Timeline of the Carnation Revolution
Encyclopedia
Main MFA forces
Main Movimento das Forças ArmadasMovimento das Forças Armadas
The Movement of the Armed Forces was an organisation of lower-ranked left-leaning officers in the Portuguese Armed Forces which was responsible for the Carnation Revolution of 25 April 1974, a military coup in Lisbon which ended the corporatist New State regime in Portugal, the Portuguese...
(MFA, "Movement of Armed Forces") forces:
- 1st Engineer Regiment: RE 1 (Regimento de Engenharia Nº 1), LisbonLisbonLisbon is the capital city and largest city of Portugal with a population of 545,245 within its administrative limits on a land area of . The urban area of Lisbon extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of 3 million on an area of , making it the 9th most populous urban...
- Military Administration School: EPAM (Escola Prática de Administração Militar), Lisbon
- 5th Hunter Battalion: BC 5 (Batalhão de Caçadores Nº 5), Lisbon
- 1st Light Artillery Regiment: RAL 1 (Regimento de Artilharia Ligeira Nº 1), Lisbon
- Serra da Carregueira Shooting Range: CTSC (Carreira de Tiro da Serra da Carregueira), Lisbon
- 1st Infantry Regiment: RI 1 (Regimento de Infantaria Nº 1), Lisbon
- Coast and Anti-Aircraft Artillery Instruction Center: CIAAC (Centro de Instrução de Artilharia Antiaérea e de Costa), Lisbon
- Fixed Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment: RAAF (Regimento de Artilharia Antiaérea Fixa), Lisbon
- 10th Commando Group (10º Grupo de Comandos), Lisbon
- Infantry School: EPI (Escola Prática de Infantaria), MafraMafra, PortugalMafra is a town in Mafra Municipality in Portugal.The town is 28 km north-west from the center of Lisbon. It is mostly known for the sumptuous Palácio de Mafra , which also makes it a popular tourist destination in the Lisbon area...
- Cavalry School: EPC (Escola Prática de Cavalaria), SantarémSantarém, PortugalSantarém is a city in the Santarém Municipality in Portugal. The city itself has a population of 28,760 and the entire municipality has 64,124 inhabitants.It is the capital of Santarém District....
- Artillery School: EPA (Escola Prática de Artilharia), Vendas NovasVendas NovasVendas Novas is a municipality in Portugal with a total area of 222.4 km² and a total population of 11,957. The city has 10,235 inhabitants.The municipality is composed of 2 parishes, and is located in the District of Évora....
- 3rd Cavalry Regiment: RC 3 (Regimento de Cavalaria N.º 3), Estremoz
- Special Operations Instruction Center: CIOE (Centro de Instrução de Operações Especiais), LamegoLamegoLamego is a municipality in northern Portugal, with a population of 27,054 inhabitants Lamego is a municipality in northern Portugal, with a population of 27,054 inhabitants Lamego is a municipality in northern Portugal, with a population of 27,054 inhabitants (the catchment of the city of...
- North Group
Loyalist Forces
Forces loyal to the government:- Republican National Guard: GNRPortuguese Republican National GuardThe term Republican National Guard may refer to:*Italian National Republican Guard*Portuguese National Republican Guard...
(Guarda Nacional Republicana) - Public Security Police: PSPPolícia de Segurança PúblicaThe Polícia de Segurança Pública - PSP is the Portuguese police force that works in large urban areas. Rural towns and areas are under the protection of the Portuguese Republican National Guard...
(Polícia de Segurança Pública) - General-Directorate of Security: DGSPIDEIn 1969, Marcello Caetano changed the name PIDE to DGS . The death of Salazar and the subsequent ascension of Caetano brought some attempts at democratization, in order to avoid popular insurgency against censorship, the ongoing colonial war and the general restriction of civil rights...
(Direcção-Geral de Segurança) - Portuguese LegionPortuguese Legion (Estado Novo)The Portuguese Legion was a Portuguese paramilitary state organization founded in 1936 during dictator António de Oliveira Salazar's right-wing regime, the Estado Novo. It was dissolved in 1974....
(Legião Portuguesa) - 7th Cavalry Regiment: RC 7 (Regimento de Cavalaria Nº 7)
- 2nd Lancers Regiment2nd Lancers RegimentThe 2nd Lancers Regiment is a unit of the Portuguese Army responsible for the instruction, organization and maintenance of the Polícia do Exército operational units.-History:...
: RL 2 (Regimento de Lanceiros Nº 2)
April 24, 1974
- 22:55
Radio "Emissores Associados de Lisboa" broadcasts Paulo de Carvalho's popular Eurovision song ”E depois do Adeus”, the first signal previously arranged by the military to synchronize their operations.
April 25, 1974
- 00:20
Rádio Renascença
Rádio Renascença
Rádio Renascença, also known as 'RR' or just 'Renascença', is a private, commercial, Portuguese radio station owned by various organizations within the Portuguese Catholic Church, such as Patriarcado de Lisboa. It was founded in 1934 and started broadcasting in 1936...
broadcasts Zeca Afonso
Zeca Afonso
José Manuel Cerqueira Afonso dos Santos, known as Zeca Afonso or just Zeca , was born in Aveiro, Portugal, the son of José Nepomuceno Afonso, a judge, and Maria das Dores. Zeca is among the most influential folk and political musicians in Portuguese history...
's song Grândola, Vila Morena: this is the MFA
Movimento das Forças Armadas
The Movement of the Armed Forces was an organisation of lower-ranked left-leaning officers in the Portuguese Armed Forces which was responsible for the Carnation Revolution of 25 April 1974, a military coup in Lisbon which ended the corporatist New State regime in Portugal, the Portuguese...
's main go-ahead signal to troops to launch military operations.
- 03:00
Start of the military operations, according to the "Operations General Plan" (Plano Geral das Operações).
- 03:10
Main movements of the MFA forces:
- Headquarters of the Lisbon Military Region occupied by a company
Company (military unit)
A company is a military unit, typically consisting of 80–225 soldiers and usually commanded by a Captain, Major or Commandant. Most companies are formed of three to five platoons although the exact number may vary by country, unit type, and structure...
of the BC 5
- Rádio Clube Português (a radio station), defended by another company of the BC 5 and occupied by the 10th Commando Group
- Rádio Televisão Portuguesa
Rádio e Televisão de Portugal
Rádio e Televisão de Portugal, S.A.,commonly known as RTP, is Portugal's public service broadcasting organization. It operates four terrestrial television channels and three national radio channels, as well as several satellite and cable offerings....
(the television broadcaster), Lumiar studios occupied by the EPAM
- Emissora Nacional (another radio station), studios occupied by the CTCS
- Positioning of an EPA artillery battery
Artillery battery
In military organizations, an artillery battery is a unit of guns, mortars, rockets or missiles so grouped in order to facilitate better battlefield communication and command and control, as well as to provide dispersion for its constituent gunnery crews and their systems...
in Almada
Almada
Almada is a municipality in Portugal, covering an area of 70.2 km² located on the southern margin of the Tagus River. Its municipal population in 2008 was 164,844 inhabitants; the urbanized center had a population of 102,357.The seat is the city of Almada....
- The EPC goes to Terreiro do Paço (downtown Lisbon, where the ministries are located)
- The EPI goes out to occupy the Lisbon Airport
- Hunter companies occupy the antennas
Antenna (radio)
An antenna is an electrical device which converts electric currents into radio waves, and vice versa. It is usually used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver...
of Rádio Clube Português
- The 5th Commando Group leaves Tomar
Tomar
Tomar Municipality has a total area of 351.0 km² and a total population of 43,007 inhabitants.The municipality is composed of 16 parishes, and is located in Santarém District...
to engage the RC 7
- A force of the 14th Infantry Regiment joins other forces in Figueira da Foz
Figueira da Foz
Figueira da Foz , also known as Figueira for short, is a municipality in the Coimbra District, in Portugal. It is located at the mouth of the Mondego River, 40 km west of Coimbra, and sheltered by hills ....
- A force of the Engineer School leaves Tancos
Vila Nova da Barquinha
Vila Nova da Barquinha is a municipality in Portugal with a total area of 49.6 km² and a total population of 7,878 inhabitants. It is composed of 5 parishes and is located in the district of Santarém....
- The CIOE goes out to occupy the DGS
PIDE
In 1969, Marcello Caetano changed the name PIDE to DGS . The death of Salazar and the subsequent ascension of Caetano brought some attempts at democratization, in order to avoid popular insurgency against censorship, the ongoing colonial war and the general restriction of civil rights...
headquarters in Porto
Porto
Porto , also known as Oporto in English, is the second largest city in Portugal and one of the major urban areas in the Iberian Peninsula. Its administrative limits include a population of 237,559 inhabitants distributed within 15 civil parishes...
- 04:00
The BC 5 protects the house of General Spínola
António de Spínola
António Sebastião Ribeiro de Spínola , GCTE, ComA was a Portuguese soldier, conservative politician and author, who was important in the transition to democracy following the Portuguese Carnation...
.
- 04:20
The Rádio Clube Português broadcasts the first announcement of the MFA. The Lisbon Airport is occupied by the EPI.
- 04:45
Broadcast of the second MFA announcement.
- 05:15
The Tires air-field is occupied by the CIAAC. Broadcast of the third MFA announcement.
- 05:45
The EPC occupies Terreiro do Paço. Broadcast of the fourth MFA announcement.
- 06:00
The EPC lays siege to the ministries, the Lisbon City Hall, the approaches to the Civilian Government, the Banco de Portugal
Banco de Portugal
The Banco de Portugal is the central bank of the Republic of Portugal. Established by a royal charter of 19 November 1846 to act as a commercial bank and issuing bank, it came about as the result of a merger of the Banco de Lisboa and the Companhia de Confiança Nacional, an investment company...
and the Marconi Radio.
- 06:30
A platoon
Platoon
A platoon is a military unit typically composed of two to four sections or squads and containing 16 to 50 soldiers. Platoons are organized into a company, which typically consists of three, four or five platoons. A platoon is typically the smallest military unit led by a commissioned officer—the...
of the RC 7, a unit loyal to the government, arrives at Terreiro do Paço, led by Second-Lieutenant David e Silva who, after talks, joins the MFA.
- 06:45
The MFA Command Post (RE 1, located in Pontinha, outskirts of Lisbon) learns that Marcelo Caetano
Marcelo Caetano
Marcelo José das Neves Alves Caetano, GCTE, GCC, also spelled Marcello Caetano , was a Portuguese politician and scholar, who was the last prime minister of the Estado Novo regime, from 1968 until his overthrow in the Carnation Revolution of 1974....
, Prime-Minister, is in the GNR
Portuguese Republican National Guard
The term Republican National Guard may refer to:*Italian National Republican Guard*Portuguese National Republican Guard...
Carmo Headquarters (Lisbon).
- 07:00
The North Group goes to the Peniche Fort, a DGS
PIDE
In 1969, Marcello Caetano changed the name PIDE to DGS . The death of Salazar and the subsequent ascension of Caetano brought some attempts at democratization, in order to avoid popular insurgency against censorship, the ongoing colonial war and the general restriction of civil rights...
prison. The 2nd Heavy Artillery Regiment takes up position near the Arrábida Bridge
Arrábida Bridge
The Arrábida Bridge is an arch bridge over the Douro River that connects Porto to Vila Nova de Gaia, in Portugal. It is the most downstream bride across the Douro River, just a few kilometers from the Atlantic Ocean....
and the EPA near Cristo-Rei
Cristo-Rei
The Sanctuary of Christ the King is a Catholic monument and shrine dedicated to the Sacred Heart of Jesus Christ overlooking the city of Lisbon, Portugal. It was inspired by the Christ the Redeemer statue in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and inaugurated on 17 May 1959...
, in Almada. In Terreiro do Paço, officers of the Military Police
Portuguese Army Police
The Army Police , usually called the Lanceiros, is the provost of the Portuguese Army — being the speciality designated as Polícia Militar between 1953 and 1976...
and Captain Maltez of the PSP, join Captain Salgueiro Maia
Salgueiro Maia
Fernando José Salgueiro Maia, GOTE, GCL , commonly known just by Salgueiro Maia was a captain of the Portuguese army...
, after talks.
- 07:30
Broadcast of another MFA announcement. Arrival at Ribeira das Naus (near Terreiro do Paço) of a new force of the RC 7, led by Lieutenant-Colonel Ferrand de Almeida.
- 08:00
A force of the RL 2, enemy of the MFA, takes up position in Ribeira das Naus. Lieutenant-Colonel Ferrand de Almeida is arrested by Salgueiro Maia
Salgueiro Maia
Fernando José Salgueiro Maia, GOTE, GCL , commonly known just by Salgueiro Maia was a captain of the Portuguese army...
.
- 08:30
A PSP force arrives at Terreiro do Paço but doesn't even try to engage Salgueiro Maia's troops.
- 09:00
The frigate
Frigate
A frigate is any of several types of warship, the term having been used for ships of various sizes and roles over the last few centuries.In the 17th century, the term was used for any warship built for speed and maneuverability, the description often used being "frigate-built"...
Gago Coutinho - part of NATO forces on exercises - takes up position in front of Terreiro do Paço, receiving orders to fire on Maia's troops, but doesn't obey.
- 09:30
The Defense, Information and Tourism, Army, and Navy ministers, the Chief of General Staff
General Staff
A military staff, often referred to as General Staff, Army Staff, Navy Staff or Air Staff within the individual services, is a group of officers and enlisted personnel that provides a bi-directional flow of information between a commanding officer and subordinate military units...
, the Military Governor of Lisbon, the under-secretary of State of the Army and Admiral Henrique Tenreiro escape through a hole that they opened in the wall of the Ministry of the Army and go to the RL 2, where they set up the Command Post of the forces loyal to the government.
- 09:35
Forces loyal to the government, led by Brigadier Junqueira dos Reis, arrive at Terreiro do Paço.
- 10:00
In Ribeira das Naus, Second-Lieutenant Fernando Sottomayor, of the RC 7, doesn't follow Brigadier Junqueira dos Reis' orders to fire on Salgueiro Maia and his troops, which prompts the Brigadier to arrest Sottomayor and to order the soldiers to fire. The soldiers also refuse, so Junqueira dos Reis fires two shots into the air, leaves, and goes to Arsenal Street.
- 10:30
Surrender of Major Pato Anselmo, of the RC 7, and broadcast of a new MFA announcement.
- 10:45
In Arsenal Street, Brigadier Junqueira dos Reis gives order to fire on Lieutenant Alfredo Assunção, who was sent by Salgueiro Maia to negotiate with the forces of Junqueira dos Reis. Having again been disobeyed by his troops, he ends up punching Lieutenant Assunção three times.
- 11:30
The MFA Command Post orders a military column
Column (formation)
A military column is a formation of soldiers marching together in one or more files in which the file is significantly longer than the width of ranks in the formation...
, led by Major Jaime Neves, to occupy the Portuguese Legion
Portuguese Legion (Estado Novo)
The Portuguese Legion was a Portuguese paramilitary state organization founded in 1936 during dictator António de Oliveira Salazar's right-wing regime, the Estado Novo. It was dissolved in 1974....
in Penha de França (Lisbon) and a column, led by Salgueiro Maia, to the Carmo Headquarters, where Marcelo Caetano, Rui Patrício (Minister of Foreign Affairs) and Moreira Baptista (Minister of Information and Tourism) were.
Salgueiro Maia leads the EPC forces that will besiege the GNR
Portuguese Republican National Guard
The term Republican National Guard may refer to:*Italian National Republican Guard*Portuguese National Republican Guard...
Headquarters, in Carmo, Lisbon.
- 11:45
The MFA informs the country, through Rádio Clube Português, that controls the situation, from North to South.
- 11:50
The officers that were arrested in Terreiro do Paço are sent to the MFA Command Post, in Pontinha.
- 12:00
A force of the RI 1 tries to stop the EPC column from reaching the Carmo Headquarters, but Salgueiro Maia convinces them to join him.
- 12:15
The EPC column, led by Salgueiro Maia, arrives at Chiado
Chiado
Chiado is the name of a square and its surrounding area in the city of Lisbon, in Portugal. The Chiado is located between the neighbourhoods of Bairro Alto and Baixa Pombalina....
, through the Carmo Street, together with a crowd of civilian supporters.
- 12:30
The forces of Salgueiro Maia besiege Carmo and receive orders from the MFA Command Post to open fire on the GNR
Portuguese Republican National Guard
The term Republican National Guard may refer to:*Italian National Republican Guard*Portuguese National Republican Guard...
Headquarters, to force Marcelo Caetano to surrender.
- 12:45
The crowd distributes food, milk and cigarettes to the troops stationed in Carmo. GNR
Portuguese Republican National Guard
The term Republican National Guard may refer to:*Italian National Republican Guard*Portuguese National Republican Guard...
forces, loyal to the government, take up positions on the rear of Salgueiro Maia's troops.
- 13:00
The Brigadier Junqueira dos Reis tries to besiege Salgueiro Maia's forces with the help of the GNR
Portuguese Republican National Guard
The term Republican National Guard may refer to:*Italian National Republican Guard*Portuguese National Republican Guard...
, Shock Police, and a company of RI 1. Forces of RC 3 arrive at the Tagus River Bridge
25 de Abril Bridge
The 25 de Abril Bridge is a suspension bridge connecting the city of Lisbon, capital of Portugal, to the municipality of Almada on the left bank of the Tejo river. It was inaugurated on August 6, 1966 and a train platform was added in 1999...
and head to Carmo. A new MFA announcement is broadcast.
- 13:30
A gunship
Gunship
The term "gunship" is used in several contexts, all sharing the general idea of a light craft armed with heavy guns.-In Navy:In the Navy, the term originally appeared in the mid-19th century as a less-common synonym for gunboat.-In military aviation:...
flies over Carmo, causing anxiety in the troops and civilians.
- 13:40
MFA forces occupy the headquarters of the Portuguese Legion.
- 14:00
The company of RI 1 that supported Junqueira dos Reis joins Salgueiro Maia. Talks begin, through mediators, between General Spínola and Marcelo Caetano, to obtain the surrender of the Prime-Minister.
- 14:30
Broadcast of a new MFA announcement, informing that the main objectives were occupied. The RC 3 squadron, led by Captain Ferreira, besieges the troops of Brigadier Junqueira dos Reis.
- 15:00
Following an order of the Command Post, Salgueiro Maia, using a megaphone
Megaphone
A megaphone, speaking-trumpet, bullhorn, blowhorn, or loud hailer is a portable, usually hand-held, cone-shaped horn used to amplify a person’s voice or other sounds towards a targeted direction. This is accomplished by channelling the sound through the megaphone, which also serves to match the...
, makes an ultimatum
Ultimatum
An ultimatum is a demand whose fulfillment is requested in a specified period of time and which is backed up by a threat to be followed through in case of noncompliance. An ultimatum is generally the final demand in a series of requests...
to obtain the surrender of the GNR
Portuguese Republican National Guard
The term Republican National Guard may refer to:*Italian National Republican Guard*Portuguese National Republican Guard...
, threatening to blow up the gates of the Carmo Headquarters. A new MFA announcement is broadcast.
- 15:15
EPA forces receive orders to free the troops detained in the Trafaria Fort, following the events of March 16 (an early attempt at a military coup d'etat
Coup d'état
A coup d'état state, literally: strike/blow of state)—also known as a coup, putsch, and overthrow—is the sudden, extrajudicial deposition of a government, usually by a small group of the existing state establishment—typically the military—to replace the deposed government with another body; either...
).
- 15:30
Firing on the front of the Carmo Headquarters, ordered by Salgueiro Maia, which forces the talks for the surrender of Marcelo Caetano to restart.
- 16:15
Elements of the DGS
PIDE
In 1969, Marcello Caetano changed the name PIDE to DGS . The death of Salazar and the subsequent ascension of Caetano brought some attempts at democratization, in order to avoid popular insurgency against censorship, the ongoing colonial war and the general restriction of civil rights...
open fire on the crowd that surrounds its headquarters, in António Maria Cardoso Street, causing four deaths and wounding several.
- 16:25
Resulting from the lack of progress of the negotiations for the surrender of Marcelo Caetano, Salgueiro Maia, puts an armoured vehicle
Armoured fighting vehicle
An armoured fighting vehicle is a combat vehicle, protected by strong armour and armed with weapons. AFVs can be wheeled or tracked....
in front of the Headquarters and begins the countdown to open fire. Suddenly he is interrupted by Pedro Feytor-Pinto and Nuno Távora, from the Information and Tourism State Department, who carries a message from General Spínola to Marcelo Caetano. Salgueiro Maia authorizes the entry of those two messengers into the Headquarters.
- 16:30
Telephone contacts between Spínola, Marcelo Caetano and the MFA Command Post.
- 17:00
Salgueiro Maia enters the Carmo Headquarters and demands the surrender of Marcelo Caetano, who replies by saying that he would only surrender to a General-Officer
General
A general officer is an officer of high military rank, usually in the army, and in some nations, the air force. The term is widely used by many nations of the world, and when a country uses a different term, there is an equivalent title given....
so that the Power doesn't "fall in the street". The MFA Command Post mandates General Spínola to go into the Carmo Headquarters to receive the surrender of Marcelo Caetano.
- 17:30
Broadcast of another MFA announcement.
- 18:00
Spínola arrives at Carmo and, joined by Salgueiro Maia, enters the Headquarters to talk to Marcelo Caetano.
- 18:20
Broadcast of a new MFA announcement.
- 18:30
A Chaimite
Bravia Chaimite
The Bravia Chaimite is an armored vehicle built by the Portuguese company Bravia and used by the Portuguese Army in the Portuguese colonial wars in Angola, Mozambique and Portuguese Guinea, from 1967 to 1974 when it ended....
(a Portuguese armoured personnel carrier
Armoured personnel carrier
An armoured personnel carrier is an armoured fighting vehicle designed to transport infantry to the battlefield.APCs are usually armed with only a machine gun although variants carry recoilless rifles, anti-tank guided missiles , or mortars...
) vehicle enters the Carmo Headquarters to carry Marcelo Caetano to Pontinha.
- 18:40
MFA declaration on RTP
Rádio e Televisão de Portugal
Rádio e Televisão de Portugal, S.A.,commonly known as RTP, is Portugal's public service broadcasting organization. It operates four terrestrial television channels and three national radio channels, as well as several satellite and cable offerings....
.
- 18:45
Law 171/74: abolishment of the DGS
PIDE
In 1969, Marcello Caetano changed the name PIDE to DGS . The death of Salazar and the subsequent ascension of Caetano brought some attempts at democratization, in order to avoid popular insurgency against censorship, the ongoing colonial war and the general restriction of civil rights...
, Portuguese Legion
Portuguese Legion (Estado Novo)
The Portuguese Legion was a Portuguese paramilitary state organization founded in 1936 during dictator António de Oliveira Salazar's right-wing regime, the Estado Novo. It was dissolved in 1974....
and Portuguese Youth
Mocidade Portuguesa
The Mocidade Portuguesa was a Portuguese youth organization under the right-wing regime of the Estado Novo. Membership was compulsory between the ages of 7 and 14, and voluntary until the age of 25....
.
- 19:00
Marcelo Caetano and the ministers Rui Patrício and Moreira Baptista board the Chaimite.
- 19:30
Salgueiro Maia ends the siege to Carmo and drives Marcelo Caetano and the ministers to the MFA Command Post, in the Chaimite, completely surrounded by an enormous crowd shouting "Victory! Victory! Victory!". The crowd is all over Lisbon during the course of the Chaimite to the Command Post and, about 20 minutes later, a new MFA announcement is broadcast.
- 20:00
Broadcast of the MFA press release through the Rádio Clube Português.
- 21:00
The Chaimite arrives at the MFA Command Post with Marcelo Caetano and the two ministers, who are detained there until the next day. Elements of the DGS fires on the crowd surrounding its headquarters, killing 4 people and wounding 45. Forces from the Navy
Portuguese Navy
The Portuguese Navy is the naval branch of the Portuguese Armed Forces which, in cooperation and integrated with the other branches of the Portuguese military, is charged with the military defence of Portugal....
join the MFA, forcing the DGS to surrender.
- 22:00
Paratrooper forces
Parachute Troops School
The ETP - Escola de Tropas Páraquedistas , based in Tancos, Portugal, is a unit of the Portuguese Army and serves as the instruction center for recruitment and training of the Portuguese paratroopers...
arrive at Caxias prison (Lisbon), where the DGS
PIDE
In 1969, Marcello Caetano changed the name PIDE to DGS . The death of Salazar and the subsequent ascension of Caetano brought some attempts at democratization, in order to avoid popular insurgency against censorship, the ongoing colonial war and the general restriction of civil rights...
still fights on. A new announcement of the MFA is broadcast.
- 23:30
Laws that dismiss the fascist leaders and (through 171/74) abolish the DGS
PIDE
In 1969, Marcello Caetano changed the name PIDE to DGS . The death of Salazar and the subsequent ascension of Caetano brought some attempts at democratization, in order to avoid popular insurgency against censorship, the ongoing colonial war and the general restriction of civil rights...
, Portuguese Legion
Portuguese Legion (Estado Novo)
The Portuguese Legion was a Portuguese paramilitary state organization founded in 1936 during dictator António de Oliveira Salazar's right-wing regime, the Estado Novo. It was dissolved in 1974....
and Portuguese Youth
Mocidade Portuguesa
The Mocidade Portuguesa was a Portuguese youth organization under the right-wing regime of the Estado Novo. Membership was compulsory between the ages of 7 and 14, and voluntary until the age of 25....
are approved.