Shotgun slug
Encyclopedia
A shotgun slug is a heavy lead
projectile, that may have pre-cut rifling
, intended for use in a shotgun
and often used for hunting large game
. The first effective shotgun slug was introduced by Wilhelm Brenneke
in 1898, and his design remains in use today. Most shotgun slugs are designed to be fired through a smoothbore
barrel, which means that they must be self-stabilizing and capable of passing through a choked barrel.
Some later shotguns were produced with rifled
barrels, and slugs designed to be fired from them use spin stabilization. As these specialized shotguns are far more accurate than a smoothbore gun, they also usually feature a mount for optics, such as a scope. Many of these slugs use sabot
ed sub-caliber projectiles, resulting in greatly improved external ballistics
performance.
Some less lethal
shotgun ammunition is available in the form of slugs made of low-density material, such as rubber
. See shotgun specialty ammunition for more information.
, due to concerns about the range of modern rifle
bullets. In these locations, a slug will provide more range than a load of buckshot.
Slugs are often used by police equipped with riot shotgun
s. The slugs will provide accuracy sufficient for antipersonnel use out to ranges about 100 yards (91.4 m). This allows the officer the ability to use the shotgun as a reasonable substitute for a rifle at medium ranges.
-like fins to provide stability and the ability to easily compress and pass through a choked barrel. These can be fired through a smoothbore barrel with reasonable accuracy, and significantly extend the effective range of the shotgun slug. The latest improvement is the sabot
ed slug, fired from a rifled shotgun barrel. The saboted slug and rifled barrel combination provides even greater accuracy than the rifled slugs, and the slugs themselves are more aerodynamic, providing more range and a flatter trajectory.
The Brenneke slug was developed by the German
gun and ammunition designer Wilhelm Brenneke
(1865–1951) in 1898. The original Brenneke slug is a solid lead slug with fins cast onto the outside, much like a rifled Foster slug. There is a plastic, felt or cellulose fiber wad attached to the base that remains attached after firing. This wad serves both as a gas seal and as a form of drag stabilization, much like the mass-forward design of the Foster slug. The "fins" impart little or no spin to the projectile; the actual purpose of the "fins" is to decrease the bearing surface of the slug to the barrel and therefore reduce friction and increase velocity.
Since the Brenneke slug is solid, rather than hollow like the Foster slug, the Brenneke will generally deform less on impact and provide deeper penetration (see terminal ballistics
). The sharp shoulder and flat front of the Brenneke (similar in dimensions to a wadcutter
bullet) mean that its external ballistics
restrict it to short range use, as its accuracy is similar to that of an American Foster slugs while retaining the improved penetration and slug integrity of the Brenneke design.
shotgun
barrel. The standard American domestic shotgun slug, they are sometimes referred to as "American slugs" to differentiate them from the standard "European slug" design popularized by Brenneke.
The defining characteristic of the Foster slug is the deep hollow in the rear, which places the center of mass
very near the tip of the slug, much like a shuttlecock
or a pellet from an airgun. If the slug begins to tumble in flight, drag
will tend to push the slug back into straight flight. This gives the Foster slug stability and allows for accurate shooting through smoothbore barrels out to ranges of about 75 yards (68.6 m). Most modern Foster slugs also have "rifling
", which consists of thin fins on the outside of the slug. Contrary to popular belief, these fins actually impart no spin onto the slug as it travels through the air. The actual purpose of the fins is to minimize the friction on both the barrel and projectile and allow the slug to safely be swaged down when fired through a choke
, although accuracy will suffer and choke wear will be progressively accelerated when fired through any choke gauge tighter than open.
It is also possible to fire Foster slugs through rifled slug barrel
s, though lead fouling (build-up in the rifle grooves) can be a problem. Accuracy is otherwise not appreciably affected in standard shotgun rifling.
ed slugs are lead-cored, full copper-jacketed or solid copper projectiles supported by a plastic sabot, which is designed to engage the rifling in a rifled shotgun barrel and impart a ballistic spin onto the projectile. This differentiates them from traditional slugs, which are not designed to benefit from a rifled barrel (though neither does the other any damage). They can take the usual variety of shapes, but for maximum accuracy are typically ogive
. The slugs are generally significantly smaller than the bore diameter, increasing the ballistic coefficient
, and use the sabot to seal the bore and keep the slug centered in the bore while it rotates with the rifling. Saboted slugs, when fired out of a rifled barrel, are generally far more accurate than non-jacketed slugs out of a smoothbore, with accuracy to 300 metres (328.1 yd) approaching that of low-velocity rifle calibers.
By 1984 "Ballistic Research Industries" was producing a 440 gr .50 caliber sabot slug of a new design. The projectile was a wasp waisted hourglass shape made of a hard lead alloy. This sabot slug was not designed for rifled barrels, the self stabilizing shape allowed it to be used with bore cylinder or improved cylinder barrels.
Sabot variations
Plumbata variations
s or a low magnification telescopic sight
are needed for accuracy, rather than the bead sight used with shot, and an open choke is best. Since most current production shotguns come equipped with sighting ribs and interchangeable choke tubes, converting a standard shotgun to a slug gun can be as simple as attaching clamp-on sights to the rib and switching to a skeet or cylinder choke tube. There are also choke tubes of cylinder bore that feature rifling.
Many repeating shotguns have barrels that can easily be removed and replaced in under a minute with no tools, so many hunters will choose to purchase an additional barrel for shooting slugs. Slug barrels will generally be somewhat shorter, have rifle type sights or a base for a telescopic sight, and may be rifled or smoothbore. Smoothbore slug barrels are quite a bit less expensive than rifled barrels.
The recent improvements in slug performance have also led to some very specialized slug guns. The H&R Ultra Slug Hunter, for example, uses a heavy rifled barrel (see accurize) to obtain the most possible accuracy from slugs.
. Firearm
s with rifled barrels are designed to fire single projectiles, and a firearm that is designed to fire a single projectile with a diameter greater than .50 caliber (12.7 mm
) is considered a destructive device
and as such is severely restricted. However, the ATF has ruled that as long as the gun was designed to fire shot, and modified (by the user or the manufacturer) to fire single projectiles with the addition of a rifled barrel, then the firearm is still considered a shotgun and not a destructive device.
In some areas, rifles are prohibited for hunting animals such as deer. This is generally due to range concerns. Shotgun slugs have a far shorter maximum range than most rifle cartridges, and are safer for use near populated areas. In other areas, there are special shotgun-only seasons for deer. A modern slug shotgun, with rifled barrel and high performance saboted slugs, is the top choice for hunters who must hunt with a shotgun, as it provides rifle-like power and accuracy at ranges over 150 yards (137.2 m).
and mouflon
. The restrictions also demand that the shot is fired within 40 meters from the game and that the shotgun has only one barrel. The hunter must also have legal right to use a rifle for those games in order to hunt them with shotgun slugs. When hunting for wounded game there are no restrictions at all.
Lead
Lead is a main-group element in the carbon group with the symbol Pb and atomic number 82. Lead is a soft, malleable poor metal. It is also counted as one of the heavy metals. Metallic lead has a bluish-white color after being freshly cut, but it soon tarnishes to a dull grayish color when exposed...
projectile, that may have pre-cut rifling
Rifling
Rifling is the process of making helical grooves in the barrel of a gun or firearm, which imparts a spin to a projectile around its long axis...
, intended for use in a shotgun
Shotgun
A shotgun is a firearm that is usually designed to be fired from the shoulder, which uses the energy of a fixed shell to fire a number of small spherical pellets called shot, or a solid projectile called a slug...
and often used for hunting large game
Game (food)
Game is any animal hunted for food or not normally domesticated. Game animals are also hunted for sport.The type and range of animals hunted for food varies in different parts of the world. This will be influenced by climate, animal diversity, local taste and locally accepted view about what can or...
. The first effective shotgun slug was introduced by Wilhelm Brenneke
Wilhelm Brenneke
Wilhelm Brenneke was a German inventor of smallarms ammunition, including the Brenneke shotgun slug. He was born in 1865 in Hanover and died in 1951, from natural causes...
in 1898, and his design remains in use today. Most shotgun slugs are designed to be fired through a smoothbore
Smoothbore
A smoothbore weapon is one which has a barrel without rifling. Smoothbores range from handheld firearms to powerful tank guns and large artillery mortars.-History of firearms and rifling:...
barrel, which means that they must be self-stabilizing and capable of passing through a choked barrel.
Some later shotguns were produced with rifled
Rifling
Rifling is the process of making helical grooves in the barrel of a gun or firearm, which imparts a spin to a projectile around its long axis...
barrels, and slugs designed to be fired from them use spin stabilization. As these specialized shotguns are far more accurate than a smoothbore gun, they also usually feature a mount for optics, such as a scope. Many of these slugs use sabot
Sabot
A sabot is a device used in a firearm or cannon to fire a projectile, such as a bullet, that is smaller than the bore diameter, or which must be held in a precise position. The term is also applied to a battery stub case, a device used similarly to make a small electrical battery usable in a...
ed sub-caliber projectiles, resulting in greatly improved external ballistics
External ballistics
External ballistics is the part of the science of ballistics that deals with the behaviour of a non-powered projectile in flight. External ballistics is frequently associated with firearms, and deals with the behaviour of the bullet after it exits the barrel and before it hits the target.-Forces...
performance.
Some less lethal
Less-lethal weapon
Non-lethal weapons, also called less-lethal weapons, less-than-lethal weapons, non-deadly weapons, compliance weapons, or pain-inducing weapons are weapons intended to be less likely to kill a living target than are conventional weapons...
shotgun ammunition is available in the form of slugs made of low-density material, such as rubber
Rubber
Natural rubber, also called India rubber or caoutchouc, is an elastomer that was originally derived from latex, a milky colloid produced by some plants. The plants would be ‘tapped’, that is, an incision made into the bark of the tree and the sticky, milk colored latex sap collected and refined...
. See shotgun specialty ammunition for more information.
Use
Shotgun slugs are used to provide rifle-like performance from a shotgun, by firing a single large projectile rather than a large number of smaller ones. In many populated areas, hunters are restricted to shotguns even for medium to large game, such as deerDeer
Deer are the ruminant mammals forming the family Cervidae. Species in the Cervidae family include white-tailed deer, elk, moose, red deer, reindeer, fallow deer, roe deer and chital. Male deer of all species and female reindeer grow and shed new antlers each year...
, due to concerns about the range of modern rifle
Rifle
A rifle is a firearm designed to be fired from the shoulder, with a barrel that has a helical groove or pattern of grooves cut into the barrel walls. The raised areas of the rifling are called "lands," which make contact with the projectile , imparting spin around an axis corresponding to the...
bullets. In these locations, a slug will provide more range than a load of buckshot.
Slugs are often used by police equipped with riot shotgun
Riot shotgun
A riot shotgun is a shotgun designed or modified for use as a primarily defensive weapon, primarily by the use of a short barrel. The riot shotgun is used by military personnel for guard duty and was at one time used for riot control, and is commonly used as a patrol weapon by law enforcement...
s. The slugs will provide accuracy sufficient for antipersonnel use out to ranges about 100 yards (91.4 m). This allows the officer the ability to use the shotgun as a reasonable substitute for a rifle at medium ranges.
Types
The earliest shotgun slugs were just lead balls, of just under the bore diameter, allowing them to pass through a tiny barrel. Often called pumpkin nuts, these slugs showed very poor accuracy, and were only effective at the very close ranges where they could be relied on to hit the target in a vital area. Later types of slugs, such as the Brenneke design, use a weight-based design and riflingRifling
Rifling is the process of making helical grooves in the barrel of a gun or firearm, which imparts a spin to a projectile around its long axis...
-like fins to provide stability and the ability to easily compress and pass through a choked barrel. These can be fired through a smoothbore barrel with reasonable accuracy, and significantly extend the effective range of the shotgun slug. The latest improvement is the sabot
Sabot
A sabot is a device used in a firearm or cannon to fire a projectile, such as a bullet, that is smaller than the bore diameter, or which must be held in a precise position. The term is also applied to a battery stub case, a device used similarly to make a small electrical battery usable in a...
ed slug, fired from a rifled shotgun barrel. The saboted slug and rifled barrel combination provides even greater accuracy than the rifled slugs, and the slugs themselves are more aerodynamic, providing more range and a flatter trajectory.
Brenneke Slugs
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
gun and ammunition designer Wilhelm Brenneke
Wilhelm Brenneke
Wilhelm Brenneke was a German inventor of smallarms ammunition, including the Brenneke shotgun slug. He was born in 1865 in Hanover and died in 1951, from natural causes...
(1865–1951) in 1898. The original Brenneke slug is a solid lead slug with fins cast onto the outside, much like a rifled Foster slug. There is a plastic, felt or cellulose fiber wad attached to the base that remains attached after firing. This wad serves both as a gas seal and as a form of drag stabilization, much like the mass-forward design of the Foster slug. The "fins" impart little or no spin to the projectile; the actual purpose of the "fins" is to decrease the bearing surface of the slug to the barrel and therefore reduce friction and increase velocity.
Since the Brenneke slug is solid, rather than hollow like the Foster slug, the Brenneke will generally deform less on impact and provide deeper penetration (see terminal ballistics
Terminal ballistics
Terminal ballistics, a sub-field of ballistics, is the study of the behavior of a projectile when it hits its target. It is often referred to as stopping power when dealing with human or other living targets. Terminal ballistics is relevant both for small caliber projectiles as well as for large...
). The sharp shoulder and flat front of the Brenneke (similar in dimensions to a wadcutter
Wadcutter
A wadcutter is a special-purpose bullet specially designed for shooting paper targets, usually at close range and at subsonic velocities typically under 800 ft/s . They are often used in handgun and airgun competitions...
bullet) mean that its external ballistics
External ballistics
External ballistics is the part of the science of ballistics that deals with the behaviour of a non-powered projectile in flight. External ballistics is frequently associated with firearms, and deals with the behaviour of the bullet after it exits the barrel and before it hits the target.-Forces...
restrict it to short range use, as its accuracy is similar to that of an American Foster slugs while retaining the improved penetration and slug integrity of the Brenneke design.
Foster Slugs
A Foster slug, invented by Karl Foster in 1931, is a type of shotgun slug designed to be fired through a smoothboreSmoothbore
A smoothbore weapon is one which has a barrel without rifling. Smoothbores range from handheld firearms to powerful tank guns and large artillery mortars.-History of firearms and rifling:...
shotgun
Shotgun
A shotgun is a firearm that is usually designed to be fired from the shoulder, which uses the energy of a fixed shell to fire a number of small spherical pellets called shot, or a solid projectile called a slug...
barrel. The standard American domestic shotgun slug, they are sometimes referred to as "American slugs" to differentiate them from the standard "European slug" design popularized by Brenneke.
The defining characteristic of the Foster slug is the deep hollow in the rear, which places the center of mass
Center of mass
In physics, the center of mass or barycenter of a system is the average location of all of its mass. In the case of a rigid body, the position of the center of mass is fixed in relation to the body...
very near the tip of the slug, much like a shuttlecock
Shuttlecock
A shuttlecock, sometimes called a bird or birdie, is a high-drag projectile used in the sport of badminton. It has an open conical shape: the cone is formed from sixteen or so overlapping feathers, usually goose or duck and from the left wing only, embedded into a rounded cork base...
or a pellet from an airgun. If the slug begins to tumble in flight, drag
Drag (physics)
In fluid dynamics, drag refers to forces which act on a solid object in the direction of the relative fluid flow velocity...
will tend to push the slug back into straight flight. This gives the Foster slug stability and allows for accurate shooting through smoothbore barrels out to ranges of about 75 yards (68.6 m). Most modern Foster slugs also have "rifling
Rifling
Rifling is the process of making helical grooves in the barrel of a gun or firearm, which imparts a spin to a projectile around its long axis...
", which consists of thin fins on the outside of the slug. Contrary to popular belief, these fins actually impart no spin onto the slug as it travels through the air. The actual purpose of the fins is to minimize the friction on both the barrel and projectile and allow the slug to safely be swaged down when fired through a choke
Choke (firearms)
In firearms, a choke is a tapered constriction of the gun barrel's bore at the muzzle end, almost always used with shotguns. The purpose is to decrease the spread of the shot in order to gain better range and accuracy....
, although accuracy will suffer and choke wear will be progressively accelerated when fired through any choke gauge tighter than open.
It is also possible to fire Foster slugs through rifled slug barrel
Slug barrel
A slug barrel is a barrel for a shotgun that is designed primarily to fire slugs.-Origins:When slugs are fired in a standard, choked barrel, the slug is deformed by the choke as it exits. The degree of deformation is most acute with fuller chokes, which were among the most widely used in stock...
s, though lead fouling (build-up in the rifle grooves) can be a problem. Accuracy is otherwise not appreciably affected in standard shotgun rifling.
Saboted slugs
SabotSabot
A sabot is a device used in a firearm or cannon to fire a projectile, such as a bullet, that is smaller than the bore diameter, or which must be held in a precise position. The term is also applied to a battery stub case, a device used similarly to make a small electrical battery usable in a...
ed slugs are lead-cored, full copper-jacketed or solid copper projectiles supported by a plastic sabot, which is designed to engage the rifling in a rifled shotgun barrel and impart a ballistic spin onto the projectile. This differentiates them from traditional slugs, which are not designed to benefit from a rifled barrel (though neither does the other any damage). They can take the usual variety of shapes, but for maximum accuracy are typically ogive
Ogive
An ogive is the roundly tapered end of a two-dimensional or three-dimensional object.-Applied physical science and engineering:In ballistics or aerodynamics, an ogive is a pointed, curved surface mainly used to form the approximately streamlined nose of a bullet or other projectile.The traditional...
. The slugs are generally significantly smaller than the bore diameter, increasing the ballistic coefficient
Ballistic coefficient
In ballistics, the ballistic coefficient of a body is a measure of its ability to overcome air resistance in flight. It is inversely proportional to the negative acceleration—a high number indicates a low negative acceleration. BC is a function of mass, diameter, and drag coefficient...
, and use the sabot to seal the bore and keep the slug centered in the bore while it rotates with the rifling. Saboted slugs, when fired out of a rifled barrel, are generally far more accurate than non-jacketed slugs out of a smoothbore, with accuracy to 300 metres (328.1 yd) approaching that of low-velocity rifle calibers.
By 1984 "Ballistic Research Industries" was producing a 440 gr .50 caliber sabot slug of a new design. The projectile was a wasp waisted hourglass shape made of a hard lead alloy. This sabot slug was not designed for rifled barrels, the self stabilizing shape allowed it to be used with bore cylinder or improved cylinder barrels.
Sabot variations
- BRI
- Brenneke Rubin
- Gualandi / Palla Gualbo
Plumbata slugs
A plumbata slug has a plastic stabilizer attached to the projectile. The stabilizer may be fitted into a cavity in the bottom of the slug, or it may fit over the slug and into external notches on the slug. With the first method discarding sabots may be added. And with the second, the stabilizer may act as a sabot, but remains attached to the projectile and is commonly known as an “Impact Discarding Sabot” (IDS).Plumbata variations
- Brenneke plumbata
- Dangerous game (a.k.a. Gualandi boar)
- Impact Discarding Sabot (IDS)
Steel slugs
There are some types of all-steel subcaliber slugs supported by a plastic sabot (otherwise projectile would damage the barrel). Examples include russian "Tandem" wadcutter-type slug (the name is historical, as early versions consisted of two spherical steel balls) and ogive "UDAR" ("Strike") slug and French spool-like "Balle Blondeau" (Blondeau slug) and "Balle fleche Sauvestre" (Sauvestre flechette) with steel sabot inside expanding copper body and plastic rear empennage. Made of non-deforming steel, said slugs are well suitable for shooting in brushes, but may produce overpenetration. They also may be used for disabling vehicles by firing in the engine compartment or for defeating hard body armor.Guns for use with slugs
Many hunters hunt with shotgun slugs where rifle usage is not allowed, or as a way of saving the cost of a rifle by getting additional use out of their shotgun. A barrel for shooting slugs does require some special considerations. The biggest drawback of a rifled barrel is the inability to accurately fire buckshot or birdshot. While it won't damage the gun, the shot's spread increases nearly four-fold compared to a smoothbore and pellets tend to form an O-shaped pattern due to centrifugal force pulling the pellets away from the bore line. In practical terms, the effective range range of a rifled shotgun loaded with buckshot is limited to 10 yards or less. Iron sightIron sight
Iron sights are a system of shaped alignment markers used as a sighting device to assist in the aiming of a device such as a firearm, crossbow, or telescope, and exclude the use of optics as in telescopic sights or reflector sights...
s or a low magnification telescopic sight
Telescopic sight
A telescopic sight, commonly called a scope, is a sighting device that is based on an optical refracting telescope. They are equipped with some form of graphic image pattern mounted in an optically appropriate position in their optical system to give an accurate aiming point...
are needed for accuracy, rather than the bead sight used with shot, and an open choke is best. Since most current production shotguns come equipped with sighting ribs and interchangeable choke tubes, converting a standard shotgun to a slug gun can be as simple as attaching clamp-on sights to the rib and switching to a skeet or cylinder choke tube. There are also choke tubes of cylinder bore that feature rifling.
Many repeating shotguns have barrels that can easily be removed and replaced in under a minute with no tools, so many hunters will choose to purchase an additional barrel for shooting slugs. Slug barrels will generally be somewhat shorter, have rifle type sights or a base for a telescopic sight, and may be rifled or smoothbore. Smoothbore slug barrels are quite a bit less expensive than rifled barrels.
The recent improvements in slug performance have also led to some very specialized slug guns. The H&R Ultra Slug Hunter, for example, uses a heavy rifled barrel (see accurize) to obtain the most possible accuracy from slugs.
Legal issues
Shotgun slugs are sometimes subject to specific regulation in many countries in the world. Legislation differs with each country.The Netherlands
Shotgun slugs and buckshot are forbidden by law for hunting purposes. Large game (deer and wild boar) hunting is only allowed with large caliber rifles; shotguns are only allowed for small and medium- sized game, up to foxes and geese.United Kingdom
Shotgun ammunition which discharges up to 6 projectiles, including slugs, can be purchased and held on a standard firearms licence, usually for hunting, practical shotgun competition or the euthanasia of animals.United States
Rifled balls for shotguns are an unusual legal issue in the United States of AmericaUnited States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
. Firearm
Firearm
A firearm is a weapon that launches one, or many, projectile at high velocity through confined burning of a propellant. This subsonic burning process is technically known as deflagration, as opposed to supersonic combustion known as a detonation. In older firearms, the propellant was typically...
s with rifled barrels are designed to fire single projectiles, and a firearm that is designed to fire a single projectile with a diameter greater than .50 caliber (12.7 mm
12 mm caliber
This article lists firearm cartridges which have a bullet in the to caliber range.*Length refers to the cartridge case length.*OAL refers to the overall length of the cartridge.*Bullet refers to the diameter of the bullet....
) is considered a destructive device
Destructive device
In the United States, a destructive device is a firearm or explosive device regulated by the National Firearms Act of 1934.Examples of destructive devices include grenades, and firearms with a bore over one half of an inch, including some semi-automatic shotguns. While current federal laws allow...
and as such is severely restricted. However, the ATF has ruled that as long as the gun was designed to fire shot, and modified (by the user or the manufacturer) to fire single projectiles with the addition of a rifled barrel, then the firearm is still considered a shotgun and not a destructive device.
In some areas, rifles are prohibited for hunting animals such as deer. This is generally due to range concerns. Shotgun slugs have a far shorter maximum range than most rifle cartridges, and are safer for use near populated areas. In other areas, there are special shotgun-only seasons for deer. A modern slug shotgun, with rifled barrel and high performance saboted slugs, is the top choice for hunters who must hunt with a shotgun, as it provides rifle-like power and accuracy at ranges over 150 yards (137.2 m).
Sweden
Shotgun slugs are allowed for hunting wild boar, fallow deerFallow Deer
The Fallow Deer is a ruminant mammal belonging to the family Cervidae. This common species is native to western Eurasia, but has been introduced widely elsewhere. It often includes the rarer Persian Fallow Deer as a subspecies , while others treat it as an entirely different species The Fallow...
and mouflon
Mouflon
The mouflon is a subspecies group of the wild sheep Ovis aries. Populations of Ovis aries can be partitioned into the mouflons and urials or arkars...
. The restrictions also demand that the shot is fired within 40 meters from the game and that the shotgun has only one barrel. The hunter must also have legal right to use a rifle for those games in order to hunt them with shotgun slugs. When hunting for wounded game there are no restrictions at all.
External links
- Slug Guns for Deer, Game and Fish magazine.
- Shotgun slugs, Chuck Hawks.
- Shotgun slugs, what are they and how do they work?, Smallbore Shotgun.