Suma-Jumano
Encyclopedia
The Suma and the Jumano were people in western Sonora
and Trans-Pecos
region of western Texas
. The Suma was the western division and the Jumano
were the eastern division.
. They are believed to be the descendants of the Jornada Mogollon culture. They were hunter-gatherers.
The Jumano were first mentioned in Spanish
documents in 1583. They are described as nomad
ic hunter-gatherers. They moved through a large territory and maintained complex relationships with surrounding peoples. The Jumano appear to have joined forces with the Apache in the 18th century, and they faded from Spanish records after 1750.
Juan Sabeata
was chief of the Jumano (and also the Cibola
) from approximately 1683-1692.
The term Jumano has also been used to refer to other groups, such as the Wichita
, the Tompiro
pueblos in eastern New Mexico, and a rancheria
in Flagstaff, Arizona
(probably the Havasupai). The associations between these different peoples probably lies in their common practice of tattoo
ing or painting their bodies. The first recording of the term was in 1582 by Diego Perez de Luxan. Contact with the Spaniards was recorded on the walls of a rock shelter called Jumano rock shelter near Bottomless Lakes State Park
in Roswell, New Mexico
, which is part of the Garnsey kill site
. An ancient spring, land bridge, and an American bison
bone yard from the Jumano culture are also part of the site.
and Mescalero
; in the west by the Jocome, Jano
, and Ópata; in the south by the Lower Pima
and Concho; in the east by the Comanche
and Lipan Apache.
bricks.
The houses were brightly painted on the inside and mostly brown on the outside. They spoke Tiwa. They went naked until it got colder and then wore a cotton blanket.
.
Sonora
Sonora officially Estado Libre y Soberano de Sonora is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided into 72 municipalities; the capital city is Hermosillo....
and Trans-Pecos
Trans-Pecos
The term Trans-Pecos, as originally defined in 1887 by the Texas geologist Robert T. Hill, refers to the portion of Texas that lies west of the Pecos River. The term is considered synonymous with "Far West Texas", a subdivision of West Texas...
region of western Texas
Texas
Texas is the second largest U.S. state by both area and population, and the largest state by area in the contiguous United States.The name, based on the Caddo word "Tejas" meaning "friends" or "allies", was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves and to the region of their settlement in...
. The Suma was the western division and the Jumano
Jumano Indians
The Jumano Indians were a prominent Native American tribe or several tribes who inhabited western Texas and adjacent New Mexico, especially near the La Junta region. They were discovered by Spanish explorers in the 16th century. but had nearly disappeared as a people by 1750.-The Jumano...
were the eastern division.
History
Suma first met the Spanish near present day El Paso, TexasEl Paso, Texas
El Paso, is a city in and the county seat of El Paso County, Texas, United States, and lies in far West Texas. In the 2010 census, the city had a population of 649,121. It is the sixth largest city in Texas and the 19th largest city in the United States...
. They are believed to be the descendants of the Jornada Mogollon culture. They were hunter-gatherers.
The Jumano were first mentioned in Spanish
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
documents in 1583. They are described as nomad
Nomad
Nomadic people , commonly known as itinerants in modern-day contexts, are communities of people who move from one place to another, rather than settling permanently in one location. There are an estimated 30-40 million nomads in the world. Many cultures have traditionally been nomadic, but...
ic hunter-gatherers. They moved through a large territory and maintained complex relationships with surrounding peoples. The Jumano appear to have joined forces with the Apache in the 18th century, and they faded from Spanish records after 1750.
Juan Sabeata
Juan Sabeata
Juan Sabeata was a Jumano Indian leader in present day Texas who tried to forge an alliance with the Spanish or French to help his people fend off the encroachments of the Apaches on their territory. -Life:...
was chief of the Jumano (and also the Cibola
Cibola
Cibola commonly refers to one of the legendary Seven Cities of Gold.It may also refer to:* Cibola, Arizona* Cibola County, New Mexico* Cibola National Forest, in New Mexico and Oklahoma...
) from approximately 1683-1692.
Synonymy
The Suma are also known variously as Zuma or Yuma. The Jumano were also known as Chomano, Chumano, Humano, Jumana, Jumanes, Xoman, Xumana, and Xumano.The term Jumano has also been used to refer to other groups, such as the Wichita
Wichita (tribe)
The Wichita people are indigenous inhabitants of North America, who traditionally spoke the Wichita language, a Caddoan language. They have lived in Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas...
, the Tompiro
Tompiro Indians
The Tompiro Indians were Pueblo Indians living in New Mexico. They lived in several adobe villages east of the Rio Grande River Valley in the Salinas region of New Mexico. Their settlements were abandoned and they were absorbed into other Indian tribes in the 1670s.-Origin and Language:Very...
pueblos in eastern New Mexico, and a rancheria
Ranchería
The Spanish word ranchería, or rancherío, refers to a small, rural settlement. In the Americas the term was applied to native villages and to the workers' quarters of a ranch. English adopted the term with both these meanings, usually to designate the residential area of a rancho in the American...
in Flagstaff, Arizona
Flagstaff, Arizona
Flagstaff is a city located in northern Arizona, in the southwestern United States. In 2010, the city's population was 65,870. The population of the Metropolitan Statistical Area was at 134,421 in 2010. It is the county seat of Coconino County...
(probably the Havasupai). The associations between these different peoples probably lies in their common practice of tattoo
Tattoo
A tattoo is made by inserting indelible ink into the dermis layer of the skin to change the pigment. Tattoos on humans are a type of body modification, and tattoos on other animals are most commonly used for identification purposes...
ing or painting their bodies. The first recording of the term was in 1582 by Diego Perez de Luxan. Contact with the Spaniards was recorded on the walls of a rock shelter called Jumano rock shelter near Bottomless Lakes State Park
Bottomless Lakes State Park
Bottomless Lakes State Park is a state park of New Mexico, USA, located along the Pecos River, about southeast of Roswell. Established in 1933, it was the first state park in New Mexico. It takes its name from nine small, deep lakes located along the eastern escarpment of the Pecos River valley...
in Roswell, New Mexico
Roswell, New Mexico
Roswell is a city in and the county seat of Chaves County in the southeastern quarter of the state of New Mexico, United States. The population was 48,366 at the 2010 census. It is a center for irrigation farming, dairying, ranching, manufacturing, distribution, and petroleum production. It is also...
, which is part of the Garnsey kill site
Garnsey kill site
Garnsey kill site is an ancient bison gathering and slaughtering area near Roswell, New Mexico. Jumano and Mogollon tribes are believed to have lived near the site when it was in use. The bison may have been penned in nearby arroyos until harvested....
. An ancient spring, land bridge, and an American bison
American Bison
The American bison , also commonly known as the American buffalo, is a North American species of bison that once roamed the grasslands of North America in massive herds...
bone yard from the Jumano culture are also part of the site.
Neighboring peoples
In historic times, the Suma-Jumano were bordered in the north by the MansoManso Indians
The Manso Indians are a indigenous people who lived along the Rio Grande, near El Paso, Texas from the 16th to the 18th century. Their descendants remain in the area to this day....
and Mescalero
Mescalero
Mescalero is an Apache tribe of Southern Athabaskan Native Americans. The tribe is federally recognized as the Mescalero Apache Tribe of the Mescalero Apache Reservation in southcentral New Mexico...
; in the west by the Jocome, Jano
Jano
Jano is a town and municipality in the north west of the Honduran department of Olancho, west of Guata, south of Esquipulas del Norte and north of Manto.Jano Fair is an American god, based on the idea of seeking education and freedom....
, and Ópata; in the south by the Lower Pima
Pima Bajo
Pima Bajo is a Mexican indigenous language of the Piman branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family, spoken by around 1000 speakers in northern Mexico. The language is called O'ob No'ok by its speakers...
and Concho; in the east by the Comanche
Comanche
The Comanche are a Native American ethnic group whose historic range consisted of present-day eastern New Mexico, southern Colorado, northeastern Arizona, southern Kansas, all of Oklahoma, and most of northwest Texas. Historically, the Comanches were hunter-gatherers, with a typical Plains Indian...
and Lipan Apache.
Language
The Suma and Jumano were often assumed to have spoken an Uto-Aztecan language, but this assumption is based on only four words with recorded meanings and a few other personal names without recorded meanings. Thus, their linguistic affiliation cannot be determined with certainty. Other researchers have suggested links with Athabascan and Caddoan.Groups
The Jumanos were divided into two different groups: The Puebloan Jumanos, and the Plains Jumanos.Pueblos
The Pueblos were a group of Jumanos who were given this name because they built houses called Pueblos out of adobeAdobe
Adobe is a natural building material made from sand, clay, water, and some kind of fibrous or organic material , which the builders shape into bricks using frames and dry in the sun. Adobe buildings are similar to cob and mudbrick buildings. Adobe structures are extremely durable, and account for...
bricks.
The houses were brightly painted on the inside and mostly brown on the outside. They spoke Tiwa. They went naked until it got colder and then wore a cotton blanket.
Plains Jumanos
Unlike the Pueblos, the Plains Jumanos lived in teepees and they were nomadic. They would live in one place and farm there until the growing season was over. When they moved, they became hunter gatherers and they usually hunted buffaloAmerican Bison
The American bison , also commonly known as the American buffalo, is a North American species of bison that once roamed the grasslands of North America in massive herds...
.