R-planes
Encyclopedia
R-planes were large German Army
bomber
s in World War I
. The R classification was short for Riesenflugzeug ("giant aircraft"). In designations, the manufacturer's name preceded the letter R followed by a Roman numeral, e.g. Dornier Rs.III or Staaken R.XIV.
The R-planes were the largest aircraft of World War I. The German R-planes that bombed London
during World War I were larger than the German aircraft used for the same purpose in World War II
.
The operational history of the R-plane spanned the years 1915 to 1919. These were large multi-engine
aircraft capable of flying several hours with larger bomb loads than the smaller G-type
bombers. Engines were often mounted inside the fuselage
using gearboxes and driveshaft
s to transfer the power to the propeller
s mounted on the wings, with a few of the types using more reliable direct-drive power transmissions which matched the number of engines and propellers.
Virtually all the aircraft types of this class were built as "one-off" aircraft, each one a unique airframe, with the sole exception of the small number of Zeppelin-Staaken R.VI bombers produced. Nearly all the Zeppelin-Staaken "giants" had nearly identical wingspans of 42.2 meters, and likely used nearly identical wing structures.
DFW
Dornier
Dornier Rs.II
(Flying-boat)
Linke-Hofmann
Mannesmann
Siemens-Schuckert
Forssman
SSW
VGO (Versuchsbau Gotha Ost)
Zeppelin-Staaken (successor firm of VGO)
German Army
The German Army is the land component of the armed forces of the Federal Republic of Germany. Following the disbanding of the Wehrmacht after World War II, it was re-established in 1955 as the Bundesheer, part of the newly formed West German Bundeswehr along with the Navy and the Air Force...
bomber
Bomber
A bomber is a military aircraft designed to attack ground and sea targets, by dropping bombs on them, or – in recent years – by launching cruise missiles at them.-Classifications of bombers:...
s in World War I
World War I
World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...
. The R classification was short for Riesenflugzeug ("giant aircraft"). In designations, the manufacturer's name preceded the letter R followed by a Roman numeral, e.g. Dornier Rs.III or Staaken R.XIV.
The R-planes were the largest aircraft of World War I. The German R-planes that bombed London
London
London is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its...
during World War I were larger than the German aircraft used for the same purpose in World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
.
The operational history of the R-plane spanned the years 1915 to 1919. These were large multi-engine
Engine
An engine or motor is a machine designed to convert energy into useful mechanical motion. Heat engines, including internal combustion engines and external combustion engines burn a fuel to create heat which is then used to create motion...
aircraft capable of flying several hours with larger bomb loads than the smaller G-type
Gotha G
|-See also:-References:* The Complete Encyclopedia of Flight 1848-1939 by John Batchelor and Malcolm V. Lowe-External links:*...
bombers. Engines were often mounted inside the fuselage
Fuselage
The fuselage is an aircraft's main body section that holds crew and passengers or cargo. In single-engine aircraft it will usually contain an engine, although in some amphibious aircraft the single engine is mounted on a pylon attached to the fuselage which in turn is used as a floating hull...
using gearboxes and driveshaft
Driveshaft
A drive shaft, driveshaft, driving shaft, propeller shaft, or Cardan shaft is a mechanical component for transmitting torque and rotation, usually used to connect other components of a drive train that cannot be connected directly because of distance or the need to allow for relative movement...
s to transfer the power to the propeller
Propeller (aircraft)
Aircraft propellers or airscrews convert rotary motion from piston engines or turboprops to provide propulsive force. They may be fixed or variable pitch. Early aircraft propellers were carved by hand from solid or laminated wood with later propellers being constructed from metal...
s mounted on the wings, with a few of the types using more reliable direct-drive power transmissions which matched the number of engines and propellers.
Virtually all the aircraft types of this class were built as "one-off" aircraft, each one a unique airframe, with the sole exception of the small number of Zeppelin-Staaken R.VI bombers produced. Nearly all the Zeppelin-Staaken "giants" had nearly identical wingspans of 42.2 meters, and likely used nearly identical wing structures.
List of aircraft
AEGAEG
Allgemeine Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft was a German producer of electrical equipment founded in 1883 by Emil Rathenau....
- AEG R.IAEG R.I|-See also:-References:...
- Four 260 h.p Mercedes D.IVMercedes D.IV|-References:* Kroschel, Gunter and Helmust Stützer. Die deutschen Militarflugzeuge 1910-1918 Wilhelmshaven: Lohse-Eissing Mittler.*...
engines. did not enter service
DFW
Deutsche Flugzeug-Werke
Deutsche Flugzeug-Werke, usually known as DFW was a German aircraft manufacturer of the early twentieth century. It was established by Bernhard Meyer and Erich Thiele at Lindenthal in 1910, and initially produced Farman designs under licence, later moving on to the Etrich Taube and eventually to...
- DFW R.IDFW R.I|-See also:-Further reading:* The German Giants, The Story of the R-planes 1914-1919, G.W. Haddow & Peter M. Grosz, Putnam & Company Limited, 42 Great Russell Street, London, First Published July 1962-External links:...
- Four 220 Mercedes D.IVMercedes D.IV|-References:* Kroschel, Gunter and Helmust Stützer. Die deutschen Militarflugzeuge 1910-1918 Wilhelmshaven: Lohse-Eissing Mittler.*...
engines - Wing span: 30.5 m. (100 ft)
- Length: 17.6 m. (57 ft. 9in.)
- Height: 6.0 m. (19 ft. 8in)
- Service: Eastern Front with Rfa 500 at Alt-Auz, April 1917 to September 1917
- Four 220 Mercedes D.IV
- DFW R.IIDFW R.IIThe DFW R.II was a German bomber aircraft of World War I. It was developed at a request by the Luftstreitkräfte in spring 1917 after their experience with the R.I had been generally positive.-Design and development:...
- Four 260 Mercedes D.IVMercedes D.IV|-References:* Kroschel, Gunter and Helmust Stützer. Die deutschen Militarflugzeuge 1910-1918 Wilhelmshaven: Lohse-Eissing Mittler.*...
engines - Wing span: 35.06 m. (115 ft)
- Length: 20.93 m. (68 ft. 8in.)
- Height: 6.4 m. (21 ft)
- Service: Training duties with Rea. Cologne 1918
- Four 260 Mercedes D.IV
- DFW R.IIIDFW R.III-References:* The German Giants, The Story of the R-planes 1914-1919, G.W. Haddow & Peter M. Grosz, Putnam & Company Limited, 42 Great Russell Street, London, First Published July 1962...
- Eight 260 Mercedes D.IVMercedes D.IV|-References:* Kroschel, Gunter and Helmust Stützer. Die deutschen Militarflugzeuge 1910-1918 Wilhelmshaven: Lohse-Eissing Mittler.*...
engines - Wing Span: 53.5 m. (175 ft. 6 in)
- Length: 25 m. (82 ft)
- Height: 8.6 m. (28 ft. 2.5 in)
- Service: None
- Eight 260 Mercedes D.IV
Dornier
Claudius Dornier
Claude Honoré Desiré Dornier born in Kempten im Allgäu was a German airplane builder and founder of Dornier GmbH...
- Dornier Rs.IDornier Rs.I-See also:-References:NotesBibliography* Haddow G.W., Grosz,P.M. The German Giants. Putnam, 3rd Ed. 1988 ISBN 0-85177-812-7-External links:* http://www.iren-dornier.com/en/aircraft.html...
(flying-boat)- built by Zeppelin-Werke LindauLindauLindau is a Bavarian town and an island on the eastern side of Lake Constance, the Bodensee. It is the capital of the Landkreis or rural district of Lindau. The historic city of Lindau is located on an island which is connected with the mainland by bridge and railway.- History :The name Lindau was...
- Three 240 hp Maybach HS (Mb.IV) engines
- Wing Span: 43.5 m. (142 ft. 9 in)
- Length: 29.0 m. (95 ft. 1.5 in)
- Damaged in a storm
- built by Zeppelin-Werke Lindau
Dornier Rs.II
Dornier Rs.II
The Dornier Rs.II was a large biplane flying boat, designed by Claudius Dornier and built during 1914-15 on the German side of Lake Constance. Initially this aircraft was powered by three engines mounted inside the hull driving three pusher propellers via gearboxes and shafts...
(Flying-boat)
-
- Manufacturer: Zeppelin-Werke Lindau
- Three 240 h.p Maybach HS (Mb.IV) engines
- Wing Span: 33.2 m. (108 ft. 11in.)
- Length: 23.88 m. (78 ft. 4in.)
- Service: None
- Dornier Rs.III (Flying-boat)
- Manufacturer: Zeppelin-Werke Lindau G.m.b.H
- Four 245 h.p Maybach Mb.IVaMaybach Mb.IVa-Further reading:* Germany's giant aircraft of WWI the R-Planes...
engines - Wing Span 37 m. (121 ft. 4.5in.)
- Length: 22.75 m. (74 ft. 6.5in.)
- Service Norderney Seaplane Station, August to November 1918
- Type: Dornier Rs.IV (Flying-boat)
- Manufacturer: Zeppelin-Werke Lindau G.m.b.H
- Engines: Four 245 h.p Maybach Mb.IVaMaybach Mb.IVa-Further reading:* Germany's giant aircraft of WWI the R-Planes...
engines - Wing Span: 37 m. (121 ft. 4.5in.)
- Length: 22.3 m. (73 ft. 2in.)
- Height: 8.55 m. (28 ft)
- Service: None
Linke-Hofmann
Linke-Hofmann
Linke-Hofmann was a German manufacturing company established in Breslau to produce locomotives and rolling stock. Its origins lay in the wheelwright business of Gottfried Linke, begun in 1834...
- Linke-Hofmann R.ILinke-Hofmann R.I|-See also:-Further Reading:* Haddow, G.W.; Peter M. Grosz . The German Giants - The German R-Planes 1914-1918 . London: Putnam. ISBN 0 85177 812 7* Gray, Peter & Thetford, Owen. “German Aircraft of the First World War”. London, Putnam...
- Linke-Hofmann R.II
Mannesmann
Mannesmann
Mannesmann AG was a German corporation with headquarters in Düsseldorf. The company was founded in 1890 originally to produce seamless steel tubes. It was traded on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange. The company had 130,860 employees worldwide and revenues of €23.27 billion.Over time, Mannesmann...
- "Poll-Giant", "Forssman Triplane"
- Manufacturer: MannesmannMannesmannMannesmann AG was a German corporation with headquarters in Düsseldorf. The company was founded in 1890 originally to produce seamless steel tubes. It was traded on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange. The company had 130,860 employees worldwide and revenues of €23.27 billion.Over time, Mannesmann...
-Mulag-Werk in Westhoven - Engines: Ten engines, never installed
- Wingspan 50,30 m (165 ft. 24in)
- Length: 45,70 m. (149 ft. 11in)
- unfinished prototype found in 1919 by the Military Inter-Allied Commission of Control
- Manufacturer: Mannesmann
Siemens-Schuckert
Siemens-Schuckert
Siemens-Schuckert was a German electrical engineering company headquartered in Berlin, Erlangen and Nuremberg that was incorporated into the Siemens AG in 1966....
Forssman
- Siemens-Schuckert Forssman RSiemens-Schuckert Forssman RThe Siemens-Schuckert Forssman was a prototype bomber aircraft designed and built in Germany in 1914 and 1915. When its performance proved inadequate for its intended role, even after numerous modifications, the German Inspectorate of Flying Troops eventually accepted it into service as a trainer...
- Manufacturer: Siemens-Schuckert Werke G.m.b.H
- Engines: Four 110 h.p Mercedes engines
- Wing Span: 24 m. (78 ft. 9in.)
- Length: 16.5 m. (54 ft. 2in)
- Service: Training duties
SSW
- Siemens-Schuckert R.I
- Manufacturer: Siemens-SchuckertSiemens-SchuckertSiemens-Schuckert was a German electrical engineering company headquartered in Berlin, Erlangen and Nuremberg that was incorporated into the Siemens AG in 1966....
Werke G.m.b.H - Engines: Three 150 h.p Benz Bz.IIIBenz Bz.IIIThe Benz Bz.III was a six-cylinder, water-cooled, inline engine developed in Germany for use in aircraft in 1914. Developing 112 kW at 1,400 rpm from 875 cuin , it powered many German military aircraft during World War I...
engines - Wing Span: 28 m. (91 ft. 10in.)
- Length: 17.5 m. (57 ft. 5in.)
- Height: 5.2 m. (17 ft. 5in.)
- Service: Eastern Front 1915–1916 and training duties 1916–1918
- Manufacturer: Siemens-Schuckert
- Type: SSW R.II to R.VII
- Manufacturer: Siemens-SchuckertSiemens-SchuckertSiemens-Schuckert was a German electrical engineering company headquartered in Berlin, Erlangen and Nuremberg that was incorporated into the Siemens AG in 1966....
Werke G.m.b.H - Engines: Three 220 h.p Benz Bz.IIIBenz Bz.IIIThe Benz Bz.III was a six-cylinder, water-cooled, inline engine developed in Germany for use in aircraft in 1914. Developing 112 kW at 1,400 rpm from 875 cuin , it powered many German military aircraft during World War I...
engines (R.III to R.IV), three 260 h.p Mercedes D.IVMercedes D.IV|-References:* Kroschel, Gunter and Helmust Stützer. Die deutschen Militarflugzeuge 1910-1918 Wilhelmshaven: Lohse-Eissing Mittler.*...
engines (R.II and R.VII) - Wing Span: 28.77 m. to 38.44 m. (92 ft. 7in. to 126 ft. 1.5in)
- Length: 17.7 m. to 18.5 m. (58 ft 1in. to 60 ft. 8.5in.)
- Height: 4.6 m. (15 ft. 1in.)
- Service: Eastern Front August 1916 to August 1917
- Manufacturer: Siemens-Schuckert
- Type: Siemens-Schuckert R.VIIISiemens-Schuckert R.VIII-References:* Haddow, G.W. & Grosz, Peter M. The German Giants, The Story of the R-planes 1914-1919. London. Putnam. 1963.* Gray, Peter & Thetford, Owen. “German Aircraft of the First World War”. London, Putnam. ISBN 0 370 00103 6...
- Manufacturer: Siemens-SchuckertSiemens-SchuckertSiemens-Schuckert was a German electrical engineering company headquartered in Berlin, Erlangen and Nuremberg that was incorporated into the Siemens AG in 1966....
Werke G.m.b.H - Engines: Six 300 h.p Basse und Selve BuS.IVa engines
- Wing Span: 48 m. (157 ft. 6in.)
- Length: 21.6 m. (70 ft. 10in.)
- Height: 7.4 m. (24 ft. 3in.)
- Service: None
- Largest heavier-than-air aircraft built during World War I, by either Allied or Central Powers
- Manufacturer: Siemens-Schuckert
VGO (Versuchsbau Gotha Ost)
- Type: VGO.IZeppelin-Staaken RiesenflugzeugeThe Zeppelin-Staaken Riesenflugzeuge were a series of very large bomber aircraft, usually powered by four or more engines, designed and built in Germany from 1915 to 1919.-Design and development:...
-RML.1- Manufacturer : Versuchsbau Gotha-Ost G.m.b.H
- Engines: Three 240 h.p Maybach HS engines in first version five 245 h.p Maybach Mb.IVaMaybach Mb.IVa-Further reading:* Germany's giant aircraft of WWI the R-Planes...
engines - Wing span: 42.2 m. (138 ft. 5.5in.)
- Length: 24 m. (78 ft. 9in.)
- Height: 6.6 m. (21 ft. 7.5in.)
- Service: Eastern Front with Kommando L.R.I at Alt-Auz, August 1916
- Type: VGO.IIZeppelin-Staaken RiesenflugzeugeThe Zeppelin-Staaken Riesenflugzeuge were a series of very large bomber aircraft, usually powered by four or more engines, designed and built in Germany from 1915 to 1919.-Design and development:...
- Manufacturer : Versuchsbau Gotha-Ost G.m.b.H
- Engines: Three 240 h.p Maybach HS engines
- Wing span: 42.2 m. (138 ft. 5.5 in.)
- Length: 23.78 m. (78 ft)
- Height: 7 m. (22 ft. 11.5in.)
- Service: Eastern Front with Rfa 500 at Alt-Auz 1916. Training machine at Doberitz 1916–1917
- Type: VGO.IIIZeppelin-Staaken RiesenflugzeugeThe Zeppelin-Staaken Riesenflugzeuge were a series of very large bomber aircraft, usually powered by four or more engines, designed and built in Germany from 1915 to 1919.-Design and development:...
("R.III")- Manufacturer : Versuchsbau Gotha-Ost G.m.b.H
- Engines: Six 160 h.p Mercedes D.IIIMercedes D.IIIThe Mercedes D.III, or F1466 as it was known internally, was a six-cylinder, liquid cooled inline aircraft engine built by Daimler and used on a wide variety of German aircraft during World War I. The initial versions were introduced in 1914 at 160 hp, but a series of changes improved this to...
engines (3 propellers) - Wing span: 42.2 m. (138 ft. 5.5in.)
- Length: 24.5 m. (80 ft. 4.5in.)
- Height: 6.8 m. (22 ft. 3.5in.)
- Service: Eastern Front with Rfa 500 at Alt-Auz, summer 1916 - January 1917
Zeppelin-Staaken (successor firm of VGO)
- Zeppelin-Staaken R.IV
- Manufacturer : Flugeugwerft G.m.b.H
- Two 160 hp Mercedes D.IIIMercedes D.IIIThe Mercedes D.III, or F1466 as it was known internally, was a six-cylinder, liquid cooled inline aircraft engine built by Daimler and used on a wide variety of German aircraft during World War I. The initial versions were introduced in 1914 at 160 hp, but a series of changes improved this to...
engines and four 220 hp Benz Bz.IV engines - Wing Span: 42.2 m. (138 ft. 5.5in.)
- Length: 23.2 m. (76 ft. 1in.)
- Height: 6.8 m. (22 ft. 3.5in.)
- R.IV saw service on the Eastern Front with Rfa 500 at Alt-Auz, June 1917 to August–September 1917, Western Front with Rfa 501 in Ghent area September 1917 to November 1918
- Sole example of a "one-off" Zeppelin-Staaken giant aircraft to survive World War I
- Zeppelin-Staaken R.V
- Manufacturer : Flugeugwerft G.m.b.H
- Five 245 h.p Maybach Mb.IVaMaybach Mb.IVa-Further reading:* Germany's giant aircraft of WWI the R-Planes...
engines - Wing Span: 42.2 m. (138 ft. 5.5in.)
- Length: 23 m. (75 ft. 5.5in.)
- Height: 6.8 m. (22 ft. 3.5in.)
- Service on Western Front with Rfa 501 in Ghent area 1917–1918
- R.VI
- Manufacturer : Flugeugwerft G.m.b.H
- Four 260 h.p Mercedes D.IVaMercedes D.IVa|-See also:-Bibliography:*Gunston, Bill. World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines. Cambridge, England. Patrick Stephens Limited, 1989. ISBN 1-85260-163-9*Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War I. London. Studio Editions Ltd, 1993. ISBN 1-85170-347-0...
engines - Wing Span: 42.2 m. (138 ft. 5.5in.)
- Length: 22.1 m. (72 ft. 6in.)
- Height: 6.3 m. (20 ft. 8in.)
- Service: Up to 13 aircraft in service on the Western Front with Rfa 500 and Rfa 501, 1917 to November 1918
- R.VIIZeppelin-Staaken R.VII-References:*A. K. Rohrbach, “Das 1000-PS Verkehrsflugzeug der Zeppelin-Werke, Staaken,” Zeitschrift für Flugtechnik und Motorluftschiffahrt, vol. 12, no. 1 ;...
- Manufacturer : Flugeugwerft G.m.b.H
- Engines: Two 160 h.p Mercedes D.IIIMercedes D.IIIThe Mercedes D.III, or F1466 as it was known internally, was a six-cylinder, liquid cooled inline aircraft engine built by Daimler and used on a wide variety of German aircraft during World War I. The initial versions were introduced in 1914 at 160 hp, but a series of changes improved this to...
engines & Four 220 h.p Benz Bz.IV engines - Wing Span: 42.2 m. (138 ft. 5.5in.)
- Length: 22.1 m. (72 ft. 6in.)
- Height: 6.8 m. (22 ft. 3.5in.)
- Service: None
- Zeppelin-Staaken R.XIVZeppelin-Staaken R.XIV-References:*A. K. Rohrbach, “Das 1000-PS Verkehrsflugzeug der Zeppelin-Werke, Staaken,” Zeitschrift für Flugtechnik und Motorluftschiffahrt, vol. 12, no. 1 ;...
- Manufacturer : Zeppelin-Werke G.m.b.H
- Five 245 h.p Maybach Mb.IVaMaybach Mb.IVa-Further reading:* Germany's giant aircraft of WWI the R-Planes...
engines - Wing Span: 42.2 m. (138 ft. 5.5in.)
- Length: 22.5 m. (73 ft. 10in.)
- Height: 6.3 m. (20 ft. 8in.)
- Service: Western Front with Rfa 500 and Rfa 501 August - November 1918
- Zeppelin-Staaken R.XIVa
- Manufacturer : Zeppelin-Werke G.m.b.H
- Five 245 h.p Maybach Mb.IVaMaybach Mb.IVa-Further reading:* Germany's giant aircraft of WWI the R-Planes...
engines - Wing Span: 42.2 m. (138 ft. 5.5in.)
- Length: 22.5 m. (73 ft. 5.5in)
- Height: 6.3 m. (20 ft. 8in.)
- Service: Used in 1919 by the German Government to fly money into Ukraine, and was seized by the Inter-Allied Control Commission when it landed at Aspen near Vienna.
- Zeppelin-Staaken R.XVZeppelin-Staaken R.XVThe Zeppelin-Staaken R.XV was an incremental improvement to the Zeppelin-Staaken R.VI. This was one of a series of large bombers called Riesenflugzeugen intended to be less vulnerable than dirigibles in use at the time....
- Manufacturer : Zeppelin-Werke
- Five 245 h.p Maybach Mb.IVaMaybach Mb.IVa-Further reading:* Germany's giant aircraft of WWI the R-Planes...
engines - Wing Span: 42.2 m. (138 ft. 5.5in.)
- Length: 22.5 m. (73 ft. 10in.)
- Height: 6.3 m. (20 ft. 8in.)
- Service: Western Front
- Zeppelin-Staaken R.XVIZeppelin-Staaken R.XVIThe Zeppelin-Staaken R.XVI is an incremental improvement to the Zeppelin-Staaken R.VI. This was one of a series of large bombers called Riesenflugzeugen intended to be less vulnerable than dirigibles in use at the time....
- Manufacturer : Zeppelin-Werke
- Two 530 hp Benz Bz.VI pusher engines & two 220 h.p. Benz Bz.IV tractor engines
- Wing Span: 42.2 m. (138 ft. 5.5in.)
- Length: 22.5 m. (73 ft. 10in.)
- Height: 6.5 m. (21 ft. 4in.)
- Service: None
- Type: Staaken LZeppelin-Staaken RiesenflugzeugeThe Zeppelin-Staaken Riesenflugzeuge were a series of very large bomber aircraft, usually powered by four or more engines, designed and built in Germany from 1915 to 1919.-Design and development:...
(Seaplane R.VI)- Manufacturer : Zeppelin-Werke G.m.b.H
- Engines: Four 245 h.p Maybach Mb.IVaMaybach Mb.IVa-Further reading:* Germany's giant aircraft of WWI the R-Planes...
engines - Wing Span: 42.2 m. (138 ft. 5.5in.)
- Length: 22.2 m. (72 ft. 10in.)
- Height: 7.38 m. (24 ft. 2.5in.)
- Service: None
- Staaken 8301 (Seaplane R.VI/R.XV)
- Manufacture: Zeppelin-Werke G.m.b.H
- Four 245 h.p. Maybach Mb.IVaMaybach Mb.IVa-Further reading:* Germany's giant aircraft of WWI the R-Planes...
engines - Wing Span: 42.2 m. (138 ft. 5.5in.)
- Length: 21 m. (68 ft. 10.5in.)
- Height: 6.8 m. (22 ft. 3.5in.)
- In the early post-war period were used on a regular weekend passenger excursions between Berlin and Swinemunde, a popular German resort.