The Rutles (soundtrack)
Encyclopedia
The Rutles is a soundtrack
album to the 1978 telemovie All You Need Is Cash
. The album contains over 14 of the tongue-in-cheek, pastiches of Beatles' songs that were featured in the film.
Multiple listenings are required to discern all the sources referenced in titles, lyrics, melodies, and song structures. The primary creative force of the Rutles
music was Neil Innes
, the sole composer and arranger of the songs. Innes had been the 'seventh' member of Monty Python
, as well as one of the main artists behind the Bonzo Dog Doo Dah Band in the late 1960s, who had been featured in the real Beatles' Magical Mystery Tour
movie performing "Death Cab For Cutie
".
Innes himself credits the three musicians he recruited to assist him on the project as having been enormously important in helping him capture the feel of The Beatles. Guitarist/singer Ollie Halsall
and drummer John Halsey
had played together in the groups Timebox and Patto. Multi-instrumentalist Rikki Fataar
had played with The Flames
before joining the Beach Boys in the early 1970s.
Eric Idle
is not heard at all on the music soundtrack of the film. He did not play or sing on any of the recordings. He is skillful at lip-syncing the "Dirk" vocals that were in fact sung by Ollie Halsall. Innes says that Idle, who had recently had an appendectomy, offered to help but was encouraged to recuperate. Were it not for the inherently ironic
lyrics, it might be difficult to distinguish the songs from true Beatles numbers (indeed, the 1978 Beatles bootleg Indian Rope Trick included The Rutles' "Cheese and Onions", incorrectly — and perhaps jokingly — attributing it to John Lennon
). In the early 1980s, Innes was accused by one American Beatle fan of stealing unreleased Beatles tracks to use in the film; this was based on a recording of "Cheese And Onions" obtained by the fan which he believed to be by John Lennon. When the recording was played to Innes, he was amused to discover that it was actually his own demo of the song, a tribute to his skills as a parodist.
The songs written by Innes so cleverly parodied the original source material that he was taken to court by the owners of The Beatles' catalogue. Innes had to testify under oath that he had not listened to the songs at all while composing The Rutles songs, but had created them completely originally based on what he remembered various Beatles songs sounding like at different times.
"), "Love Life" ("All You Need is Love
"), "Piggy in the Middle" ("I Am the Walrus
") and "Doubleback Alley" ("Penny Lane
"). "Get Up And Go" was not on the original LP (allegedly after John Lennon
warned Innes that it resembled "Get Back
" too closely, which might prompt McCartney to possibly sue) but was included on the CD reissue. Many of the other songs require a thorough understanding of The Beatles' entire discography
in order to decipher which song(s) they most resemble, as Innes goal was to compose pastiche
-like parody songs.
All songs were actually written by Neil Innes
. Songwriter attributions are the "fictional" writing credits listed as they would have been in the "Rutles universe." Reflecting the balance of songwriting credits on most Beatles albums, the vast majority of the songs are credited to Ron Nasty
and Dirk McQuickly
(the "Lennon/McCartney
" of The Rutles), with one composition each credited to the rivals for "George
" (Stig O'Hara
) and "Ringo
" (Barry Wom
). The liner notes of the album give the names of the Warner Brothers as "Stan & Reg".
The only song from the film not on the soundtrack is "You Need Feet", which is not a Rutles song. It was written and performed by comedian Bernard Bresslaw
.
Below are track listings of several different releases.
Side 1:
Side 2:
The remaining songs floated about as bootlegs until the 1990 re-release on CD
.
canon, but also changed some of the order of the tracks (this time intending to obviously align the songs chronologically as they would have been released individually in the "Rutles
universe"). This broke some resemblance to track orders on original Beatles albums where the ending of a Rutles
song closely resembled the ending of a Beatles song, and the same for the beginning of the next song.
Additionally, Hold my hand had originally featured a fake "airplane" intro sound (a nod to Back in the U.S.S.R.) which actually was a hairdryer, along with a count-in to the song. Due to the fact it wasn't the first song on the CD re-release anymore as it had been on the original vinyl, this intro was removed.
All lead vocals by Neil Innes
except: Ollie Halsall
on tracks 7/12/17/19, Rikki Fataar on tracks 5/8/14, and John Halsey
on track 9.
/WB-W53151(1978/Cassette
Version)
The Canadian
version, on cassette
, is the only version of this release to actually be titled, "Meet The Rutles"
Warner Bros. Records/S142137/M83151/1978/8-Track Tape Version
Rhino Records/1990/R275760/U.S. only release/1st CD issue
Rhino Records/2007/8122-79968-9/U.K. only release/1st U.K. CD issue
Soundtrack
A soundtrack can be recorded music accompanying and synchronized to the images of a motion picture, book, television program or video game; a commercially released soundtrack album of music as featured in the soundtrack of a film or TV show; or the physical area of a film that contains the...
album to the 1978 telemovie All You Need Is Cash
All You Need Is Cash
All You Need Is Cash is a 1978 television film that traces the career of a fictitious British rock group called The Rutles...
. The album contains over 14 of the tongue-in-cheek, pastiches of Beatles' songs that were featured in the film.
Multiple listenings are required to discern all the sources referenced in titles, lyrics, melodies, and song structures. The primary creative force of the Rutles
The Rutles
The Rutles are a band that are known for their visual and aural pastiches and parodies of The Beatles. Originally created by Eric Idle and Neil Innes as a fictional band to be featured as part of various 1970s television programming, the group recorded, toured, and released two UK chart hits in...
music was Neil Innes
Neil Innes
Neil James Innes is an English writer and performer of comic songs, best known for his collaborative work with Monty Python, and for playing in the Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band and later The Rutles.-Personal life:...
, the sole composer and arranger of the songs. Innes had been the 'seventh' member of Monty Python
Monty Python
Monty Python was a British surreal comedy group who created their influential Monty Python's Flying Circus, a British television comedy sketch show that first aired on the BBC on 5 October 1969. Forty-five episodes were made over four series...
, as well as one of the main artists behind the Bonzo Dog Doo Dah Band in the late 1960s, who had been featured in the real Beatles' Magical Mystery Tour
Magical Mystery Tour (film)
Magical Mystery Tour is an hour-long British television film starring The Beatles that originally aired on BBC1 on 26 December 1967...
movie performing "Death Cab For Cutie
Death Cab for Cutie (song)
"Death Cab for Cutie" is a song composed by Vivian Stanshall and Neil Innes and performed by the Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band. It was included on their 1967 album Gorilla.-Content:...
".
Innes himself credits the three musicians he recruited to assist him on the project as having been enormously important in helping him capture the feel of The Beatles. Guitarist/singer Ollie Halsall
Ollie Halsall
Peter John 'Ollie' Halsall was a left-handed guitarist and is best known for his role in The Rutles, the bands Patto, Timebox and Boxer, and for his contribution to the music of Kevin Ayers. He is also notable as one of the few players of the vibraphone in rock music...
and drummer John Halsey
John Halsey (musician)
John Halsey is a rock drummer, best known for his appearance as "Barry" in The Rutles, leading to his playing with Neil Innes's band Fatso and appearing in the film All You Need is Cash ....
had played together in the groups Timebox and Patto. Multi-instrumentalist Rikki Fataar
Ricky Fataar
Ricky Fataar is a South African multi-instrumentalist of Malay descent, who has performed as both a drummer, and a guitarist. He gained fame as an actor in the comedic television movie, The Rutles: All You Need Is Cash, a spoof on the actual history of The Beatles, and for his performance as a...
had played with The Flames
The Flames
The Flames was a musical group from Durban in South Africa. The band was originally formed in 1963 by guitarist Steve Fataar, bassist Brother Fataar , drummer George Faber and guitarist Eugene Champion. However this line-up would only be together to record a couple of songs...
before joining the Beach Boys in the early 1970s.
Eric Idle
Eric Idle
Eric Idle is an English comedian, actor, author, singer, writer, and comedic composer. He was as a member of the British comedy group Monty Python, a member of the The Rutles on Saturday Night Live and author of the play, Spamalot....
is not heard at all on the music soundtrack of the film. He did not play or sing on any of the recordings. He is skillful at lip-syncing the "Dirk" vocals that were in fact sung by Ollie Halsall. Innes says that Idle, who had recently had an appendectomy, offered to help but was encouraged to recuperate. Were it not for the inherently ironic
Irony
Irony is a rhetorical device, literary technique, or situation in which there is a sharp incongruity or discordance that goes beyond the simple and evident intention of words or actions...
lyrics, it might be difficult to distinguish the songs from true Beatles numbers (indeed, the 1978 Beatles bootleg Indian Rope Trick included The Rutles' "Cheese and Onions", incorrectly — and perhaps jokingly — attributing it to John Lennon
John Lennon
John Winston Lennon, MBE was an English musician and singer-songwriter who rose to worldwide fame as one of the founding members of The Beatles, one of the most commercially successful and critically acclaimed acts in the history of popular music...
). In the early 1980s, Innes was accused by one American Beatle fan of stealing unreleased Beatles tracks to use in the film; this was based on a recording of "Cheese And Onions" obtained by the fan which he believed to be by John Lennon. When the recording was played to Innes, he was amused to discover that it was actually his own demo of the song, a tribute to his skills as a parodist.
The songs written by Innes so cleverly parodied the original source material that he was taken to court by the owners of The Beatles' catalogue. Innes had to testify under oath that he had not listened to the songs at all while composing The Rutles songs, but had created them completely originally based on what he remembered various Beatles songs sounding like at different times.
Reception
Background
The album contains some obvious send-ups of Beatles numbers such as "Ouch!" ("Help!Help! (song)
"Help!" is a song by The Beatles that served as the title song for both the 1965 film and its soundtrack album. It was also released as a single, and was number one for three weeks in both the United States and the United Kingdom....
"), "Love Life" ("All You Need is Love
All You Need Is Love
"All You Need Is Love" is a song written by John Lennon and credited to Lennon–McCartney. It was first performed by The Beatles on Our World, the first live global television link. Watched by 400 million in 26 countries, the programme was broadcast via satellite on 25 June 1967...
"), "Piggy in the Middle" ("I Am the Walrus
I Am the Walrus
"I Am the Walrus" is a 1967 song by The Beatles, written by John Lennon and credited to Lennon–McCartney. Lennon claimed he wrote the first two lines on separate acid trips. The song was in the Beatles' 1967 television film and album Magical Mystery Tour, and was the B-side to the #1 hit "Hello,...
") and "Doubleback Alley" ("Penny Lane
Penny Lane
"Penny Lane" is a song by The Beatles, written by Paul McCartney. It was credited to Lennon–McCartney.Recorded during the Sgt. Pepper sessions, "Penny Lane" was released in February 1967 as one side of a double A-sided single, along with "Strawberry Fields Forever". Both songs were later included...
"). "Get Up And Go" was not on the original LP (allegedly after John Lennon
John Lennon
John Winston Lennon, MBE was an English musician and singer-songwriter who rose to worldwide fame as one of the founding members of The Beatles, one of the most commercially successful and critically acclaimed acts in the history of popular music...
warned Innes that it resembled "Get Back
Get Back
"Get Back" is a song by The Beatles, composed by Paul McCartney and frequently attributed to Lennon–McCartney. The song was originally released as a single on 11 April 1969, and credited to "The Beatles with Billy Preston." A different mix of the song later became the closing track of Let It Be ,...
" too closely, which might prompt McCartney to possibly sue) but was included on the CD reissue. Many of the other songs require a thorough understanding of The Beatles' entire discography
The Beatles discography
In their native United Kingdom during 1962–1970, The Beatles released 12 studio albums, 13 EPs, and 22 singles. However, the band's international discography is complicated, due to different versions of their albums sometimes being released in other countries, particularly during their early years...
in order to decipher which song(s) they most resemble, as Innes goal was to compose pastiche
Pastiche
A pastiche is a literary or other artistic genre or technique that is a "hodge-podge" or imitation. The word is also a linguistic term used to describe an early stage in the development of a pidgin language.-Hodge-podge:...
-like parody songs.
All songs were actually written by Neil Innes
Neil Innes
Neil James Innes is an English writer and performer of comic songs, best known for his collaborative work with Monty Python, and for playing in the Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band and later The Rutles.-Personal life:...
. Songwriter attributions are the "fictional" writing credits listed as they would have been in the "Rutles universe." Reflecting the balance of songwriting credits on most Beatles albums, the vast majority of the songs are credited to Ron Nasty
Neil Innes
Neil James Innes is an English writer and performer of comic songs, best known for his collaborative work with Monty Python, and for playing in the Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band and later The Rutles.-Personal life:...
and Dirk McQuickly
Eric Idle
Eric Idle is an English comedian, actor, author, singer, writer, and comedic composer. He was as a member of the British comedy group Monty Python, a member of the The Rutles on Saturday Night Live and author of the play, Spamalot....
(the "Lennon/McCartney
Lennon/McCartney
The Lennon–McCartney songwriting partnership is one of the best-known and most successful musical collaborations in history...
" of The Rutles), with one composition each credited to the rivals for "George
George Harrison
George Harrison, MBE was an English musician, guitarist, singer-songwriter, actor and film producer who achieved international fame as lead guitarist of The Beatles. Often referred to as "the quiet Beatle", Harrison became over time an admirer of Indian mysticism, and introduced it to the other...
" (Stig O'Hara
Ricky Fataar
Ricky Fataar is a South African multi-instrumentalist of Malay descent, who has performed as both a drummer, and a guitarist. He gained fame as an actor in the comedic television movie, The Rutles: All You Need Is Cash, a spoof on the actual history of The Beatles, and for his performance as a...
) and "Ringo
Ringo Starr
Richard Starkey, MBE better known by his stage name Ringo Starr, is an English musician and actor who gained worldwide fame as the drummer for The Beatles. When the band formed in 1960, Starr was a member of another Liverpool band, Rory Storm and the Hurricanes. He became The Beatles' drummer in...
" (Barry Wom
John Halsey (musician)
John Halsey is a rock drummer, best known for his appearance as "Barry" in The Rutles, leading to his playing with Neil Innes's band Fatso and appearing in the film All You Need is Cash ....
). The liner notes of the album give the names of the Warner Brothers as "Stan & Reg".
The only song from the film not on the soundtrack is "You Need Feet", which is not a Rutles song. It was written and performed by comedian Bernard Bresslaw
Bernard Bresslaw
Bernard Bresslaw was an English actor. He is best remembered for his comedy work, especially as a member of the Carry On team.-Biography:...
.
Below are track listings of several different releases.
1978 vinyl album
The original 1978 vinyl release of the soundtrack omitted some of the material due to time restrictions of the medium. The design of the record's inner sleeve reflected the Apple/EMI "red" and "blue" compilation Beatles albums released in 1973, with printed lyrics, red, blue and white layouts, and the track listing for the two album sides using similar time periods (side one: 1962-67, side two:1967-70)Side 1:
- "Hold My Hand" (Nasty/McQuickly)
- "Number One" (Nasty/McQuickly) - 2:52
- "With A Girl Like You" (Nasty/McQuickly) - 1:53
- "I Must Be In Love" (Nasty/McQuickly) - 2:06
- "Ouch!" (Nasty/McQuickly) - 1:52
- "Living In Hope" (Womble) - 2:39
- "Love Life" (Nasty/McQuickly) - 2:52
- "Nevertheless" (O'Hara) - 1:29
Side 2:
- "Good Times Roll" (Nasty/McQuickly) - 3:05
- "Doubleback Alley" (Nasty/McQuickly) - 2:57
- "Cheese And Onions" (Nasty/McQuickly) - 2:42
- "Another Day" (Nasty/McQuickly) - 2:13
- "Piggy In The Middle" (Nasty/McQuickly) - 4:11
- "Let's Be Natural" (Nasty/McQuickly) - 3:22
The remaining songs floated about as bootlegs until the 1990 re-release on CD
Compact Disc
The Compact Disc is an optical disc used to store digital data. It was originally developed to store and playback sound recordings exclusively, but later expanded to encompass data storage , write-once audio and data storage , rewritable media , Video Compact Discs , Super Video Compact Discs ,...
.
1990 CD re-release
The 1990 CD re-release not only restored the full RutlesThe Rutles
The Rutles are a band that are known for their visual and aural pastiches and parodies of The Beatles. Originally created by Eric Idle and Neil Innes as a fictional band to be featured as part of various 1970s television programming, the group recorded, toured, and released two UK chart hits in...
canon, but also changed some of the order of the tracks (this time intending to obviously align the songs chronologically as they would have been released individually in the "Rutles
The Rutles
The Rutles are a band that are known for their visual and aural pastiches and parodies of The Beatles. Originally created by Eric Idle and Neil Innes as a fictional band to be featured as part of various 1970s television programming, the group recorded, toured, and released two UK chart hits in...
universe"). This broke some resemblance to track orders on original Beatles albums where the ending of a Rutles
The Rutles
The Rutles are a band that are known for their visual and aural pastiches and parodies of The Beatles. Originally created by Eric Idle and Neil Innes as a fictional band to be featured as part of various 1970s television programming, the group recorded, toured, and released two UK chart hits in...
song closely resembled the ending of a Beatles song, and the same for the beginning of the next song.
Additionally, Hold my hand had originally featured a fake "airplane" intro sound (a nod to Back in the U.S.S.R.) which actually was a hairdryer, along with a count-in to the song. Due to the fact it wasn't the first song on the CD re-release anymore as it had been on the original vinyl, this intro was removed.
- "Goose-Step Mama" (Nasty/McQuickly) - 2:18 (not on LP)
- "Number One" (Nasty/McQuickly) - 2:52
- "Baby Let Me Be" (Nasty/McQuickly) - 1:57 (not on LP)
- "Hold My Hand" (Nasty/McQuickly) - 2:11 (shorter than LP version)
- "Blue Suede Schubert" (Nasty/McQuickly) - 2:13 (not on LP)
- "I Must Be In Love" (Nasty/McQuickly) - 2:06
- "With A Girl Like You" (Nasty/McQuickly) - 1:53
- "Between Us" (Nasty/McQuickly) - 2:03 (not on LP)
- "Living In Hope" (Womble) - 2:39
- "Ouch!" (Nasty/McQuickly) - 1:52
- "It's Looking Good" (Nasty/McQuickly) - 2:02 (not on LP)
- "Doubleback Alley" (Nasty/McQuickly) - 2:57
- "Good Times Roll" (Nasty/McQuickly) - 3:05
- "Nevertheless" (O'Hara) - 1:29
- "Love Life" (Nasty/McQuickly) - 2:52
- "Piggy In The Middle" (Nasty/McQuickly) - 4:11
- "Another Day" (Nasty/McQuickly) - 2:13
- "Cheese And Onions" (Nasty/McQuickly) - 2:42
- "Get Up And Go" (Nasty/McQuickly) - 3:19 (not on LP)
- "Let's Be Natural" (Nasty/McQuickly) - 3:22
All lead vocals by Neil Innes
Neil Innes
Neil James Innes is an English writer and performer of comic songs, best known for his collaborative work with Monty Python, and for playing in the Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band and later The Rutles.-Personal life:...
except: Ollie Halsall
Ollie Halsall
Peter John 'Ollie' Halsall was a left-handed guitarist and is best known for his role in The Rutles, the bands Patto, Timebox and Boxer, and for his contribution to the music of Kevin Ayers. He is also notable as one of the few players of the vibraphone in rock music...
on tracks 7/12/17/19, Rikki Fataar on tracks 5/8/14, and John Halsey
John Halsey (musician)
John Halsey is a rock drummer, best known for his appearance as "Barry" in The Rutles, leading to his playing with Neil Innes's band Fatso and appearing in the film All You Need is Cash ....
on track 9.
The Rutles (Soundtrack) - Alternate Versions, Reissues
Warner Bros. RecordsWarner Bros. Records
Warner Bros. Records Inc. is an American record label. It was the foundation label of the present-day Warner Music Group, and now operates as a wholly owned subsidiary of that corporation. It maintains a close relationship with its former parent, Warner Bros. Pictures, although the two companies...
/WB-W53151(1978/Cassette
Compact Cassette
The Compact Cassette, often referred to as audio cassette, cassette tape, cassette, or simply tape, is a magnetic tape sound recording format. It was designed originally for dictation, but improvements in fidelity led the Compact Cassette to supplant the Stereo 8-track cartridge and reel-to-reel...
Version)
- Side 1: "Good Times Roll", "Doubleback Alley", "Cheese And Onions", "Another Day", "Piggy In the Middle", "Let's Be Natural"
- Side 2: "Hold My Hand", "Number One", "With A Girl Like You", "I Must Be In Love", "Ouch!", "Living In Hope", "Love Life", "Nevertheless"
The Canadian
Canada
Canada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean...
version, on cassette
Compact Cassette
The Compact Cassette, often referred to as audio cassette, cassette tape, cassette, or simply tape, is a magnetic tape sound recording format. It was designed originally for dictation, but improvements in fidelity led the Compact Cassette to supplant the Stereo 8-track cartridge and reel-to-reel...
, is the only version of this release to actually be titled, "Meet The Rutles"
Warner Bros. Records/S142137/M83151/1978/8-Track Tape Version
- Track 1: "Hold My Hand", "With A Girl Like You", "I Must Be In Love", "Love Life"
- Track 2: "Number One", "Ouch!", "Nevertheless", "Doubleback Alley"
- Track 3: "Living In Hope", "Good Times Roll", "Let's be Natural"
- Track 4: "Cheese And Onions", "Another Day", "Piggy In The Middle"
Rhino Records/1990/R275760/U.S. only release/1st CD issue
- Contains the original 14 tracks + "Goose Step Mama", "Baby Let Me Be", "Blue Suede Schubert", "Between Us", "It's Looking Good" and "Get Up and Go"
- Airplane sound effects and count in missing from "Hold My Hand"
- Insert folds out into "Rutlemania" memorabilia mini-poster.
- First appearance of catalogue numbers for each track.
- First mention of "The Silver Rutles Demos" and "Rutle Soul" albums.
- CD label designed to look like Capitol RecordsCapitol RecordsCapitol Records is a major United States based record label, formerly located in Los Angeles, but operating in New York City as part of Capitol Music Group. Its former headquarters building, the Capitol Tower, is a major landmark near the corner of Hollywood and Vine...
Yellow & Orange Swirl 45 RPM Label
Rhino Records/2007/8122-79968-9/U.K. only release/1st U.K. CD issue
- Same material as U.S. CD (including edited "Hold My Hand" as noted above.)
- Digi-pack designed to open as a gatefold album with alternate front cover.
- Booklet contains most of the original Rutles booklet (Paul SimonPaul SimonPaul Frederic Simon is an American singer-songwriter and guitarist.Simon is best known for his success, beginning in 1965, as part of the duo Simon & Garfunkel, with musical partner Art Garfunkel. Simon wrote most of the pair's songs, including three that reached number one on the US singles...
interview is missing.) - CD in Mini-Sleeve that duplicates the "other artistes on the Rutle label" album sleeve.
- CD label designed to look like ParlophoneParlophoneParlophone is a record label that was founded in Germany in 1896 by the Carl Lindström Company as Parlophon. The British branch was formed in 1923 as "Parlophone" which developed a reputation in the 1920s as a leading jazz label. It was acquired in 1927 by the Columbia Graphophone Company which...
yellow and black label. - Does not include song lyrics.
See also
- The RutlesThe RutlesThe Rutles are a band that are known for their visual and aural pastiches and parodies of The Beatles. Originally created by Eric Idle and Neil Innes as a fictional band to be featured as part of various 1970s television programming, the group recorded, toured, and released two UK chart hits in...
- All You Need Is CashAll You Need Is CashAll You Need Is Cash is a 1978 television film that traces the career of a fictitious British rock group called The Rutles...
- The Rutles 2: Can't Buy Me LunchThe Rutles 2: Can't Buy Me LunchThe Rutles 2: Can't Buy Me Lunch is a 2002 re-telling of the 1978 mockumentary All You Need Is Cash, in a modern setting.- Plot :Twenty three years after the original, documentarist Melvin Hall interviews mainstream artists, actors, and musicians about the days of the popular band The Rutles,...
- The Rutles ArchaeologyThe Rutles ArchaeologyThe Rutles Archaeology is an album by the comedy band The Rutles. Like their previous release, the album contains pastiches of Beatles' songs....
- Deface the MusicDeface the MusicDeface the Music is a 1980 album by the band Utopia featuring Todd Rundgren, Roger Powell, Kasim Sulton, and Willie Wilcox. The concept of the album was to pay homage to The Beatles and create songs which sounded very similar to the Fab Four's tunes throughout the various stages of their career...
, a similar Beatles parody by the group Utopia