Steamboat Inspection Service
Encyclopedia
The Steamboat Inspection Service was a United States
agency created in 1852 to safeguard lives and property at sea. It merged with the Bureau of Navigation
in 1932 to form the Bureau of Navigation and Steamboat Inspection which, in 1936, was reorganized into the Bureau of Marine Inspection and Navigation, which in turn became part of the United States Coast Guard
in 1942.
The safety inspection of merchant vessels documented under the flag of the United States has been authorized in varying degrees by Congress and required by law since 1838. In the early days, Congress hesitated to pass adequate safety laws for fear of interfering with the growing and economically important steamboat
industry. However, as the industry grew and the general public became aware of the need for marine safety laws, Congress began to act to protect the public, beginning with passing a law on July 7, 1838, to "provide better security of the lives of passengers on board of vessels propelled in whole or in part by steam" (5 Stat. L., 304). The law was enforced by the Justice Department. Experience showed the greatest casualties were caused by boiler
explosions and by fire aboard ship.
The beginning and development of a federal maritime safety program arose from disasters that caused much death, injury and property loss. The public's growing concern over these maritime accidents prompted congressional action. Maritime safety laws were passed. Captain Edward Tripp introduced steamboating to Baltimore, Maryland, in 1813 with the building of the steamboat Chesapeake. Also, Captain Tripp was the first Baltimore hull inspector and was appointed by a federal district judge to perform the safety inspection on the few vessels in Baltimore. Captain Tripp performed these duties between 1838 and 1852. At that time, the law provided a US$5.00 fee for each inspection to be paid by the vessel's owner.
rather than the Department of Justice as with the Act of 1838. Under this law, the organization and form of a federal maritime inspection service began to emerge. Nine supervisory inspectors responsible for a specific geographic region were appointed. There were also provisions for the appointment of local inspectors by a commission consisting of the local District Collector of Customs, the Supervisory Inspector, and the District Judge.
The important features of this law were the requirement for hydrostatic testing of boilers, and the requirement for a boiler steam safety valve. This law further required that both pilots and engineers be licensed by the local inspectors. Even though time and further insight proved the Steamboat Act inadequate, it must be given credit for starting legislation in the right perspective. Probably the most serious shortcoming was the exemption of freightboats, ferries, tugboats and towboats, which continued to operate under the superficial inspection requirements of the law of 1838. Again, disasters and high loss of life prompted congressional action through the passage of the Act of February 28, 1871.
during World War II. Prior to that time, it was merged with the Bureau of Navigation
, itself created in 1884 to oversee the regulation of merchant seamen, on June 30, 1932 (47 Stat. L., 415). This "new" organization was named the Bureau of Marine Inspection and Navigation and remained within the Department of Commerce.
in 1934, which caused the loss of 124 persons, paved the way for the Act of May 27, 1936. The law, known as Public Law 622, reorganized and changed the name of the Bureau of Navigation and Steamboat Inspection to Bureau of Marine Inspection and Navigation (49 Stat. L., 1380). The Bureau remained under Commerce Department control. Public Law 622 also required structural fire protection on passenger vessels and required plans for passenger vessels be approved by the Bureau prior to any vessel's construction.
The Marine Safety program is still administered by the Coast Guard, an agency now under the control of the Department of Homeland Security. In an attempt to promote better service to the maritime industry as well as the general public, the marine inspection and Captain of the Port/port safety functions were combined. The marine inspectors of the Coast Guard come from varying backgrounds and careers. Among the officers in the program, some are graduates of the Coast Guard Academy
, some are graduates of the various maritime academies, and some are prior civilians that attended Officer Candidate School
. Many of the officers in this field, including all of the Chief Warrant Officer
s in the field, are prior-enlisted Coast Guardsmen who have progressed through the enlisted ranks and earned commissions.
The Bureau of Marine Inspection and Navigation was merged with the Coast Guard in 1942.
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
agency created in 1852 to safeguard lives and property at sea. It merged with the Bureau of Navigation
Bureau of Navigation
The Bureau of Navigation was an agency of the U.S. government established in 1884 to enforce laws relating to the construction, equipment, operation, inspection, safety, and documentation of merchant vessels. The Bureau of Navigation was an agency of the U.S. government established in 1884 to...
in 1932 to form the Bureau of Navigation and Steamboat Inspection which, in 1936, was reorganized into the Bureau of Marine Inspection and Navigation, which in turn became part of the United States Coast Guard
United States Coast Guard
The United States Coast Guard is a branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven U.S. uniformed services. The Coast Guard is a maritime, military, multi-mission service unique among the military branches for having a maritime law enforcement mission and a federal regulatory agency...
in 1942.
The safety inspection of merchant vessels documented under the flag of the United States has been authorized in varying degrees by Congress and required by law since 1838. In the early days, Congress hesitated to pass adequate safety laws for fear of interfering with the growing and economically important steamboat
Steamboat
A steamboat or steamship, sometimes called a steamer, is a ship in which the primary method of propulsion is steam power, typically driving propellers or paddlewheels...
industry. However, as the industry grew and the general public became aware of the need for marine safety laws, Congress began to act to protect the public, beginning with passing a law on July 7, 1838, to "provide better security of the lives of passengers on board of vessels propelled in whole or in part by steam" (5 Stat. L., 304). The law was enforced by the Justice Department. Experience showed the greatest casualties were caused by boiler
Boiler
A boiler is a closed vessel in which water or other fluid is heated. The heated or vaporized fluid exits the boiler for use in various processes or heating applications.-Materials:...
explosions and by fire aboard ship.
The beginning and development of a federal maritime safety program arose from disasters that caused much death, injury and property loss. The public's growing concern over these maritime accidents prompted congressional action. Maritime safety laws were passed. Captain Edward Tripp introduced steamboating to Baltimore, Maryland, in 1813 with the building of the steamboat Chesapeake. Also, Captain Tripp was the first Baltimore hull inspector and was appointed by a federal district judge to perform the safety inspection on the few vessels in Baltimore. Captain Tripp performed these duties between 1838 and 1852. At that time, the law provided a US$5.00 fee for each inspection to be paid by the vessel's owner.
Steamboat Act of May 30, 1852
The 1838 law proved inadequate as steamboat disasters increased in volume and severity. The 1847 to 1852 era was marked by an unusual series of disasters primarily caused by boiler explosions; however, many were also caused by fires and collisions. These disasters resulted in the passage of the Steamboat Act of May 30, 1852 (10 Stat. L., 1852) in which enforcement powers were placed under the Department of the TreasuryUnited States Department of the Treasury
The Department of the Treasury is an executive department and the treasury of the United States federal government. It was established by an Act of Congress in 1789 to manage government revenue...
rather than the Department of Justice as with the Act of 1838. Under this law, the organization and form of a federal maritime inspection service began to emerge. Nine supervisory inspectors responsible for a specific geographic region were appointed. There were also provisions for the appointment of local inspectors by a commission consisting of the local District Collector of Customs, the Supervisory Inspector, and the District Judge.
The important features of this law were the requirement for hydrostatic testing of boilers, and the requirement for a boiler steam safety valve. This law further required that both pilots and engineers be licensed by the local inspectors. Even though time and further insight proved the Steamboat Act inadequate, it must be given credit for starting legislation in the right perspective. Probably the most serious shortcoming was the exemption of freightboats, ferries, tugboats and towboats, which continued to operate under the superficial inspection requirements of the law of 1838. Again, disasters and high loss of life prompted congressional action through the passage of the Act of February 28, 1871.
Act of February 28, 1871, and the creation of the Steamboat Inspection Service
This act retained the useful function of the prior acts and added new requirements that provided a comprehensive Marine Safety Code, which forms the basis of the present marine safety code. The organization the Act of 1871 created became known as the Steamboat Inspection Service. This new law sought to protect the crew as well as the passengers and applied to all steam vessels. Furthermore, it established a Supervisory Inspector General directly responsible to the Secretary of the Treasury, extended licensing requirements to all masters and chief mates, provided for the revocation of licenses, authorized periodic inspection and gave the Board of Supervisory Inspectors the authority to prescribe nautical Rules of the Road. On February 14, 1903, congressional action transferred the Steamboat Inspection Service to the newly created Department of Commerce and Labor. It remained here until its functions were transferred to the United States Coast GuardUnited States Coast Guard
The United States Coast Guard is a branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven U.S. uniformed services. The Coast Guard is a maritime, military, multi-mission service unique among the military branches for having a maritime law enforcement mission and a federal regulatory agency...
during World War II. Prior to that time, it was merged with the Bureau of Navigation
Bureau of Navigation
The Bureau of Navigation was an agency of the U.S. government established in 1884 to enforce laws relating to the construction, equipment, operation, inspection, safety, and documentation of merchant vessels. The Bureau of Navigation was an agency of the U.S. government established in 1884 to...
, itself created in 1884 to oversee the regulation of merchant seamen, on June 30, 1932 (47 Stat. L., 415). This "new" organization was named the Bureau of Marine Inspection and Navigation and remained within the Department of Commerce.
Act of May 27, 1936 (Public Law 622)
The fire off the coast of New JerseyNew Jersey
New Jersey is a state in the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic regions of the United States. , its population was 8,791,894. It is bordered on the north and east by the state of New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania and on the southwest by Delaware...
in 1934, which caused the loss of 124 persons, paved the way for the Act of May 27, 1936. The law, known as Public Law 622, reorganized and changed the name of the Bureau of Navigation and Steamboat Inspection to Bureau of Marine Inspection and Navigation (49 Stat. L., 1380). The Bureau remained under Commerce Department control. Public Law 622 also required structural fire protection on passenger vessels and required plans for passenger vessels be approved by the Bureau prior to any vessel's construction.
Motorboat Act of 1940
The Motorboat Act of 1940 was enacted to cover safety requirements for every vessel propelled by machinery and not more than 65 feet in length, with the exception of tugboats and towboats of this length propelled by steam, which were covered under other laws. In addition to covering safety equipment, running lights, and reckless or negligent operations, this law gave the Bureau of Marine Inspection and Navigation the authority to examine the operators of these boats and issue licenses provided they carried passengers for hire.Executive Order 9083
On February 28, 1942, President Franklin Roosevelt, as a wartime measure, signed Executive Order 9083, which transferred the Bureau of Marine Inspection and Navigation temporarily to the control of the U.S. Coast Guard. This transfer was made permanent by Reorganization Plan Number 3 on July 16, 1946. This marked the first time in the nation's history that all functions of maritime safety came under one agency.Small Passenger Vessel Act of May 10, 1956
Due to an increase in small boat accidents, the Small Passenger Vessel Act of May 10, 1956, was passed into law. The requirements of this act became effective on June 1, 1958, and provided that all vessels, regardless of size or propulsion, carrying more than six passengers for hire, be inspected by a Marine Inspector of the Coast Guard, and meet associated safety requirements. These requirements not only cover life saving and fire fighting equipment, but also machinery and electrical installations, hull strength and stability considerations. This law required that operators be licensed by the Coast Guard and minimum manning requirements be met. Additionally, the route or routes on which the vessel may operate and the maximum number of passengers that may be carried are established by the Coast Guard.The Marine Safety program is still administered by the Coast Guard, an agency now under the control of the Department of Homeland Security. In an attempt to promote better service to the maritime industry as well as the general public, the marine inspection and Captain of the Port/port safety functions were combined. The marine inspectors of the Coast Guard come from varying backgrounds and careers. Among the officers in the program, some are graduates of the Coast Guard Academy
United States Coast Guard Academy
Founded in 1876, the United States Coast Guard Academy is the military academy of the United States Coast Guard. Located in New London, Connecticut, it is the smallest of the five federal service academies...
, some are graduates of the various maritime academies, and some are prior civilians that attended Officer Candidate School
Officer Candidate School
Officer Candidate School or Officer Cadet School are institutions which train civilians and enlisted personnel in order for them to gain a commission as officers in the armed forces of a country....
. Many of the officers in this field, including all of the Chief Warrant Officer
Chief Warrant Officer
Chief warrant officer is a military rank used by the Canadian Forces and the Israel Defence Forces.-Canada:In the Canadian Forces, a chief warrant officer or CWO is the most senior non-commissioned member rank in the Canadian Army and the Royal Canadian Air Force...
s in the field, are prior-enlisted Coast Guardsmen who have progressed through the enlisted ranks and earned commissions.
Summary history
Predecessor Agencies to the Bureau of Marine Inspection and Navigation:- In the Department of the Treasury:
- Steamboat Inspection Service (1852–1903)
- Bureau of Navigation (1884–1903)
- In the Department of Commerce and Labor:
- Steamboat Inspection Service (1903–13)
- Bureau of Navigation (1903–13)
- In the Department of Commerce:
- Steamboat Inspection Service (1913–32)
- Bureau of Navigation (1913–32)
- Bureau of Navigation and Steamboat Inspection (1932–36)
The Bureau of Marine Inspection and Navigation was merged with the Coast Guard in 1942.