SAE J1772
Encyclopedia
SAE J1772 is a North America
n standard for electrical connector
s for electric vehicles
maintained by the Society of Automotive Engineers and has the formal title "SAE Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice J1772, SAE Electric Vehicle
Conductive Charge Coupler”. It covers the general physical, electrical, communication protocol, and performance requirements for the electric vehicle conductive charge system and coupler. The intent is to define a common electric vehicle conductive charging system architecture including operational requirements and the functional and dimensional requirements for the vehicle inlet and mating connector.
had used inductive charger couplers. These were ruled out in favor of conductive coupling
to supply electricity for recharging with the California Air Resources Board
settling upon the SAE J1772-2001 standard as the charging interface for electric vehicles in California in June 2001. Avcon
manufactured a rectangular connector compliant with the SAE J1772 REV NOV 2001 specification that was capable of delivering up to 6.6 kW of electrical power.
The CARB regulation of 2001 mandated the usage of SAE J1772-2001 beginning with the 2006 model year. Later requirements asked for higher currents to be used than the Avcon connector could provide. This process led to the proposal of a new round connector design by Yazaki
which allows for an increased power delivery of up to 19.2 kW delivered via single phase 120–240 V AC
at up to 80 amperes. In 2008 the CARB published a draft amendment to section 1962.2 Title 13 that mandated the usage of the oncoming SAE J1772 standard beginning with the 2010 model year.
The Yazaki plug that was built to the new SAE J1772 plug standard successfully completed certification at UL
. It is only certified to 30A although the standard is written to 80A. The standard specification was subsequently voted upon by the SAE committee in July 2009. On January 14, 2010 the SAE J1772 REV 2009 was adopted by the SAE Motor Vehicle Council. The companies participating in or supporting the revised -2009 standard include GM
, Chrysler
, Ford, Toyota, Honda
, Nissan
, and Tesla
.
The SAE J1772-2009 connector specification has been added to the international IEC 62196-2
standard ("Part 2: Dimensional compatibility and interchangeability requirements for a.c. pin and contact-tube accessories") with voting on the final specification to close in May 2011. The SAE J1772 connector is considered a "Type 1" implementation providing a single phase coupler.
SAE is developing a "combo-coupler" variant of the J1772 connector with additional pins to accommodate fast DC charging at 200–450 Volts DC and up to 90 kW. This will also use Power Line Carrier technology to communicate between the vehicle, off-board charger, and smart grid. They estimate the standard will be approved and released in the first quarter of 2012.
The round 43 mm diameter connector has five pins, with 3 different pin sizes
Proximity Detection - Prevents movement of the car while connected to the charger.
Control Pilot - Communication line used to coordinate charging level between the car and the charger as well as other information.
The connector uses a 1 kHz square wave at +/- 12 volts generated by the EVSE on the pilot pin to detect the presence of the vehicle, communicate the maximum allowable charging current, and control charging. The connector is designed to withstand up to 10,000 connection/disconnection cycles and exposure to all kinds of elements. Approximating one connection/disconnection cycle daily, the average connector's lifespan should be just over 27 years.
The SAE J1772 committee proposes a DC connector based on the SAE J1772-2009 AC connector with additional DC and ground pins to support charging at 200–450 V DC 36kW and 80 amps for DC Level 1 and up to 200 A (90 kW) for DC Level 2,http://www.sae.org/smartgrid/chargingspeeds.pdf
after evaluating it against other designs including the JARI/TEPCO connector used by the CHAdeMO
DC fast charge protocol.
The SAE DC Level 3 charging has not been determined but the standard as it now exists has the potential 200-600vdc at a maximum of 400 amps...240kW
The pins are of the first-make, last-break variety. So that if the plug is in the charging port of the vehicle and charging, and it is removed, the Control Pilot and Proximity Detection pins will break first so that the Power Pin relay in the Charging Station will be shut off and no current will flow.
In a future development of the standard due in 2012, SAE proposes to use power line communication
between the vehicle, off-board charging station
, and the smart grid, without requiring an additional pin; SAE and the IEEE Standards Association
are sharing their draft standards related to the smart grid and vehicle electrification.
For 240V charging, the U.S. National Electrical Code require a coupler to be permanently wired to an AC outlet in most cases;
such a coupler is commonly called a charging station
.
Products compatible with SAE J1772-2009 include:
providing a single and three phase coupler. The connector was specified in the VDE-AR-E 2623-2-2 standard - this connector specifies up to 63A three-phase (at 400V in Central Europe) which makes for a maximum of 63A*400V*√3 = 43.6 kW. Additionally the IEC 62196-2 standard specifies a "Type 3" connector providing a single and three phase coupler with shutters which takes up the proposal of the EV Plug Alliance (Scame, Schneider, Legrand). All plug types - including Type 1 (SAE), Type 2 (VDE) and Type 3 (EVPlug) - share the same specifications for the pilot pin taken from the IEC 61851-1 standard.
Tokyo Electric Power Company has developed a specification solely for level 3 high-voltage DC automotive fast charging using a different connector (JARI Level 3 DC), and formed the CHΛdeMO (stands for Charge and Move) association with Japanese automakers Mitsubishi
, Nissan and Subaru
to promote it.
North America
North America is a continent wholly within the Northern Hemisphere and almost wholly within the Western Hemisphere. It is also considered a northern subcontinent of the Americas...
n standard for electrical connector
Electrical connector
An electrical connector is an electro-mechanical device for joining electrical circuits as an interface using a mechanical assembly. The connection may be temporary, as for portable equipment, require a tool for assembly and removal, or serve as a permanent electrical joint between two wires or...
s for electric vehicles
Electric car
An electric car is an automobile which is propelled by electric motor, using electrical energy stored in batteries or another energy storage device. Electric cars were popular in the late-19th century and early 20th century, until advances in internal combustion engine technology and mass...
maintained by the Society of Automotive Engineers and has the formal title "SAE Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice J1772, SAE Electric Vehicle
Conductive Charge Coupler”. It covers the general physical, electrical, communication protocol, and performance requirements for the electric vehicle conductive charge system and coupler. The intent is to define a common electric vehicle conductive charging system architecture including operational requirements and the functional and dimensional requirements for the vehicle inlet and mating connector.
History
The main stimulus for the development of SAE J1772 came from the California Air Resources Board. Formerly electric vehicles like the General Motors EV1General Motors EV1
The General Motors EV1 was an electric car produced and leased by the General Motors Corporation from 1996 to 1999. It was the first mass-produced and purpose-designed electric vehicle of the modern era from a major automaker, and the first GM car designed to be an electric vehicle from the...
had used inductive charger couplers. These were ruled out in favor of conductive coupling
Conductive coupling
Conductive coupling is the transfer of electrical energy by means of physical contact via a conductive medium, in contrast to inductive coupling and capacitive coupling...
to supply electricity for recharging with the California Air Resources Board
California Air Resources Board
The California Air Resources Board, also known as CARB or ARB, is the "clean air agency" in the government of California. Established in 1967 in the Mulford-Carrell Act, combining the Bureau of Air Sanitation and the Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Board, CARB is a department within the...
settling upon the SAE J1772-2001 standard as the charging interface for electric vehicles in California in June 2001. Avcon
Avcon
Avcon is a company that manufactures charging interfaces for battery electric vehicles . The lettering convention is Avcon for the company and AVCON for the EV charging head....
manufactured a rectangular connector compliant with the SAE J1772 REV NOV 2001 specification that was capable of delivering up to 6.6 kW of electrical power.
The CARB regulation of 2001 mandated the usage of SAE J1772-2001 beginning with the 2006 model year. Later requirements asked for higher currents to be used than the Avcon connector could provide. This process led to the proposal of a new round connector design by Yazaki
Yazaki
is a worldwide supplier of automotive equipment, gas meters and air-conditioning equipment. The main business is automotive equipment like electrical wiring harnesses, components like connectors, terminals, fuses and boxes and electronic devices such as instrument clusters.The Yazaki Group employs...
which allows for an increased power delivery of up to 19.2 kW delivered via single phase 120–240 V AC
Alternating current
In alternating current the movement of electric charge periodically reverses direction. In direct current , the flow of electric charge is only in one direction....
at up to 80 amperes. In 2008 the CARB published a draft amendment to section 1962.2 Title 13 that mandated the usage of the oncoming SAE J1772 standard beginning with the 2010 model year.
The Yazaki plug that was built to the new SAE J1772 plug standard successfully completed certification at UL
Underwriters Laboratories
Underwriters Laboratories Inc. is an independent product safety certification organization. Established in 1894, the company has its headquarters in Northbrook, Illinois. UL develops standards and test procedures for products, materials, components, assemblies, tools and equipment, chiefly dealing...
. It is only certified to 30A although the standard is written to 80A. The standard specification was subsequently voted upon by the SAE committee in July 2009. On January 14, 2010 the SAE J1772 REV 2009 was adopted by the SAE Motor Vehicle Council. The companies participating in or supporting the revised -2009 standard include GM
General Motors
General Motors Company , commonly known as GM, formerly incorporated as General Motors Corporation, is an American multinational automotive corporation headquartered in Detroit, Michigan and the world's second-largest automaker in 2010...
, Chrysler
Chrysler
Chrysler Group LLC is a multinational automaker headquartered in Auburn Hills, Michigan, USA. Chrysler was first organized as the Chrysler Corporation in 1925....
, Ford, Toyota, Honda
Honda
is a Japanese public multinational corporation primarily known as a manufacturer of automobiles and motorcycles.Honda has been the world's largest motorcycle manufacturer since 1959, as well as the world's largest manufacturer of internal combustion engines measured by volume, producing more than...
, Nissan
Nissan Motors
, usually shortened to Nissan , is a multinational automaker headquartered in Japan. It was a core member of the Nissan Group, but has become more independent after its restructuring under Carlos Ghosn ....
, and Tesla
Tesla Motors
Tesla Motors, Inc. is a Silicon Valley-based company that designs, manufactures and sells electric cars and electric vehicle powertrain components. It was the only automaker building and selling a zero-emission sports car, the Tesla Roadster, in serial production...
.
The SAE J1772-2009 connector specification has been added to the international IEC 62196-2
IEC 62196
IEC 62196 is an international standard for set of electrical connectors and charging modes for electric vehicles and is maintained by the International Electrotechnical Commission ....
standard ("Part 2: Dimensional compatibility and interchangeability requirements for a.c. pin and contact-tube accessories") with voting on the final specification to close in May 2011. The SAE J1772 connector is considered a "Type 1" implementation providing a single phase coupler.
SAE is developing a "combo-coupler" variant of the J1772 connector with additional pins to accommodate fast DC charging at 200–450 Volts DC and up to 90 kW. This will also use Power Line Carrier technology to communicate between the vehicle, off-board charger, and smart grid. They estimate the standard will be approved and released in the first quarter of 2012.
Connector
The connector is designed for single phase electrical systems with 120 V or 240 V such as those used in North America and Japan.The round 43 mm diameter connector has five pins, with 3 different pin sizes
- AC Line 1 and AC Line 2 - have same size power pins
- Ground Pin
- Proximity Detection and Control Pilot - have same size pin
Proximity Detection - Prevents movement of the car while connected to the charger.
Control Pilot - Communication line used to coordinate charging level between the car and the charger as well as other information.
The connector uses a 1 kHz square wave at +/- 12 volts generated by the EVSE on the pilot pin to detect the presence of the vehicle, communicate the maximum allowable charging current, and control charging. The connector is designed to withstand up to 10,000 connection/disconnection cycles and exposure to all kinds of elements. Approximating one connection/disconnection cycle daily, the average connector's lifespan should be just over 27 years.
Charging
In the 2009 standard, two charging levels are defined.| Voltage | Phase | Peak current Electric current Electric current is a flow of electric charge through a medium.This charge is typically carried by moving electrons in a conductor such as wire... |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| AC Level 1 | 120 V Volt The volt is the SI derived unit for electric potential, electric potential difference, and electromotive force. The volt is named in honor of the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta , who invented the voltaic pile, possibly the first chemical battery.- Definition :A single volt is defined as the... |
Single phase Single-phase electric power In electrical engineering, single-phase electric power refers to the distribution of alternating current electric power using a system in which all the voltages of the supply vary in unison. Single-phase distribution is used when loads are mostly lighting and heating, with few large electric motors... |
16 A Ampere The ampere , often shortened to amp, is the SI unit of electric current and is one of the seven SI base units. It is named after André-Marie Ampère , French mathematician and physicist, considered the father of electrodynamics... |
| AC Level 2 | 240 V Volt The volt is the SI derived unit for electric potential, electric potential difference, and electromotive force. The volt is named in honor of the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta , who invented the voltaic pile, possibly the first chemical battery.- Definition :A single volt is defined as the... |
Split phase | 32 A Ampere The ampere , often shortened to amp, is the SI unit of electric current and is one of the seven SI base units. It is named after André-Marie Ampère , French mathematician and physicist, considered the father of electrodynamics... (2001) 80 A Ampere The ampere , often shortened to amp, is the SI unit of electric current and is one of the seven SI base units. It is named after André-Marie Ampère , French mathematician and physicist, considered the father of electrodynamics... (2009) |
The SAE J1772 committee proposes a DC connector based on the SAE J1772-2009 AC connector with additional DC and ground pins to support charging at 200–450 V DC 36kW and 80 amps for DC Level 1 and up to 200 A (90 kW) for DC Level 2,http://www.sae.org/smartgrid/chargingspeeds.pdf
after evaluating it against other designs including the JARI/TEPCO connector used by the CHAdeMO
CHAdeMO
CHAdeMO is the trade name of a quick charging method for battery electric vehicles delivering up to 62.5 kW of high-voltage direct current via a special electrical connector....
DC fast charge protocol.
The SAE DC Level 3 charging has not been determined but the standard as it now exists has the potential 200-600vdc at a maximum of 400 amps...240kW
Safety
The J1772 standard includes several levels of shock protection, ensuring the safety of charging even in wet conditions. Physically, the connection pins are isolated on the interior of the connector when mated, ensuring no physical access to those pins. When not mated, J1772 connectors have no voltage at the pins, and charging power does not flow until commanded by the vehicle.The pins are of the first-make, last-break variety. So that if the plug is in the charging port of the vehicle and charging, and it is removed, the Control Pilot and Proximity Detection pins will break first so that the Power Pin relay in the Charging Station will be shut off and no current will flow.
Signaling
- Supply equipment signals presence of AC input power
- Vehicle detects plug via proximity circuit (thus the vehicle can prevent driving away while connected)
- Control pilot functions begin
- Supply equipment detects plug-in electric vehicle
- Supply equipment indicates to PEVPlug-in electric vehicleA plug-in electric vehicle is any motor vehicle that can be recharged from any external source of electricity, such as wall sockets, and the electricity stored in the rechargeable battery packs drives or contributes to drive the wheels...
readiness to supply energy - PEV ventilation requirements are determined
- Supply equipment current capacity provided to PEV
- PEV commands energy flow
- PEV and supply equipment continuously monitor continuity of safety ground
- Charge continues as determined by PEV
- Charge may be interrupted by disconnecting the plug from the vehicle
In a future development of the standard due in 2012, SAE proposes to use power line communication
Power line communication
Power line communication or power line carrier , also known as power line digital subscriber line , mains communication, power line telecom , power line networking , or broadband over power lines are systems for carrying data on a conductor also used for electric power transmission.A wide range...
between the vehicle, off-board charging station
Charging station
An electric vehicle charging station, also called EV charging station, electric recharging point, charging point and EVSE , is an element in an infrastructure that supplies electric energy for the recharging of electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric-gasoline vehicles) or semi-static and mobile...
, and the smart grid, without requiring an additional pin; SAE and the IEEE Standards Association
IEEE Standards Association
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Standards Association is an organization within IEEE that develops global standards in a broad range of industries, including: power and energy, biomedical and health care, information technology, telecommunication, transportation,...
are sharing their draft standards related to the smart grid and vehicle electrification.
Compatible vehicle models
- Nissan LeafNissan LeafNissan introduced its first battery electric vehicle, the Nissan Altra at the Los Angeles International Auto Show on 29 December 1997. The Altra EV was produced between 1998 and 2002, only about 200 vehicles were ever produced, and it was mainly used as a fleet vehicle for companies such as...
- Chevrolet VoltChevrolet VoltThe Chevrolet Volt is a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle manufactured by General Motors. The Volt has been on sale in the U.S. market since mid-December 2010, and is the most fuel-efficient compact car sold in the United States, as rated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency...
- Coda AutomotiveCoda AutomotiveCODA Automotive Inc. is a privately held American company headquartered in Los Angeles, California, that designs, semi manufactures, and sells electric vehicles and Lithium-ion battery systems built for automotive and power storage utility applications...
sedan - Toyota Prius Plug-in HybridToyota Prius Plug-in HybridThe Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid is a mid-size plug-in hybrid electric vehicle to be produced by Toyota Motor Corporation and scheduled to be released to the market beginning in January 2012...
- Mitsubishi i MiEVMitsubishi i MiEVThe Mitsubishi i-MiEV is a five-door hatchback electric car produced by Mitsubishi Motors, and is the electric version of the Mitsubishi i. According to the manufacturer, the i-MiEV all-electric range is on the Japanese test cycle...
- Honda Fit EV (concept)
- Ford Focus ElectricFord Focus ElectricThe Ford Focus Electric is a 5-door hatchback electric car being produced by Ford Motor Company. The Focus electric will be Ford's first full production, all-electric passenger vehicle. The initial U.S. market roll-out is scheduled to be limited to 19 regional markets, beginning with California and...
- Rapid Electric Vehicles 300 ACX
- smart electric drive
- Tesla RoadsterTesla RoadsterThe Tesla Roadster is a battery electric vehicle sports car produced by the electric car firm Tesla Motors in California. The Roadster was the first highway-capable all-electric vehicle in serial production available in the United States. Since 2008 Tesla has sold 2,024 Roadsters in 30 countries...
using J1772 mobile adapter. - Th!nk CityTh!nk CityThe Th!nk City is a small two-seater or 2+2-seater highway capable electric car produced by Think Global and production partner Valmet Automotive, with a top speed of and an all-electric range of on a full charge....
- Blade Electron Mark VI and Electron "Deep Green"
Compatible charging stations
The Chevrolet Volt, Nissan Leaf, and smart electric drive all come with 120V portable charging leads that couple a 120V mains plug to the car's J1772 receptacle.For 240V charging, the U.S. National Electrical Code require a coupler to be permanently wired to an AC outlet in most cases;
such a coupler is commonly called a charging station
Charging station
An electric vehicle charging station, also called EV charging station, electric recharging point, charging point and EVSE , is an element in an infrastructure that supplies electric energy for the recharging of electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric-gasoline vehicles) or semi-static and mobile...
.
Products compatible with SAE J1772-2009 include:
- AeroVironmentAeroVironmentAeroVironment Inc. is a technology company in Monrovia, California, and Simi Valley, California, that is primarily involved in energy systems, electric vehicle systems, and unmanned aerial vehicles . Paul B. MacCready, Jr., a famous designer of human powered aircraft, founded the company in 1971...
home charging station for the Nissan Leaf - ClipperCreekClipperCreekClipperCreek Incorporated is a supplier of Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment for Electric Vehicles in the United States. ClipperCreek designs chargers and accessories for both Battery Electric Vehicles and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles; the product lines include portable and stationary charging...
CS-40 - Coulomb TechnologiesCoulomb TechnologiesCoulomb Technologies is an electric vehicle infrastructure company, based in Campbell, California. Coulomb Technologies was founded in 2007 by Richard Lowenthal and Praveen Mandal....
CT500, CT2000, CT2100, and CT2020 families of ChargePoint Networked Charging Stations - EATON http://www.eaton.com Pow-R-Station Family of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations http://www.eaton.com/Electrical/USA/MarketSolutions/AlternativeEnergy/ElectricVehicle/CT_284663
- ECOtality Blink home wall-mount and commercial stand-alone charging stations
- GEGêGê are the people who spoke Ge languages of the northern South American Caribbean coast and Brazil. In Brazil the Gê were found in Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, Bahia, Piaui, Mato Grosso, Goias, Tocantins, Maranhão, and as far south as Paraguay....
Wattstation available in 2011 - GoSmart Technologies ChargeSPOT line of charging stations
- GRIDbot's "UP" family of charging stations
- Hubbell PEP Stations - http://www.hubbell-wiring.com/press/pdfs/WLDEE001.pdf
- LevitonLevitonLeviton Manufacturing Company, Inc., is the largest privately held manufacturer of electrical wiring equipment in North America. It produces electrical products: light sockets, receptacles , dimmers and other lighting control systems, wire, power cables, power cords, wall and ceiling occupancy...
evr-green home charging stations at a range of power levels, with separate pre-wire kit that allows one to plug in to a NEMA 6 240V receptacle - Schneider Electric / Square D EVLink Charging Solutions for residential, commercial, and fleet charging solutions.
- SemaConnect ChargePro Charging Stations
- Shorepower Technologies ePump line of fully customizable EVSE; indoor and outdoor solutions for cars and trucks.
- TucsonEV - J1772 Adapter Boxes, Inlets and Plugs with and without cord, 70A and 30A
Competing standards
The proposal of the Mennekes connector initiated by RWE and Daimler has been added as a "Type 2" implementation to IEC 62196IEC 62196
IEC 62196 is an international standard for set of electrical connectors and charging modes for electric vehicles and is maintained by the International Electrotechnical Commission ....
providing a single and three phase coupler. The connector was specified in the VDE-AR-E 2623-2-2 standard - this connector specifies up to 63A three-phase (at 400V in Central Europe) which makes for a maximum of 63A*400V*√3 = 43.6 kW. Additionally the IEC 62196-2 standard specifies a "Type 3" connector providing a single and three phase coupler with shutters which takes up the proposal of the EV Plug Alliance (Scame, Schneider, Legrand). All plug types - including Type 1 (SAE), Type 2 (VDE) and Type 3 (EVPlug) - share the same specifications for the pilot pin taken from the IEC 61851-1 standard.
Tokyo Electric Power Company has developed a specification solely for level 3 high-voltage DC automotive fast charging using a different connector (JARI Level 3 DC), and formed the CHΛdeMO (stands for Charge and Move) association with Japanese automakers Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi Motors
is a multinational automaker headquartered in Minato, Tokyo. In 2009 it was the fifth-largest Japan-based automaker and the 17th-largest in the world measured by production...
, Nissan and Subaru
Subaru
; is the automobile manufacturing division of Japanese transportation conglomerate Fuji Heavy Industries .Subaru is internationally known for their use of the boxer engine layout popularized in cars by the Volkswagen Beetle and Porsche 911, in most of their vehicles above 1500 cc as well as...
to promote it.