia and one of the world's oldest continuously-inhabited cities. Situated along the Hrazdan River, Yerevan is the administrative, cultural, and industrial center of the country...
. Meanwhile Russian Empire
Russian Empire
The Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917. It was the successor to the Tsardom of Russia and the predecessor of the Soviet Union...
was about to attack Ottoman Empire in Crimea
Crimea
Crimea , or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea , is a sub-national unit, an autonomous republic, of Ukraine. It is located on the northern coast of the Black Sea, occupying a peninsula of the same name...
and Ukraina (see Russo-Turkish War, 1735-1739
Russo-Turkish War, 1735-1739
Russo–Turkish War of 1735–1739, a war between Russia and the Ottoman Empire, caused by intensified contradictions over the results of the War of the Polish Succession of 1733–1735 and endless raids by the Crimean Tatars...
).. So the porte was compelled to sign a peace treaty.
Terms of the treaty
Initial discussions between Ali Pasha (Ottoman side) and Mirza Muhammed (Persian side) in Iran about the territorial changes presented no big problem. But the competition between the two sectSect
A sect is a group with distinctive religious, political or philosophical beliefs. Although in past it was mostly used to refer to religious groups, it has since expanded and in modern culture can refer to any organization that breaks away from a larger one to follow a different set of rules and...
s of Islam
Islam
Islam . The most common are and . : Arabic pronunciation varies regionally. The first vowel ranges from ~~. The second vowel ranges from ~~~...
resulted heated discussions in the following sessions in İstanbul
Istanbul
Istanbul , historically known as Byzantium and Constantinople , is the largest city of Turkey. Istanbul metropolitan province had 13.26 million people living in it as of December, 2010, which is 18% of Turkey's population and the 3rd largest metropolitan area in Europe after London and...
. Finally the terms were;
- Ottoman Empire recognized Nader as the new shah of Persia.
- Ottoman Empire conceded Caucasus to Persia
- The Ottomans also agreed to allow the Iranian hajisHajjiHajji or El-Hajj, is an honorific title given to a Muslim person who has successfully completed the Hajj to Mecca, and is often used to refer to an elder, since it can take time to accumulate the wealth to fund the travel. The title is placed before a person's name...
(pligrims) to MeccaMeccaMecca is a city in the Hijaz and the capital of Makkah province in Saudi Arabia. The city is located inland from Jeddah in a narrow valley at a height of above sea level...
(then under Ottoman control)
Aftermath
By the treaty of Ahmet Pasha Persia had gained West Iran and by the treaty of İstanbul Persia had further gained Caucasus. But Nader had other plans. He was also planning to annex Iraq and possibly Eastern AnatoliaAnatolia
Anatolia is a geographic and historical term denoting the westernmost protrusion of Asia, comprising the majority of the Republic of Turkey...
. That’s why he renewed war in 1743. But this time, he was not successful. (see Treaty of Kerden
Treaty of Kerden
Treaty of Kerden was signed between Ottoman Empire and Afsharid Iran on the 4th of September, 1746.- Background :During the last years of Safavid dynasty in Iran, Ottomans were able to annex most of Caucasus and west Iran. Meanwhile, Afghans were able to annex a part of Khorasan. The shah had to...
)