Rosebud, Victoria
Encyclopedia
Rosebud is a sea side town on the Mornington Peninsula
, Victoria
, Australia
located approximately 75 km southeast of the Melbourne City Centre
. It is wedged between the lower slopes of Arthurs Seat, the shores of Port Phillip Bay and the plains of Boneo. Its Local Government Area is the Shire of Mornington Peninsula
. Rosebud is a very popular tourist resort with families who appreciate its sandy beaches and shallow waters.
and household goods, but the wreck remained for many years as the locals slowly stripped its hull to use in the construction of houses. It became commonplace to call the area "The Rosebud" in reference to the ship, which was shortened to "Rosebud" as the last vestiges of the ship disappeared.
Officially the term Rosebud referred only to Rosebud Village, the blocks on the foreshore west of Eeling Creek (now an underground drain between Tom Salt Park and the camping ground). Land on the south side of "the road to Portsea" was described as being in Wannaeue; this was the name of the parish that extended south to Limestone Road. Today the name is recalled by a small street between Rosebud Parade and Ninth Avenue. The parish went from The Avenue to Government Road in Rye, but also included the Arthurs Seat pre-emptive right (now McCrae and Arthurs Seat). Peter Wilson gives much detail about the buyers of Rosebud Village allotments. Lime Land Leisure mentions a "Mr Gomm, of whom little is known." Ray Gibb's books about the Gomms (pioneers of Hobart, St Kilda, Mentone, Rosebud, Dromana, Hastings and Somerville) and the Adams family will be available from the Dromana Historical Society by the end of 2011.
Allotment 20, between The Avenue and Parkmore Road, was not "settled" at the same time as the rest of the land to Boneo Road. This was supposedly due to an arrangement with Captain Henry Everest Adams, because he had been carrying convicts between Van Diemen's Land
and Melbourne. This transport was probably provided in 1840 when there was a drastic labour shortage in Melbourne. Isaac White who purchased allotment 19 (west to Adams Avenue), knew Adams and probably cared for the Captain's wife while he was away at sea. He probably settled lot 19 on behalf of the Captain, who owned it by 1864. In the Argus of 12 March 1883, the Government advertised land in the village of Wannaeue on allotment 20, Wannaeue. No parish map has made mention of this village. The Adams family had a guest house, Hopetoun House, named after the Governor (a frequent guest), on the site of the car wash near McCrae Plaza. It was later renamed Merlyn Lodge. Robert Adams sold allotment 19 and the part north of Rosemore Road was subdivided but the ownership of the rest reverted to him in the Bust. Parkmore was built in 1896 by Albert Holloway and bought by the Clemengers in 1908.
The rest of the land to Boneo Road was granted to speculators. Allotment 18 (west to Jetty Road) became the property of Charles Blakely and then Thomas Bamford, probably days after 18 February 1874, when the 152.5 acre allotment was advertised in the Argus. It was pointed out that a block, 66 x 330 feet, fronting the beach road, had been sold. As this was the only block separately owned for decades, it had to be Lot 86, which William Edwards mortgaged to Captain Adams in August 1878. As the land was of little value, it must have had a magnificent building on it to convince Adams that it was enough security. Edwards borrowed 128 pounds and nine shillings, to be repaid with interest on 30 June 1880. The building may have been the popular Schnapper Point Hotel that Edwards was running at "Dromana" on the road to Mornington in 1888. McCrae was called Dromana until about 70 years ago, as the steamers had made Dromana's location well known. Isobel Moresby said that Jack Jones had built a store on the corner but he most likely moved into Rosebud's unknown hotel that Edwards had surrendered during the 1890's depression.
Allotment 17 (west to Norm Clark Walk) came into the ownership of the Woolcotts. William Gomm was farming it in 1876 but returned to fishing when subdivision began. George and Susan Peatey were among the first buyers and the site for the state school was bought a few years later. Later residents were the McDowells after whom a street was named.
Allotments 16 and 15 (west to First Avenue) became the Clacton on-Sea estate. Allotment 14 (west to Boneo Road), granted to Hugh Glass of Flemington House, became small farms:Randall's, then Rigg's Hindhope,and Coupar's The Thicket. By 1930 Hindhope Park was operating on the site of Rosebud Plaza. This had pine cabins for tourist accommodation. Some of the land was subdivided as the Hindhope Estate by 1920 but the tourist facility was still running in the mid 1960s. Walter and Charlie Burnham, fishermen from Sorrento, were two early purchasers on the estate in about 1914.(See Steve Burnam's website for Vin Burnham's story of the early days.)
Some of the famous residents (permanent and holiday) of Rosebud were Judith Mavis Cock (Judith Durham), Arthur Boyd and William John Ferrier. Judith spent her first six summers in the weatherboard house that stood on the west side of Durham Place.
It is well documented on many websites that the 1995 Australian of the Year launched his fabulous career as a painter from the age of 16 while living in Rosebud from 1936-9 with his grandfather.One of young Arthur's paintings was of the Burnhams' jetty at the end of Boneo Rd; it is reproduced in Peter Wilson's "On the Road to Rosebud" alongside photos of the jetty. It has recently been discovered through title documents that the Boyd cottage is still standing at 62 Rosebud Pde.
Ferrier won acclaim from all over Australia, and probably a job in the lighthouse branch, because of his heroic rescue of two of the seven crewmen of the La Bella at Warrnambool. He owned 858 Pt Nepean Rd for a time before moving to Queenscliff, naming his house in Beach St "Rosebud". A descendant, Lewis Ferrier, jokingly called the Harbour Master at Queenscliff, gave the same name to his fishing boat.The Queenscliffe Maritime Museum website shows some paintings of ships that Ferrier did on the internal timber lining of the South Pile Lighthouse.
Two farm homesteads remain among subdivision housing in Rosebud: 19 Mitchell St and 50 First Avenue. The latter was the Hindhope Villa on lots 95 and 96 of the Hindhope Estate (with 14 acres of grounds, as advertised in the Argus in 1914, which the land plan shows was west of Rosebrook St.)
Peter Wilson's book, "On the Road to Rosebud", gives excellent detail about Lot 18 (Henry Potton's Farm, the suicide), Lot 17 (church, shops) and the Clacton-on-Sea estate.
The settlement remained rudimentary for many years. A school began operating in 1884 and moved into purpose-built premises three years later. The first store wasn't opened until Welshman Jackie Jones began selling goods from an upturned boat in the late 1880s. Rosebud suffered from a lack of direct access to Melbourne
. When a pier was finally built in 1888, it failed to extend into the deep water, so ferries and passenger ships from the metropolis had to dock at Dromana, a larger town about eight kilometers to the north. A road was formed by clearing a path at Anthony's Nose, the point where Arthurs Seat
(305 metres) meets the sea, halfway between Rosebud and Dromana. This, at last, gave Rosebud a road connection to surrounding towns and Melbourne. The Post Office then opened on 27 March 1889.
Although some companies offered ferry passengers a ride to Rosebud after they disembarked at Dromana, the bulk of the tourism trade went to Dromana and nearby Arthurs Seat, while Dromana remained the transportation hub for goods brought by road and sea.
In the early twentieth century, developers attempted to market Rosebud as an English-style seaside resort with the creation of the Clacton-on-Sea estate (today known as the "Avenues"). Vacant land was offered at just two pounds per block in an effort to stimulate investment in the area. Take up was slow; society wasn't affluent enough to allow many of the middle class to own holiday homes so far from the city. This slow growth continued in the inter-war years; the township consisted of about ten shops and a presbyterian church, built of wood on a single day in 1923. The first pub (the Rosebud Hotel) wasn't built until 1939-40. Built in the prevailing art deco style, it remains the only pub in the town to this day.
Local businessmen had noticed a slowly growing phenomenon in the late 1930s and 1940s - the popularity of camping on the Rosebud foreshore; a cheap and interesting alternative to staying at guesthouses or hotels. After World War II
, aided by the explosion in the number of people owning a car, camping at Rosebud over the Christmas-New Year holidays became a tradition for many Melbourne families. The Rosebud Foreshore Committee was set up to administer the area and take bookings, which are now made twelve months in advance. By the 21st century, camping on the foreshore has taken on a cultural dimension and there are families who are fourth and even fifth generation visitors. Many Melburnians can reminisce about summer holidays at Rosebud.
By the 1960s, Rosebud had emerged as the largest town on the southern Peninsula, complete with a shopping centre and extensive sporting facilities. In time it became home to an increasing number of permanent residents, including 'sea change' retirees. New housing estates have developed in the last five years, including the Peninsula Sands Estate in Rosebud South, which is home to many young families. The town's shopping strip and most of its amenities are located on an extended strip of the Nepean Highway, which runs parallel to the beach. Rosebud proper extends from Lonsdale Street (the border with McCrae) for three kilometres to Boneo Road, where Rosebud West begins, while Rosebud South is a pocket of suburban streets directly south of Rosebud on the foothills of Arthur's Seat.
Rosebud is shielded by camping grounds lined with banksia
s, tea tree
and sheoak. During the summer months and as late as Easter campers can be found in these areas. Rosebud is one of the main towns on the Mornington Peninsula
mostly because of its shopping areas. Rosebud Plaza
(formerly known as Port Phillip Plaza) contains 70 stores including Australian Post, K-Mart, Dick Smith, Woolworths, Coles, Sussan, Donut King, Wendy's, Peninsula Surf Centre and Target. The second shopping centre in the town is the Rosebud Beach Shopping Centre which includes Safeway and nearby is IGA and Peninsula Cinemas. There is also a shopping strip along Point Nepean Road
, which also includes many take-away food outlets including Subway and McDonalds. http://www.mornpen.vic.gov.au/page/page.asp?Page_Id=281&h=0
Rosebud is also known for its fresh produce and there are many market growers in the area, including the Sunny Ridge Strawberry Farm that allows people to pick their own strawberries.
. They play at Olympic Park on Eastbourne Road. They have been champion of this league five times; in 1933, 1970, 1988, 1997 & 2007.
Golfers play at the Eagle Ridge Golf Course on Browns Road, Rosebud, at the course of the Rosebud Country Club on Boneo Road, or at the Rosebud Park Public Golf Course on Elizabeth Drive.
Cycling is also a popular past-time in Rosebud and on the Mornington Peninsula. Point Nepean Road and the Nepean Highway are used by cyclists, as well as shared trails. The Mornington Peninsula Shire has constructed almost 80 kilometers of trails, including Bay Trail: Dromana to Sorrento, Melbourne Road Trail: Rye to Portsea and Western Port Bay Trail: Somerville to Balnarring.
Primary Schools include
Secondary Colleges include:
Mornington Peninsula
The Mornington Peninsula is a peninsula located south-east of Melbourne in Victoria, Australia. It is surrounded by Port Phillip to the west, Western Port to the east and Bass Strait to the south, and is connected to the mainland in the north. Geographically, the peninsula begins its protrusion...
, Victoria
Victoria (Australia)
Victoria is the second most populous state in Australia. Geographically the smallest mainland state, Victoria is bordered by New South Wales, South Australia, and Tasmania on Boundary Islet to the north, west and south respectively....
, Australia
Australia
Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area...
located approximately 75 km southeast of the Melbourne City Centre
Melbourne city centre
Melbourne City Centre is an area of Melbourne in Victoria, Australia. It is not to be confused with the larger local government area of the City of Melbourne...
. It is wedged between the lower slopes of Arthurs Seat, the shores of Port Phillip Bay and the plains of Boneo. Its Local Government Area is the Shire of Mornington Peninsula
Shire of Mornington Peninsula
The Shire of Mornington Peninsula is a Local Government Area in Victoria, Australia. It is located to the south of the city of Melbourne on the Mornington Peninsula. It has an area of 723 square kilometres...
. Rosebud is a very popular tourist resort with families who appreciate its sandy beaches and shallow waters.
History
Originally known as Banksia Point, Rosebud began life as a fishing community in the early 1850s. On 2 June 1855, the cargo vessel Rosebud, owned by one of the colony's best known pastoralists Edward Hobson, was washed over the large sandbars and onto the beach. The burgeoning community made off with the cargo of damaskDamask
Damask is a reversible figured fabric of silk, wool, linen, cotton, or synthetic fibers, with a pattern formed by weaving. Damasks are woven with one warp yarn and one weft yarn, usually with the pattern in warp-faced satin weave and the ground in weft-faced or sateen weave...
and household goods, but the wreck remained for many years as the locals slowly stripped its hull to use in the construction of houses. It became commonplace to call the area "The Rosebud" in reference to the ship, which was shortened to "Rosebud" as the last vestiges of the ship disappeared.
Officially the term Rosebud referred only to Rosebud Village, the blocks on the foreshore west of Eeling Creek (now an underground drain between Tom Salt Park and the camping ground). Land on the south side of "the road to Portsea" was described as being in Wannaeue; this was the name of the parish that extended south to Limestone Road. Today the name is recalled by a small street between Rosebud Parade and Ninth Avenue. The parish went from The Avenue to Government Road in Rye, but also included the Arthurs Seat pre-emptive right (now McCrae and Arthurs Seat). Peter Wilson gives much detail about the buyers of Rosebud Village allotments. Lime Land Leisure mentions a "Mr Gomm, of whom little is known." Ray Gibb's books about the Gomms (pioneers of Hobart, St Kilda, Mentone, Rosebud, Dromana, Hastings and Somerville) and the Adams family will be available from the Dromana Historical Society by the end of 2011.
Allotment 20, between The Avenue and Parkmore Road, was not "settled" at the same time as the rest of the land to Boneo Road. This was supposedly due to an arrangement with Captain Henry Everest Adams, because he had been carrying convicts between Van Diemen's Land
Van Diemen's Land
Van Diemen's Land was the original name used by most Europeans for the island of Tasmania, now part of Australia. The Dutch explorer Abel Tasman was the first European to land on the shores of Tasmania...
and Melbourne. This transport was probably provided in 1840 when there was a drastic labour shortage in Melbourne. Isaac White who purchased allotment 19 (west to Adams Avenue), knew Adams and probably cared for the Captain's wife while he was away at sea. He probably settled lot 19 on behalf of the Captain, who owned it by 1864. In the Argus of 12 March 1883, the Government advertised land in the village of Wannaeue on allotment 20, Wannaeue. No parish map has made mention of this village. The Adams family had a guest house, Hopetoun House, named after the Governor (a frequent guest), on the site of the car wash near McCrae Plaza. It was later renamed Merlyn Lodge. Robert Adams sold allotment 19 and the part north of Rosemore Road was subdivided but the ownership of the rest reverted to him in the Bust. Parkmore was built in 1896 by Albert Holloway and bought by the Clemengers in 1908.
The rest of the land to Boneo Road was granted to speculators. Allotment 18 (west to Jetty Road) became the property of Charles Blakely and then Thomas Bamford, probably days after 18 February 1874, when the 152.5 acre allotment was advertised in the Argus. It was pointed out that a block, 66 x 330 feet, fronting the beach road, had been sold. As this was the only block separately owned for decades, it had to be Lot 86, which William Edwards mortgaged to Captain Adams in August 1878. As the land was of little value, it must have had a magnificent building on it to convince Adams that it was enough security. Edwards borrowed 128 pounds and nine shillings, to be repaid with interest on 30 June 1880. The building may have been the popular Schnapper Point Hotel that Edwards was running at "Dromana" on the road to Mornington in 1888. McCrae was called Dromana until about 70 years ago, as the steamers had made Dromana's location well known. Isobel Moresby said that Jack Jones had built a store on the corner but he most likely moved into Rosebud's unknown hotel that Edwards had surrendered during the 1890's depression.
Allotment 17 (west to Norm Clark Walk) came into the ownership of the Woolcotts. William Gomm was farming it in 1876 but returned to fishing when subdivision began. George and Susan Peatey were among the first buyers and the site for the state school was bought a few years later. Later residents were the McDowells after whom a street was named.
Allotments 16 and 15 (west to First Avenue) became the Clacton on-Sea estate. Allotment 14 (west to Boneo Road), granted to Hugh Glass of Flemington House, became small farms:Randall's, then Rigg's Hindhope,and Coupar's The Thicket. By 1930 Hindhope Park was operating on the site of Rosebud Plaza. This had pine cabins for tourist accommodation. Some of the land was subdivided as the Hindhope Estate by 1920 but the tourist facility was still running in the mid 1960s. Walter and Charlie Burnham, fishermen from Sorrento, were two early purchasers on the estate in about 1914.(See Steve Burnam's website for Vin Burnham's story of the early days.)
Some of the famous residents (permanent and holiday) of Rosebud were Judith Mavis Cock (Judith Durham), Arthur Boyd and William John Ferrier. Judith spent her first six summers in the weatherboard house that stood on the west side of Durham Place.
It is well documented on many websites that the 1995 Australian of the Year launched his fabulous career as a painter from the age of 16 while living in Rosebud from 1936-9 with his grandfather.One of young Arthur's paintings was of the Burnhams' jetty at the end of Boneo Rd; it is reproduced in Peter Wilson's "On the Road to Rosebud" alongside photos of the jetty. It has recently been discovered through title documents that the Boyd cottage is still standing at 62 Rosebud Pde.
Ferrier won acclaim from all over Australia, and probably a job in the lighthouse branch, because of his heroic rescue of two of the seven crewmen of the La Bella at Warrnambool. He owned 858 Pt Nepean Rd for a time before moving to Queenscliff, naming his house in Beach St "Rosebud". A descendant, Lewis Ferrier, jokingly called the Harbour Master at Queenscliff, gave the same name to his fishing boat.The Queenscliffe Maritime Museum website shows some paintings of ships that Ferrier did on the internal timber lining of the South Pile Lighthouse.
Two farm homesteads remain among subdivision housing in Rosebud: 19 Mitchell St and 50 First Avenue. The latter was the Hindhope Villa on lots 95 and 96 of the Hindhope Estate (with 14 acres of grounds, as advertised in the Argus in 1914, which the land plan shows was west of Rosebrook St.)
Peter Wilson's book, "On the Road to Rosebud", gives excellent detail about Lot 18 (Henry Potton's Farm, the suicide), Lot 17 (church, shops) and the Clacton-on-Sea estate.
The settlement remained rudimentary for many years. A school began operating in 1884 and moved into purpose-built premises three years later. The first store wasn't opened until Welshman Jackie Jones began selling goods from an upturned boat in the late 1880s. Rosebud suffered from a lack of direct access to Melbourne
Melbourne
Melbourne is the capital and most populous city in the state of Victoria, and the second most populous city in Australia. The Melbourne City Centre is the hub of the greater metropolitan area and the Census statistical division—of which "Melbourne" is the common name. As of June 2009, the greater...
. When a pier was finally built in 1888, it failed to extend into the deep water, so ferries and passenger ships from the metropolis had to dock at Dromana, a larger town about eight kilometers to the north. A road was formed by clearing a path at Anthony's Nose, the point where Arthurs Seat
Arthurs Seat, Victoria
Arthurs Seat is a hill and locality on the Mornington Peninsula, within the Shire of Mornington Peninsula, about 75 km south east of Melbourne, Australia....
(305 metres) meets the sea, halfway between Rosebud and Dromana. This, at last, gave Rosebud a road connection to surrounding towns and Melbourne. The Post Office then opened on 27 March 1889.
Although some companies offered ferry passengers a ride to Rosebud after they disembarked at Dromana, the bulk of the tourism trade went to Dromana and nearby Arthurs Seat, while Dromana remained the transportation hub for goods brought by road and sea.
In the early twentieth century, developers attempted to market Rosebud as an English-style seaside resort with the creation of the Clacton-on-Sea estate (today known as the "Avenues"). Vacant land was offered at just two pounds per block in an effort to stimulate investment in the area. Take up was slow; society wasn't affluent enough to allow many of the middle class to own holiday homes so far from the city. This slow growth continued in the inter-war years; the township consisted of about ten shops and a presbyterian church, built of wood on a single day in 1923. The first pub (the Rosebud Hotel) wasn't built until 1939-40. Built in the prevailing art deco style, it remains the only pub in the town to this day.
Local businessmen had noticed a slowly growing phenomenon in the late 1930s and 1940s - the popularity of camping on the Rosebud foreshore; a cheap and interesting alternative to staying at guesthouses or hotels. After World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
, aided by the explosion in the number of people owning a car, camping at Rosebud over the Christmas-New Year holidays became a tradition for many Melbourne families. The Rosebud Foreshore Committee was set up to administer the area and take bookings, which are now made twelve months in advance. By the 21st century, camping on the foreshore has taken on a cultural dimension and there are families who are fourth and even fifth generation visitors. Many Melburnians can reminisce about summer holidays at Rosebud.
By the 1960s, Rosebud had emerged as the largest town on the southern Peninsula, complete with a shopping centre and extensive sporting facilities. In time it became home to an increasing number of permanent residents, including 'sea change' retirees. New housing estates have developed in the last five years, including the Peninsula Sands Estate in Rosebud South, which is home to many young families. The town's shopping strip and most of its amenities are located on an extended strip of the Nepean Highway, which runs parallel to the beach. Rosebud proper extends from Lonsdale Street (the border with McCrae) for three kilometres to Boneo Road, where Rosebud West begins, while Rosebud South is a pocket of suburban streets directly south of Rosebud on the foothills of Arthur's Seat.
Rosebud is shielded by camping grounds lined with banksia
Banksia
Banksia is a genus of around 170 species in the plant family Proteaceae. These Australian wildflowers and popular garden plants are easily recognised by their characteristic flower spikes and fruiting "cones" and heads. When it comes to size, banksias range from prostrate woody shrubs to trees up...
s, tea tree
Tea tree
Tea tree or Ti-tree is a popular name that has been applied to a number of different, unrelated plants:*Camellia sinensis , from which black, green, oolong and white tea are all obtained....
and sheoak. During the summer months and as late as Easter campers can be found in these areas. Rosebud is one of the main towns on the Mornington Peninsula
Mornington Peninsula
The Mornington Peninsula is a peninsula located south-east of Melbourne in Victoria, Australia. It is surrounded by Port Phillip to the west, Western Port to the east and Bass Strait to the south, and is connected to the mainland in the north. Geographically, the peninsula begins its protrusion...
mostly because of its shopping areas. Rosebud Plaza
Rosebud Plaza
Rosebud Plaza is a sub-regional shopping centre located on the Mornington Peninsula in the suburb of Rosebud approximately 75 kilometres from Melbourne, Victoria.-History:...
(formerly known as Port Phillip Plaza) contains 70 stores including Australian Post, K-Mart, Dick Smith, Woolworths, Coles, Sussan, Donut King, Wendy's, Peninsula Surf Centre and Target. The second shopping centre in the town is the Rosebud Beach Shopping Centre which includes Safeway and nearby is IGA and Peninsula Cinemas. There is also a shopping strip along Point Nepean Road
Nepean Highway
Nepean Highway runs south from the centre of Melbourne in Victoria, Australia to Portsea, along the eastern shore of Port Phillip. It is the primary road route to central Melbourne from Melbourne's southern suburbs.- History :...
, which also includes many take-away food outlets including Subway and McDonalds. http://www.mornpen.vic.gov.au/page/page.asp?Page_Id=281&h=0
Culture
Rosebud is very popular for its weekend markets, including craft and vintage markets.Rosebud is also known for its fresh produce and there are many market growers in the area, including the Sunny Ridge Strawberry Farm that allows people to pick their own strawberries.
Climate
Rosebud has a temperate coastal climate, and is usually several degrees cooler than Melbourne. The annual maximum mean temperature is 19.1 degrees C.Sport
The town has an Australian Rules football team competing in the Mornington Peninsula Nepean Football LeagueMornington Peninsula Nepean Football League
The Mornington Peninsula Nepean Football League is an Australian rules football competition, governed by the Victorian Country Football League. The MPNFL contains teams near the south eastern region of Victoria, Australia...
. They play at Olympic Park on Eastbourne Road. They have been champion of this league five times; in 1933, 1970, 1988, 1997 & 2007.
Golfers play at the Eagle Ridge Golf Course on Browns Road, Rosebud, at the course of the Rosebud Country Club on Boneo Road, or at the Rosebud Park Public Golf Course on Elizabeth Drive.
Cycling is also a popular past-time in Rosebud and on the Mornington Peninsula. Point Nepean Road and the Nepean Highway are used by cyclists, as well as shared trails. The Mornington Peninsula Shire has constructed almost 80 kilometers of trails, including Bay Trail: Dromana to Sorrento, Melbourne Road Trail: Rye to Portsea and Western Port Bay Trail: Somerville to Balnarring.
Schools
There are several schools in the Rosebud area.Primary Schools include
Secondary Colleges include: