Santa Marta de Penaguião
Encyclopedia
Santa Marta de Penaguião (ˈsɐ̃tɐ ˈmaɾtɐ ðɨ pɨnɐɣiˈɐ̃̃w or ˌpenɐɣiˈɐ̃w) is a Portuguese
municipality in the district of Vila Real, in the northern region of Douro
. The municipality, comprising 11 parishes, covers an area of 69.28 km² with a base population of 8400 inhabitants.
that have been discovered in Fontes, Lobrigos, Cumieira, Louredo and Medrões, which were settled prior to the establishment of the Kingdom of Portugal
. Some of the toponymy
in the region also presupposes the existences of tribal clans in this Douro valley region.
The municipality of Santa Marta de Penaguião were part of the Terras de Penaguião, an administrative division that existed during early Middle Ages (9th-10th century) that extended between the Douro and Corgo watersheds, including the Serra do Marão and the Terras de Panóias (today Vila Real). Comprehensively, this included the current municipality, in addition to portions of the municipalities of Peso da Régua and Vila Real.
During the reign of Afonso Henriques the region was governed by Moço Viegas, son of Egas Moniz.
King Sancho I
issued a charter in 1202, and King Manual I
re-issued a new foral on 15 December 1519. The forals provided detailed explanations of the rights, privileges and responsibilities of the local landowners, covered within the limits of the municipality.
During the 17th-18th century there was a marked increase in the homes, estates, churches and patrimony constructed in the municipality, while documents refer to expensive land rents obtained by seigneurial landowners. This was primarily due to export of wine and the cultivation of vineyards, which occupied a great part of the terraced landholdings of the local gentlemen. This success also brought a lot of opportunism, the mixing of castes, and later, the collapse of wine sales, as the quality deteriorated. In order to overcome these problems, and in order to rejuvenate exports, (through the influence of the friar
João de Mansilha and the Marquess of Pombal
), King Joseph signed into existence (10 September 1756) the Companhia Geral de Agricultura das Vinhas do Alto Douro. This company improved the production of wine sales in the Douro valley, establishing a Demarcated Export product with specific quality expectations: wines that could not meet these levels of quality could not be sold as "Douro Wines". The Companhia Geral was also responsible for affixing similar demarcation to the Porto Wine, before any non-Douro brands began appearing in Europe.
In the 19th century, through the administrative reforms, and owing to the regions importance to the Demarcated Region of the Douro, Santa Marta retained its municipal status.
The 11 parishes of Santa Marta de Penaguião are:
Portugal
Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the...
municipality in the district of Vila Real, in the northern region of Douro
Douro
The Douro or Duero is one of the major rivers of the Iberian Peninsula, flowing from its source near Duruelo de la Sierra in Soria Province across northern-central Spain and Portugal to its outlet at Porto...
. The municipality, comprising 11 parishes, covers an area of 69.28 km² with a base population of 8400 inhabitants.
History
The history of Santa Marta de Penaguião is affirmed by vestiges of the castrosCastro culture
Castro culture is the archaeological term for naming the Celtic archaeological culture of the northwestern regions of the Iberian Peninsula from the end of the Bronze Age until it was subsumed in local Roman culture...
that have been discovered in Fontes, Lobrigos, Cumieira, Louredo and Medrões, which were settled prior to the establishment of the Kingdom of Portugal
Kingdom of Portugal
The Kingdom of Portugal was Portugal's general designation under the monarchy. The kingdom was located in the west of the Iberian Peninsula, Europe and existed from 1139 to 1910...
. Some of the toponymy
Toponymy
Toponymy is the scientific study of place names , their origins, meanings, use and typology. The word "toponymy" is derived from the Greek words tópos and ónoma . Toponymy is itself a branch of onomastics, the study of names of all kinds...
in the region also presupposes the existences of tribal clans in this Douro valley region.
The municipality of Santa Marta de Penaguião were part of the Terras de Penaguião, an administrative division that existed during early Middle Ages (9th-10th century) that extended between the Douro and Corgo watersheds, including the Serra do Marão and the Terras de Panóias (today Vila Real). Comprehensively, this included the current municipality, in addition to portions of the municipalities of Peso da Régua and Vila Real.
During the reign of Afonso Henriques the region was governed by Moço Viegas, son of Egas Moniz.
King Sancho I
Sancho I of Portugal
Sancho I , nicknamed the Populator , second monarch of Portugal, was born on 11 November 1154 in Coimbra and died on 26 March 1212 in the same city. He was the second but only surviving legitimate son and fourth child of Afonso I of Portugal by his wife, Maud of Savoy. Sancho succeeded his father...
issued a charter in 1202, and King Manual I
Manuel I of Portugal
Manuel I , the Fortunate , 14th king of Portugal and the Algarves was the son of Infante Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu, , by his wife, Infanta Beatrice of Portugal...
re-issued a new foral on 15 December 1519. The forals provided detailed explanations of the rights, privileges and responsibilities of the local landowners, covered within the limits of the municipality.
During the 17th-18th century there was a marked increase in the homes, estates, churches and patrimony constructed in the municipality, while documents refer to expensive land rents obtained by seigneurial landowners. This was primarily due to export of wine and the cultivation of vineyards, which occupied a great part of the terraced landholdings of the local gentlemen. This success also brought a lot of opportunism, the mixing of castes, and later, the collapse of wine sales, as the quality deteriorated. In order to overcome these problems, and in order to rejuvenate exports, (through the influence of the friar
Friar
A friar is a member of one of the mendicant orders.-Friars and monks:...
João de Mansilha and the Marquess of Pombal
Marquess of Pombal
Count of Oeiras was a Portuguese title of nobility created by a royal decree, dated from July 15, 1759, by King Joseph I of Portugal, and granted to Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, Head of the Portuguese Government....
), King Joseph signed into existence (10 September 1756) the Companhia Geral de Agricultura das Vinhas do Alto Douro. This company improved the production of wine sales in the Douro valley, establishing a Demarcated Export product with specific quality expectations: wines that could not meet these levels of quality could not be sold as "Douro Wines". The Companhia Geral was also responsible for affixing similar demarcation to the Porto Wine, before any non-Douro brands began appearing in Europe.
In the 19th century, through the administrative reforms, and owing to the regions importance to the Demarcated Region of the Douro, Santa Marta retained its municipal status.
Geography
The 11 parishes of Santa Marta de Penaguião are:
- Alvações do Corgo
- Cumieira
- FontesFontes, PortugalFontes is a town in Portugal....
- Fornelos
- Fiolhais
- Louredo
- Medrões
- Sanhoane
- São João Baptista de Lobrigos
- São Miguel de Lobrigos
- Sever